Crain's Petrophysical Handbook - Total Organic Carbon (TOC) PDF

12/21/2017 Crain's Petrophysical Handbook - Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
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TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

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ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) BASICS THIS PAGE
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Pay Shareware Fee (TOC) Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Organic carbon in the form of kerogen is the remnant of ancient life
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preserved in sedimentary rocks, after degradation by bacterial and
Free Spreadsheet
chemical processes,Downloads
and further modified by temperature, pressure, and Types Of Kerogen
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time. The latter step, called thermal maturation, is a function of burial Analyzing TOC In The Lab
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history (depth) and proximity to heat sources. Maturation provides the Geochemical Logs
About The
chemical Authorneeded to give us gas, oil, bitumen, pyrobitumen, and
reactions Kerogen Maturity
graphite (pure carbon) that we find while drilling wells for petroleum. Visual Analysis Of Logs For
Petrophysical Training TOC
Organic carbon is usually associated with shales or silty shales, but may Basic TOC Log Calculations
beWebinar
present Dates
in relatively clean siltstone, sandstone, and carbonate rocks. Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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A source Courses
rock is a fine grained sediment rich in organic matter that could generate crude oil orFrom
natural gas after
Gas Content TOC
Order alteration
thermal Video Courses
of kerogen in the Earth's crust. The oil or gas could then migrate from thePassey
sourceDlogR
rock to more
TOC from
Orderand
porous Reference Manuals
permeable sediments, where ultimately the oil or gas could accumulate to make a commercial oil or
Method
gasBecome An Associate
reservoir. TOC from Issler Crossplot
Instructor Method
If a source rock has not been exposed to temperatures of about 100 °C, it is termed TOCa potential source
Spreadsheet rock. If
Examples
generation and expulsion
Petrophysical of oil or gas have occurred, it is termed an actual source rock. The terms immature and
Consulting TOC from Spectral GR Method
mature are commonly used to describe source rocks and also the current state of the kerogen contained in the
Consulting Services TOC from ECS Method
rock.
Client List TOC Log Analysis Examples
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Total organic carbon (TOC) as measured by laboratory techniques historically has been used to assess the
quality of source rocks, but now is widely used to help evaluate some unconventional reservoirs SEE ALSO(reservoirs that
are both source and productive). Total Organic Carbon TOC
Coal Analysis
Pathways that convert
Coal living organisms
Bed Methane to
Analysis
organic carbon, from "Bitumens,
Shale GasAsphalts,
Analysis and Tar
Sands" by George V. Chilingar,
Immature Teh
OilFu Yen,Analysis
Shale 1978.
Tight Gas Analyzis
Tight Oil / Shale Oil Analyzis
In the lab, it is relatively easy to distinguish kerogen

from hydrocarbons: kerogen is insoluble in organic
solvents, oil and bitumen are soluble. Pyrobitumen is
not soluble but its hardness is used to identify it from
kerogen. Graphite is evident on resistivity logs
because of the very low resistivity; all other forms of
organic carbon are resistive.
Organic carbon has a density near that of water, so it looks like porosity to conventional porosity logs. High
resistivity with some apparent porosity on a log analysis is a good indicator of organic carbon content OR
ordinary hydrocarbons OR both.
TYPES OF KEROGEN
https://spec2000.net/11-vshtoc.htm 1/21
Organic material can be classified according to the source of the material, as shown below.
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TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

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Free Spreadsheet Downloads Types Of Kerogen
Free Publications Analyzing TOC In The Lab
Testimonials Geochemical Logs
About The Author Kerogen Maturity
Visual Analysis Of Logs For
Basic TOC Log Calculations
Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Gas Content From TOC
Order Video Courses
TOC from Passey DlogR
Order Reference Manuals Method
Become An Associate TOC from Issler Crossplot
Instructor Method
TOC Spreadsheet Examples
Origin, type, source,
Petrophysical and hydrocarbon potential of different kerogens. Organic content in gas shales is usually
Type II, as opposed to coals, which contain mostly Type III
Client
The mostList
commonly utilized scheme for classifying organic matter in TOC Log Analysis Examples
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sediments is based on the relative abundance of elemental carbon,
oxygen, and hydrogen plotted graphically as the H/C and O/C ratio on SEE ALSO
a so called Van Krevelen diagram. Total Organic Carbon TOC
Coal Analysis
The classic Van Krevelen diagram Coal Bed Methane Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Rather than plot the elemental ratios it is common to plot indices Immature Oil Shale Analysis
determined by a pyrolysis technique referred to as Rock Eval. In the Tight Gas Analyzis
pyrolysis techniques two indices are determined: the Hydrogen Index Tight Oil / Shale Oil Analyzis
(HI) which is milligrams of pyrolyzable hydrocarbons divided by TOC
and the Oxygen Index (OI) which is milligrams of pyrolyzable organic
carbon dioxide divided by TOC.
Cross-plots of both elemental H/C and O/C ratios or of HI and OI are

