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Advanced Composites
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES–LECTURE -1
“Books :
Matrix phase
The primary phase, having a continuous character, is called matrix. Matrix
is usually more ductile and less hard phase. It holds the dispersed phase
and shares a load with it.
Dispersed (reinforcing) phase
The second phase (or phases) is embedded in the matrix in a discontinuous
form. This secondary phase is called dispersed phase. Dispersed phase is
usually stronger than the matrix, therefore it is sometimes called
reinforcing phase.
5 WILP BITS PILANI , PUNE CENTER Prof Milind Ramgir
CHARACTISTICS OF COMPOSITES
Dispersed (reinforcing) phase
B) Fibrous Composites
1 Short-fiber reinforced composites. Short-fiber reinforced composites
consist of a matrix reinforced by a dispersed phase in form of
discontinuous fibers (length < 100*diameter).
1a) Composites with random orientation of fibers.
1b) Composites with preferred orientation of fibers.
1) Interfacial bonding
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STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITES
2c) Laminate Composites
Laminate composites consist of layers with different anisotropic
orientations or of a matrix reinforced with a dispersed phase in form of
sheets.
When a fiber reinforced composite consists of several layers with
different fiber orientations, it is called multilayer (angle-ply) composite.
Laminate composites provide increased mechanical strength in two
directions and only in one direction, perpendicular to the preferred
orientations of the fibers or sheet, mechanical properties of the material are
low.
Composite materials may be either isotropic or anisotropic, which is
determined by the Structure of composites.
Isotropic material is a material, properties of which do not depend on a
direction of measuring.
Anisotropic material is a material, properties of which along a particular
axis or parallel to a particular plane are different from the properties
measured along other directions.
21 WILP BITS PILANI , PUNE CENTER Prof Milind Ramgir
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES
Composites are engineered materials. We can engineer them specifically to
meet our needs on a case‐to‐case basis. In general, following properties
can be improved by using composite materials.
Costly: Composite materials are in general expensive. Thus, they are used
only in applications where their benefits outweigh their costs.
Polymers are different from metals in the sense that their structure consists
of very long chain-like molecules. Natural materials such as silk, shellac,
bitumen, rubber and cellulose have this type of structure
Main Additives-
Antistatic Agents. Most polymers, because they are poor conductors of
current, build up a charge of static electricity. Antistatic agents attract
moisture from the air to the plastic surface, improving its surface
conductivity and reducing the likelihood of a spark or a discharge.
Coupling Agents. Coupling agents are added to improve the bonding of
the plastic to inorganic filler materials, such as glass fibres. A variety of
silanes and titanates are used for this purpose
34 WILP BITS PILANI , PUNE CENTER Prof Milind Ramgir
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
Fillers. Some fillers, such as short fibres or flakes of inorganic materials,
improve the mechanical properties of a plastic. Others, called extenders,
permit a large volume of a plastic to be produced with relatively little
actual resin. Calcium carbonate, silica and clay are frequently used
extenders.
Flame Retardants. Most polymers, because they are organic materials,
are flammable. Additives that contain chlorine, bromine, phosphorous or
metallic salts reduce the likelihood that combustion will occur or spread.
Lubricants. Lubricants such as wax or calcium stearate reduce the
viscosity of the molten plastic and improve forming characteristics.
Pigments. Pigments are used to produce colours in plastics.
Plasticisers. Plasticisers are low molecular weight materials which alter
the properties and forming characteristics of the plastic. An important
example is the production of flexible grades of polyvinyl chloride by the
use of plasticisers.
• a)Crystalline b) Amorphous
THERMOPLASTICS