HEAT TRANSFER

Simultaneously Convective and

Conductive Heat Transfer

Instructor: MSc. Trinh Ngoc Thao Ngan

Department of Food Engineering
Faculty of Food Science and Technology
 Combined Convection & Conduction
• Heat exchanger: A typical plate heat exchanger
used for heating and cooling of liquid food consists Parallel plates
of many parallel plates that separate thin parallel
cavities
• Heat transfer by a combination of conduction and
convection
• Using Fourier’s first law, the heat flow through the
plate is
𝑇2 − 𝑇3
𝑞𝑝 = 𝑘𝐴 𝐴
∆𝑥
• Using Newton’s law of cooling, the heat flow
through the boundary layer is
𝑞𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑞𝑜 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴(𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
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 Combined Convection & Conduction
At steady state, 𝑞 will be the same through each layer:
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) Parallel plates
𝑇2 ;𝑇3
= 𝑘𝐴 𝐴
∆𝑥
= ℎ𝑜 𝐴(𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
Solve each for the temperature difference
𝑞
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 =
ℎ𝐴 𝑖
𝑞 ∆𝑥
𝑇2 − 𝑇3 =
𝑘𝐴 𝐴
𝑞
𝑇3 − 𝑇4 =
ℎ𝑜 𝐴
1 ∆𝑥 1
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 = 𝑞 + +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝐴 ℎ𝑜 𝐴
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 ∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 (*)
𝑞= =
1 ∆𝑥 1 𝑅
+ + 3
ℎ𝐴 𝑘 𝐴 ℎ 𝐴
 Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Define the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) as
1 1
𝑈= = 1 ∆𝑥 1
(**)
𝐴 𝑅 : :
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑜
1
• Replacing in the equation (*) with U we get:
𝐴 𝑅
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
• U is in unit : W/m2K
• In terms of heat flux:
𝑞
′
𝑞 = = 𝑈∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴
• From Eq.(**)
1 1 ∆𝑥 1
= + +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑜
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 Combined Convection & Conduction
Hollow Cylinder

𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒
𝒒= 𝒓 or 𝒒=
𝒍𝒏 𝒐 𝟏 𝒓 − 𝒓𝒊 𝟏
𝟏 𝒓𝒊 𝟏 + 𝒐 +
+ + 𝒉𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝒌𝑴 𝑨𝑳𝑴 𝒉𝒐 𝑨𝒐
𝒉𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑴 𝑳 𝒉𝒐 𝑨𝒐

Where Ao = The outside area of the cylinder

Ai = The inside area of the cylinder
ALM = The log mean area of the cylinder
𝑘𝑀 = The thermal conductivity of the cylinder
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 Heat Transfer Coefficient
𝑻𝟏 ;𝑻𝟒
𝒒= 𝒓
𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒐
= 𝑼𝒊 𝑨𝒊 ∆𝑻𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝑼𝒐 𝑨𝒐 ∆𝑻𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝟏 𝒊 𝟏
𝒉𝒊 𝑨𝒊
: 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑴 𝑳
: 𝒉 𝑨
𝒐 𝒐

We can rewrite the heat transfer equation as

∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 → 𝑞= 1
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜
1 1 𝑖 1
= + + (***)
𝑈𝑖 𝐴 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑀 𝐿 ℎ𝑜 𝐴 𝑜

Multiply (***) with 𝐴𝑖 :

𝑟𝑜
1 1 𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑖 1
𝑟𝑖
= + + → 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑟𝑜
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑀 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛
1 𝑟𝑖 𝑟
+ + 𝑖
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑀 𝑟𝑜 ℎ𝑜 6
 1 1
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑟𝑜 =
𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 1 𝐴𝑖 (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 ) 𝐴𝑖
1 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 + +
+ + 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑀 𝐴𝐿𝑀 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑀 𝑟𝑜 ℎ𝑜

Similarly, the heat transfer coefficient Uo can be expressed in terms

of outside area of the pipe:
1 1
𝑈𝑜 = 𝑟𝑜 =
𝑟𝑜 𝑙𝑛 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜 (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 ) 1
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 1 + +
+ + ℎ 𝐴
𝑖 𝑖 𝑘 𝐴
𝑀 𝐿𝑀 ℎ𝑜
ℎ𝑖 𝑟𝑖 𝑘𝑀 ℎ𝑜

These coefficients have the following relationship to each other

𝑟𝑖
𝑈𝑜 = 𝑈𝑖
𝑟𝑜

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Example:
Saturated steam flows inside a steel pipe having an
inside diameter of 2.09 cm and an outside diameter of
2.67 cm with the temperature at 404 K. The convective
coefficients on the inner and outer pipe surfaces may be
taken as 5680 W/m2K and 22.7 W/m2K, respectively.
The surrounding air is at 294 K. Ksteel = 42.9 W/mK.
Find:
a) The heat loss per meter of bare pipe
b) The heat loss for a pipe having a 3.8 cm thickness
on its outer surface. Given kinsulation = 0.0675 W/mK