utilized to discriminate four ‘fields’ which are referred to as Types I, II,
III, and IV kerogen.
Type I kerogen is hydrogen rich (atomic H/C of 1.4 to 1.6: HI of > 700)
and is derived predominantly from zooplankton, phytoplankton,
micro-organisms (mainly bacteria) and lipid rich components of
higher plants (H/C ratio 1.7 to 1.9).
Type II kerogen is intermediate in composition (H/C ≈ 1.2: HI ≈ 600) and derived from mixtures of highly
degraded and partly oxidized remnants of higher plants or marine phytoplankton.
Type III kerogen is hydrogen poor (H/C ratio 1.3 to 1.5) and oxygen rich and is mainly derived from cellulose
and lignin derived from higher plants.
Type IV kerogen is hydrogen poor and oxygen rich and essentially inert. This organic matter is mainly derived
from charcoal and fungal bodies. Type IV kerogen is not always distinguished but is grouped with Type III.
The different types of organic matter are of fundamental importance since the relative abundance of
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hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen determines whatTo C ' P
products can be generated from the organic matter upon
diagenesis. Since coal is comprised predominantly of Type III kerogen, there is little liquid hydrogen
H
generating capacity. If the coal includes abundant hydrogen rich components (such as spores, pollen, resin,
waxes - Type I or II), it will generate some liquid hydrocarbons. Although not common, some oil deposits are
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by coals. Training About the Author Terms of Use Contact Us Search
Note: Portions of the above Section, and the next Section, were taken verbatim (with moderate editing) from CBM
Solutions reports.
ANALYZING TOC IN THE LABORATORY
The total organic carbon content of rocks is obtained by heating the rock in a furnace and combusting the
Free Publications Analyzing TOC
organic matter to carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide liberated is proportional to theInamount
The Labof
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carbon liberated in the furnace, which in turn is related to the carbon content ofGeochemical
the rock. TheLogs
carbon dioxide
About The
liberated canAuthor
be measured several different ways. The most common methods use Kerogen Maturity
a thermal conductivity
detector or infrared spectroscopy. Visual Analysis Of Logs For
Many source rocks also include inorganic sources of carbon such as carbonates Basic
andTOC
mostLog Calculations
notably calcite,
Webinar Dates
dolomite, and siderite. These minerals break down at high temperature, generating carbon
Kerogen dioxide and thus
Density
Course
their Datesmust be corrected in order to determine the organic carbon content. Generally, the amount of
presence Kerogen Volume
carbonate isCourses
Order AV determined by acid digestion (normally 50% HCl) and the carbon dioxide generated
Gas Content FromisTOC
measured
andOrder
thenVideo Courses
subtracted from the total carbon dioxide to obtain the organic fraction.TOC from Passey DlogR
Become
Total Ancarbon
organic Associateis often taken to mean the same thing as kerogen, but this isTOC
not the
fromcase. Kerogen
Issler is made
Crossplot
upInstructor
of oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and hydrogen, in addition to carbon. The standard pyrolysis lab procedure
Method
measures only the carbon, so total organic carbon excludes the other elements. TOC Spreadsheet Examples
Petrophysical Consulting TOC from Spectral GR Method
About 80% of a typical kerogen (by weight) is carbon, so the weight fraction of TOC TOCis from
80% ECS
of theMethod
kerogen
Consulting
weight. Services
The factor is lower for less mature and higher for more mature kerogen:
Client List= Wker * KTOC TOC Log Analysis Examples
1: Wtoc
Project List
OR 2: Wker = Wtoc / KTOC
SEE ALSO
Where: Total Organic Carbon TOC
Wtoc = weight fraction of organic carbon Coal Analysis
Wker = weight fraction of kerogen Coal Bed Methane Analysis
KTOC = kerogen correction factor - range = 0.68 to 0.90, default 0.80 Shale Gas Analysis
Immature Oil Shale Analysis
Another lab procedure, called RockEval, burns both hydrogen and carbon, so theTight
data needs to be calibrated to
Gas Analyzis
the standard method by performing a chemical analysis on the kerogen. TypicallyTight
the organic carbon
Oil / Shale needs to be
Oil Analyzis
reduced by about 10% (the weight of the hydrogen burned) to match the standard method.
Rock Eval is the trade name for a set of equipment used in the lab to measure organic content of rocks, as
well as other properties of the organics that help to identify the kerogen type. Rock-Eval combusts a crushed
sample of rock at 600ºC. Refractory organic matter such as inertinite does not combust readily at 600ºC so
most coal samples yield Rock-Eval measured TOC values much lower than actual values because of
