Frequent unplanned power supply interruptions minimization:-

Preliminary checks:-
In addition to what is mentioned before, checking the following points will
generally lead to solving problems that cause frequent power supply
interruptions:-
1- Defect Fault current capabilities of lines or switchgear.
2- Defect in the protection system due to:-
 Wrong relay grading.
 Slow action type relays.
 Broken ground (earth).
 Defective current transformer or loose connection.
 Over rated fuses.
3- Poor workmanship:-
 Improper job execution.
 High resistance grounding.
 Improper material.
 Improper tools.
 Pressure of time.
4-Use of unsuitable alignment or site.
 Low lands with frequent water or other liquid accumulation.
 Presence of trees, plants, etc.
5- Poor contacts.
- Loose connections due to infirm tightness of bolts or loose bonding of
different metals.
- Worn out breaker or fuse contacts.

Remedies or possible solutions:-

The abovementioned possible causes may be avoided by-

 Performing proper regular and preventive maintenances.
 Load current observation.
 Regular checks of grounding resistance are vital. It is necessary to
keep grounding points clean and firmly tightened to ensure low
resistance path to earth. This enables the protective gear to work
effectively.
 Lightening arresters are to be installed to avoid damaging equipment
by lightening strokes.
 Keeping and applying the following recording systems help in
improving the reliability of a system:-
o Statistical data.
o Standardization.
o Technical instructions and manuals.
o Safety rules.
o Maintenance schedules and records.
o Work schedules.
o Inspection checklists.
o Records, e.g. up-to-date SLD.

Optimization of line & transformer capacities :-

Optimizing line capacities:-

 This is done by using appropriate KW-KM capacity of conductor

based on the required voltage regulation and normal power factor
particularly in LV circuits.
 This can be also done by using Appropriate MW-KM capacity for
conductors used in primary distribution systems by limiting the lengths
of primary feeders

Optimizing transformer capacities:-

 This is done by using appropriate capacities of distribution

transformers, which keep the voltage drops to minimum.
 This can be also done by using appropriate location of power
transformers to keep the voltage drops to minimum.
 By optimizing the use of power transformers on the base of the load
factor to minimize the no-load and full load losses.
Other aids to reducing power systems losses:-
The following points also help in reducing system losses.

1- Before installing the equipment:-

 - Rough handling, improper storing, or transporting of cable and/or

equipment may shorten its lifetime and result in hard-to-find causes of
interruptions.
 Testing cable and/or equipment in the stores before transporting it to
site, and before receiving from suppliers to avoid manufacturing or other
defects.
 Improper ordering, insufficient specifications, or wrong supplying
may also cause future problems
 - Equipment and conductors are preferably transported to site only
when it is necessary to avoid unauthorized interference.
 It is preferable to test the equipment or cable with a suitable method
as a precautionary measure before transporting it to site.
 Checks of equipment or cable storing may also be necessary by
technical staff to ensure that they are safely stored, properly sited, cable
ends sealed, and so on.