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 The 1st Solution
• 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 404 𝐾
• 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 294 𝐾
• 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴1 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑑1 𝐿 = 𝜋 0.0209 𝑚 1𝑚 = 0.0657 𝑚2
• 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴2 = 2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑑2 𝐿 = 𝜋 0.0267 𝑚 1𝑚 = 0.0839 𝑚2
∆𝑻𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 ∆𝑻𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝒒= =
𝑹 𝑹 𝒐 + 𝑹𝒄 + 𝑹𝒊
1 1 𝑊 ℎ𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = = 𝑊 = 0.00268
ℎ𝑖 𝐴1 5680 2 0.0657𝑚2 𝐾 𝑑2
𝑚 𝐾
1 1 𝑊
• 𝑅𝑜 = = 𝑊 = 0.52506
ℎ𝑜 𝐴2 22.7 0.0839 𝑚2 𝐾
2
𝑚 𝐾 𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑑 0.0267 𝑚 ℎ𝑜
𝑙𝑛𝑑2 ln 0.0209 𝑚 𝑊
1
• 𝑅𝑐 = = 𝑊 = 0.0009
2𝜋𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐿 2𝜋 42.9 𝑚𝐾 1𝑚 𝐾
𝑊
• 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0.00268 + 0.52506 + 0.0009 = 0.52864
𝐾
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 (404 𝐾 ;294 𝐾 )
• 𝑞= = 𝑊 = 208.08 (𝑊)
𝑅 0.52864 𝐾 9
 The 2nd Solution
• 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴1 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑑1 𝐿 = 𝜋 0.0209 𝑚 1𝑚 = 0.0657 𝑚2
• 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴2 = 2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑑2 𝐿 = 𝜋 0.0267 𝑚 1𝑚 = 0.0839 𝑚2
𝐴2 ; 𝐴1 0.0839 ;0.0657
• 𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 𝐴2 = 0.0839 = 0.0744 𝑚2
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 ℎ𝑖
𝐴1 0.0657
𝑑2
0.0267 −0.0209
𝑟2 ;𝑟1 𝑚 𝑊
2
• 𝑅𝑐 = = 𝑊 = 0.0009
𝑘𝐴𝐿𝑀 42.9 𝑚𝐾 0.0744𝑚2 𝐾
𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
1 1 𝑊 ℎ𝑜
• 𝑅𝑖 = = 𝑊 = 0.00268
ℎ𝑖 𝐴1 5680 2 0.0657𝑚2 𝐾
𝑚 𝐾
1 1 𝑊
• 𝑅𝑜 = = 𝑊 = 0.52506
ℎ𝑜 𝐴2 22.7 2 0.0839 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑚 𝐾
𝑊
• 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0.00268 + 0.52506 + 0.0009 = 0.52864
𝐾
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 (404 𝐾 ;294 𝐾 )
• 𝑞= = 𝑊 = 208.08 (𝑊)
𝑅 0.52864 𝐾 10
𝑑3 = 𝑑2 + 2 x 0.038 (m) = 0.0267 (m) + 2 x 0.038 = 0.1027 (m)
𝐴3 = 2𝜋𝑟3 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑑3 𝐿 = 𝜋 0.1027 𝑚 1𝑚 = 0.3226 𝑚2
𝑑3 0.1027 𝑚
ln ln 𝑊
𝑑2 0.0267𝑚
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠 = = = 3.2634
2𝜋𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐿 𝑊 𝐾
2𝜋 0.0657 1𝑚
𝑚𝐾
1 1 𝑊 ℎ𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = = = 0.00268 𝑑2
ℎ𝑖 𝐴1 𝑊 𝐾
5680 2 0.0657𝑚2
𝑚 𝐾
𝑑 0.0267 𝑚
𝑙𝑛 2 ln 𝑊
𝑑1 0.0209 𝑚 𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝑐 = = = 0.0009
2𝜋𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐿 𝑊 𝐾
2𝜋 42.9 1𝑚 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝐾 ℎ𝑜
1 1 𝑊
𝑅𝑜 = = = 0.0005
ℎ𝑜 𝐴3 𝑊 𝐾
5680 2 0.3226𝑚2
𝑚 𝐾
𝑅′ = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 0.00268 + 0.0005 + 0.0009 + 3.2634
𝑊
= 3.2675
𝐾
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 (404 𝐾 ;294 𝐾 )
𝑞= = 𝑊 = 33.66 (𝑊)
𝑅′ 3.2675 𝐾
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Exercise:
Steam at 121oC is flowing inside a steel pipe having
an I.D of 0.04 m and O.D of 0.054 m. The pipe is
insulated with 0.04 m of insulation on the outside.
The convective coefficient for the inside steam
surface of the pipe is ℎ𝑖 = 4000 W/m2K, and the
convective coefficient on the outside of the
insulation is ℎ𝑜 = 10 W/m2K. The thermal
conductivity of the metal is 16 W/mK and 0.05
W/mK for the insulation. Calculate the heat loss for
1 m of pipe if the surrounding air is at 25°C.
Answer: 𝑞 = 30.6 W
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 HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Radiation

Instructor: MSc. Trinh Ngoc Thao Ngan

Department of Food Engineering
Faculty of Food Science and Technology
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 Heat Radiation Equation

Stefen-Boltzmann Equation
𝑞 = 𝐴𝜎𝜀 𝑇𝐴 4

𝑞𝑥 = heat flow (W)

𝜎 = Stefen-Boltzmann constant, 5.669 x 108 W/m2K4
𝜀 = emissivity, (varies from 0 to 1) dimensionless
A = area (m2)
𝑇𝐴 = absolute temperature (K)

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