incomplete combustion. Rock-Eval is not recommended for use with coals or source rocks with significant
amounts of Type III and IV kerogen.
A rock sample is crushed finely enough so that 85% falls through a 75 mesh screen. Approximately 100 mg of
sample is loaded into a stainless steel crucible capped with a micro mesh filter. To ensure accuracy, standard
samples are loaded at the beginning and end of the run. Any drift in data can be detected and the samples
rerun if necessary.
The analyzer consists of a flame ionization detector and two IR detector cells. The free hydrocarbons (S1) are
determined from an isothermal heating of the sample at 340 degrees Celsius. These hydrocarbons are
measured by the flame ionization detector. The temperature is then increased from 340 to 640 degrees
Celsius. Hydrocarbons are then released from the kerogen and measured by the flame ionization detector
creating the S2 peak. The temperature at which S2 reaches its maximum rate of hydrocarbon generation is
referred to as Tmax. The CO2 generated from the oxidation step in the 340 to 580 degrees Celsius is measured
by the IR cells and is referred to the S3 peak.
Measured results from a typical Rock Eval study will contain:
TOC% - Weight percentage of organic carbon
S1 = amount of free hydrocarbons Welcome To
in sample (mg/g) C ' P
S2 = amount of hydrocarbons generated through thermal
cracking (mg/g) – provides the quantity of H
hydrocarbons that the rock has the potential to
produce
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S3 = amount of CO2 (mg of CO2/g of rock) - reflects the
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Ro = vitrinite reflectance (%)
Tmax = the temperature at which maximum TOTALrate ORGANIC
of CARBON
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generation of hydrocarbons occurs.
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Calculated Index /include:
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Hydrogen index Downloads
Free Spreadsheet Types Of Kerogen
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1: HI = 100 * S2 / TOC% Analyzing TOC In The Lab
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Oxygen index Geochemical Logs
About
2: OI The
= 100Author
* S3 / TOC% Kerogen Maturity
Production index Visual Analysis Of Logs For
3: PI = S1 / (S1 +Training
Petrophysical S2) TOC
Webinar Dates
Depth (m) SRA Tmax Meas. Kerogen Density
Course DatesTOC HI OI Kerogen
S2/S3 Volume PI
TopAV Courses
Order S1 S2 S3 (°C) % Ro S1/TOC*100
Order
X025Video Courses
1.35 0.05 1.72 0.63 444 128 47 TOC from
3 Passey4 DlogR 0.03
Order
X040 Reference Manuals
1.18 0.05 1.65 0.57 443 140 49
Method 3 4 0.03
Become
X050 An Associate
0.83 0.03 1.31 0.55 443 158 66 TOC from
2 4
Issler Crossplot0.02
Instructor
X065 0.80 0.04 1.00 0.58 440 126 73
Method 2 5 0.04
X075 0.75 0.05 1.04 0.72 438 138 96 TOC Spreadsheet
1 7 Examples
0.05
Petrophysical
X090 Consulting
1.04 0.09 2.52 0.29 452 241 28 TOC from
9 Spectral
9 GR Method
0.03
X110
Consulting 1.02
Services 0.05 1.16 0.56 441 114 55 TOC from
2 ECS Method
5 0.04
X135List
Client 1.05 0.05 1.32 0.57 443 125 54 TOC Log
2 Analysis 5 Examples
0.04
Project List Laboratory measured TOC values (weight %) with measured and computed indices
SEE ALSO
Total Organic Carbon TOC
Coal Analysis
Coal Bed Methane Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
HI versus OI plot example, indicating Type III kerogen
An alternate method for measuring TOC by solution rather than pyrolysis is described below, from a 1980's TOC
report from Australia.
"The samples are analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) according to AS 1038 Part 6. Moisture
determinations are made to permit conversion to a dry basis. Carbon occurring as carbonate ion is
determined to correct the gross carbon data to give the organic carbon content. This is done by driving off
carbonate minerals with HCl acid.
The crushed and sieved (100 mesh) samples are weighed and exhaustively extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus
using a benzene-methanol mixture. After removal of methanol by azeotropic distillation with benzene, the
residue in benzene is diluted with hexane and the hydrocarbon solution separated by filtration from the brown
precipitate. The latter is then dissolved in methanol. The yield of methanol soluble material is determined
gravimetrically. Welcome To C ' P
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The hexane soluble portion of the extractable organic matter (E.O.M.) is weighed and chromatographed on
silica. Elution with hexane gives predominantly alkanes and subsequent elution with hexane/benzene yields
mainly
Handbookmonocyclic
Index and polycycllc aromatic
Petrophysical Training hydrocarbons. The elutedTerms
About the Author hydrocarbons
of Use are weighed,
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then
analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry."
GEOCHEMICAL LOGS TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

Measured and calculated
Pay Shareware Fee (TOC)
indices can be plotted versus depth; the resulting log Total
is called a Geochemical
Organic Log.
Carbon (TOC)
Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
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Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
A geochemical log from offshore East Coast Canada
KEROGEN MATURITY
The hydrocarbon potential of organic carbon depends on
Welcome To
the thermal history of the rocks containing the kerogen.
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Both temperature and the time at that temperature
determine the outcome. Medium temperatures (< 175 C)
H
produce mostly oil and a little gas. Warmer temperatures
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produce Indexgas. Petrophysical Training
mostly About the Author Terms of Use Contact Us Search
Hydrocarbon type versus temperature
defines "oil window" TOTAL
and "gasORGANIC
window", CARBON THIS PAGE
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Pay Shareware Fee Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Handbook
Vitrinite Index / Site
reflectance (Ro)Map
is used as an indicator of the Basics
Free Spreadsheet Downloads
level of organic maturity (LOM). Ro values between 0.60 Types Of Kerogen
andFree Publications
0.78 usually represent oil prone intervals. Ro > 0.78 Analyzing TOC In The Lab
Testimonials
usually indicates gas prone. High values can suggest Geochemical Logs
"sweet
Aboutspots" for completing gas shale wells.
The Author Kerogen Maturity
Measurement
Petrophysical of vitrinite reflectance was described as
Training TOC
follows from the 1980's TOC report. Basic TOC Log Calculations
Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
"Sample chips or sidewall core samples are cleaned to Kerogen Volume
Order drilling
remove AV Courses
mud or mud cake and then crushed Gas Content From TOC
Order
using Video Courses
a mortar and pestle to a grain-size of less than 3 TOC from Passey DlogR
mm.Order Reference
Samples Manuals in cold-setting resin and
are mounted Method
Become''as
polished Anreceived",
Associate so that whole-rock samples TOC from Issler Crossplot
Instructor
rather than concentrates of organic matter are examined. Method
This method is preferred to the use of demineralized TOC Spreadsheet Examples
concentrates
Petrophysical because of the greater ease of identifying
first generation vitrinite and, for cuttings samples, of TOC from ECS Method
Consultingcavings.
recognizing ServicesThe core samples are mounted and
sectioned perpendicular to the bedd1ng.
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Vitrinite reflectance measurements are made using immersion oil of refractive index 1.518 SEE ALSO
at 546 nm and 23°C
and spinel and garnet standards of 0.42%, 0.917% and 1.726% reflectance for calibration. Fluorescence-mode
observations are made on all samples and provide supplementary evidence concerning organic matter type,
Coal Analysis
and exinite abundance and maturity. For fluorescence-mode a 3 mm BG-3 excitation filter
Coal Bed is usedAnalysis
Methane with a
TK400 dichroic mirror and a K490 barrier filter." Shale Gas Analysis
Tmax is also a useful indicator of maturity, higher values being more mature. Tight Gas Analyzis
Graphs of HI vs Ro and HI vs Tmax are used to help refine kerogen type and to assess maturity with respect to
the oil and gas "windows". Depth plots of Ro and Tmax are helpful in spotting the top of the oil or gas window in
specific wells, and in locating sweet spots for possible production using horizontal wells.
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Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Instructor Method
Petrophysical Consulting TOC from
Crossplots of HI vs Tmax and HI vs Ro determine organic maturity, kerogen Spectral
type, GR Method
and whether the
rock is in the Services
Consulting TOC from ECS Method
oil or gas window. Immature and post mature rocks are not overly interesting as possible source
orClient
reservoir
List rocks. TOC Log Analysis Examples
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
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Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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SEE ALSO
Depth plot of Ro to determine trend line and location of oil and gas windows (Ro > 0.55).
Coal Analysis
Ro is plotted on a logarithmic scale, which makes the trend line relatively straight.
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
Thermal maturity as indicated by vitrinite reflectance (Ro) versus depth for a Barnett shale, showing "sweet
spot" and oil versus gas “windows”.
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VISUAL ANALYSIS OF TOC FROM LOGS
Visual analysis
Handbook Indexfor organic content is
Petrophysical based on About the Author
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the porosity - resistivity overlay technique,
widely
THISused
IS A to locate possible
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shows in conventional log analysis. By
extending the method to radioactive zones TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE
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instead Site Navigation
Ofrelatively
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clean zones, organic rich Quick Links
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shales (potential source rocks , gas shales, oil (TOC) Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Handbook
shales) can be Index / Site Map
identified. Usually the sonic log Basics
is Free
usedSpreadsheet
as the porosity indicator but the
Downloads Types Of Kerogen
neutron or density log would work as well.
The trickThe
About hereAuthor
is to align the sonic log on top Kerogen Maturity
of the logarithmic scale resistivity log so that Visual Analysis Of Logs For
the sonic curve lies on top of the resistivity
curve in the low resistivity shales. Low Basic TOC Log Calculations
resistivity
Webinar shales
Dates are considered to be non-
Kerogen Density
source
Course rocks
Datesand are unlikely to be gas
Kerogen Volume
shales.
OrderShales or silts with source rock
AV Courses
potential will show considerable crossover Gas Content From TOC
Order Video Courses
between the sonic and resistivity curves. The TOC from Passey DlogR
absolute
Becomevalue of the sonic and resistivity in
An Associate
theInstructor
low resistivity shale are called base-lines, TOC from Issler Crossplot
and these base-lines will vary with depth of Method
burial and geologic age. TOC Spreadsheet Examples
Schematic log showing
Consulting Services sonic resistivity TOC from ECS Method
Clientin
overlay List
a variety of situations TOC Log Analysis Examples
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Sonic resistivity overlay showing crossover in Barnett
Shale, Texas, labeled "ΔlogR" andShale Gas
shaded Analysis
red.
Tight
Crossplots of porosity and logarithm of Gas Analyzis
resistivity can also be
used to define and segregate source rocks from non-source
rocks. See "Identification of Source Rocks on Wireline Logs by
Density-Resistivity and Sonic-Resistivity Crossplots" by B. L.
Meyer and M. H. Nederlof, AAPG Bulletin, V. 68, P 121-129,
1984..The best description of the method is posted on the online
magazine Search and Discovery, in "Direct Method for
Determining Organic Shale Potential from Porosity and Resistivity
Logs to Identify Possible Resource Plays* by Thomas Bowman,
Article #110128, posted June 14, 2010.
These crossplots usually show a non-source rock trend line on

the southwest edge of the data (similar to the water line on a
Pickett plot) and a cluster of source rock data to the right of the
non-source line, as shown in the image below. The slope and
intercept of the non-source line is used to calculate a pseudo-
sonic log, DtR, from the resistivity log, which can then be plotted
on the same scale as the original sonic log.
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Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Sonic versus logarithm of resistivity (DlogR) Crossplot showing non-source rock trendline and source rock
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cluster of data. The equation of the non-source rock line is DtR = 105 - 25 log(RESD) for this Barnett Shale
example. SEE ALSO
As for the manual overlay technique described Coal Analysis
above, crossover indicates source rock Coal Bed Methane Analysis
potential, shale gas, or an oil shale, or if the Shale Gas Analysis
zone is clean, a potential hydrocarbon pay Immature Oil Shale Analysis
zone. An example of a DtR log is shown below. Tight Gas Analyzis
Original sonic log (left edge of red shading) and
calculated DtR curve (black curve) showing
potential source rock or, as in this case, gas
shale (Barnett)
BASIC ANALYSIS OF TOC FROM

LOGS
A wide variety of log analysis methods are used to calculate total organic carbon from well logs, ranging from
over-simplified to complex multi-mineral probabilistic models. The Passey and Issler models, described later, are
in the middle of the pack for complexity. We also need to convert lab data into volumetric terms for comparison
to log analyis results. This Section Welcome
coversd someTo C
of these steps. ' P
TOC from Density Log Data
H
Correlation of core TOC values to log data leads to useful relationships for specific reservoirs. A strong
correlation exists in some shales with Uranium content from the spectral gamma ray log. In other cases, the
relationship
THIS IS A is made with density,
SHAREWARE resistivity,
SITE. PLEASE BEsonic,
FAIR TOgamma ray, or combinations
THE AUTHOR AND PAY YOUR of these curves. Variations
SHAREWARE FEE HERE in
matrix mineralogy strongly affect this type of correlation and it is possible that mineralogy will mask any trend
with TOC. The crossplot shown belowTOTALis for a particular
ORGANIC well inCARBON
the Barnett shale.
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Pay Shareware Fee (TOC) Correlation ofTotal
TOCOrganic Carbon
with density (TOC)
in Barnett
Shale: Wtoc = -0.259 * DENS + 0.707. Similar
Free Spreadsheet Downloads crossplots of sonicTypes
or neutron
Of Kerogen
data can be used
Free Publications for specific reservoirs where TOC In
Analyzing data
TheisLab
available
Testimonials from core. Geochemical Logs
Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Plot in Avalon Shale: Wtoc = -0.1324 * DENS + 0.754 Method
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KEROGEN DENSITY SEE ALSO
Kerogen density is difficult to measure directly but can be inferred from a plot of (inverse) core Carbon
Total Organic grain density
TOC
versus TOC weight percent or mass fraction. This value is needed to find kerogenCoal volume fraction from kerogen
Analysis
weight fraction. The method also relies on the density versus TOC crossplot. Coal Bed Methane Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Plot to find TOC
Immature
specific
Oilgravity
Shale Analysis
(DENStoc)
and rock grain density
Tight (DENSma) using inverse
Gas Analyzis
grain density on Y-Axis.
On this graph,
1: DENSma = 1 / INTCPT
= 1 / 0.37 = 2.703 g/cc
2: SLOPE = (0.409 - 0.37) / (9 - 0) = 0.004166
(from Excel spreadsheet)
3: DENStoc = 1 / (100 * SLOPE + INTCPT)
= 1 / (100 * 0.004166 + 0.37) = 1.28 g/cc
4: DENSker = DENStoc / KTOC
= 1.28 / 0.80 = 1.42 g/cc
Where KTOC = kerogen correction factor

- Range = 0.68 to 0.90, default 0.80
Typical values for DENSker are in the range 0.95

for immature to 1.45 for very mature, with a default of 1.26 g/cc.
Because of the extrapolation from small TOC values up to 100% TOC, the possible error in DENStoc is quite
large, so many people will choose a default based on the maturity of the kerogen.
KEROGEN VOLUME Welcome To C ' P

Log analysis models need the volume fraction of kerogen, not the weight fraction. This is found from:
1: Wtoc = TOC% / 100
2: Wker = Wtoc / KTOC
H
3: VOLker
Handbook = Wker /Petrophysical
Index DENSker Training About the Author Terms of Use Contact Us Search
4: VOLmatrix = (1 - Wker) / DENSma
5: VOLrock
THIS = VOLker + VOLmatrix
IS A SHAREWARE SITE. PLEASE BE FAIR TO THE AUTHOR AND PAY YOUR SHAREWARE FEE HERE
6: Vker = VOLker / VOLrock
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There Site
is Navigation
aOfspreadsheet
Use / Disclaimer
on the Downloads page that Quick Links
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does weight to volume Fee and volume to weight (TOC) Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Handbook Index / Site Map
conversions -- see example at right. Typically, Vker is a Basics
little
Freeless than 2 * Wtoc.
Spreadsheet Downloads Types Of Kerogen
"META/WT-VOL" Spreadsheet.
GAS CONTENT
Petrophysical VERSUS TOC
Training TOC
TOC values calculated from log analysis models are widely used as a guide to theBasic
quality
TOCof gas
Log shales. Using
Calculations
Webinar Dates
correlations of lab measured TOC and gas content (Gc). We can use log analysis derived
KerogenTOC values to predict
Density
Gc, whichDates
Course can then be summed over the interval and converted to adsorbed gas in place. Sample correlations
Kerogen Volume
areOrder
shownAVbelow.
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Crossplots of TOC versus Gc for Tight Gas / Shale Gas examples. Note the largeImmature OilGc
variation in Shale Analysis
versus TOC for
different rocks, and that the correlations are not always very strong. These dataTight
setsGas Analyzis
are from core samples,
Tight
cuttings give much worse correlations. The fact that some best fit lines do not pass Oil / Shale
through Oil Analyzis
the origin suggests
systematic errors in measurement or recovery and preservation techniques.
PASSEY'S "DlogR" METHOD

Various multi-curve methods for quantifying organic content from well logs have been published, including
multiple regression, probabilistic, and neural network solutions. The most common method is based on sonic
versus resistivity, as described in "A Practical Model for Organic Richness from Porosity and Resistivity Logs"
by Q. R. Passey, S. Creaney, J. B. Kulla, F. J. Moretti and J. D. Stroud, AAPG Bulletin, V. 74, P 1777-1794, 1990.
It is also known as the "D log R" method (with or without spaces and hyphens between the characters). The "D"
was originally the Greek letter Delta (ΔlogR).
Although the sonic resistivity model is the best known version of the Passey method, density and neutron data
can also be used, as shown below:
1: SlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) + 0.02 * (DTC – DTCbase)
2: DlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) -- 2.5 * (DENS – DENSbase)
3: NlogR = log (RESD / RESDbase) + 4.0 * (PHIN – PHINbase)
4: TOCs = SF1s * (SlogR * 10^(0.297 – 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1s

5: TOCd = SF1d * (DlogR * 10^(0.297 – 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1d
6: TOCn = SF1n * (NlogR * 10^(0.297 – 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1n
Where:
RESD = deep resistivity in any zone (ohm-m)
RESDbase = deep resistivity baseline in non-source rock (ohm-m)
DTC = compressional; sonic log reading Welcome C
To (usec/ft)
in any zone ' P
DTCbase = sonic baseline in non-source rock (usec/ft)
DENS = density log reading in any zone (gm/cc) H
DENSbase = density in non-source rock (gm/cc)
PHIN = neutron
Handbook Indexlog reading in any zone
Petrophysical (fraction)
Training About the Author Terms of Use Contact Us Search
PHINbase = neutron baseline in non-source rock (fraction)
THIS IS
SlogR, A SHAREWARE
DlogR, SITE. PLEASE
NlogR = Passey’s number BE FAIR
from TO THE
sonic, AUTHOR
density, AND
neutron PAY
log YOUR SHAREWARE FEE HERE
(fractional)
LOM = level of organic maturity (unitless)
TOCs,d,n = total organic carbon fromTOTAL ORGANIC
Passey method (weight CARBON
fraction)
TermsSite
SF1s,d,n Navigation
Of Use
and
/ Disclaimer
SO1s,d,n = scale factor and scale offset to calibrate
THIS PAGE
to lab values of TOC Quick Links
Handbook
Divide metricIndex
DTC /values
Site Map
by 3.281 to get usec/ft, metric density by 1000 to getBasics
gm/cc.
In Free Publications
practice, it is rare to have both TOC laboratory measurements and reliable organic Analyzing TOC
maturity In to
data The Lab in
assist
Testimonials
calibration. Chose a value for LOM that will result in a match with available TOC data. Geochemical
Vitrinite reflectance
Logs (Ro)
Aboutmay
values ThebeAuthor
available and are converted to LOM with the graph below. LOM is typically
Kerogen in the range of 6 to 14.
Maturity
Default LOM for a gas shale is 8.5 and fir an oil shale is10.5. Visual Analysis Of Logs For
Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Instructor Method
Project List
SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
Graph for finding Level of Organic Maturity from Vitrinite Reflectance. Higher LOM reduces calculated TOC.
Some petrophysicists do not believe this chart, and use regression techniques on measured TOC to estimate
LOM - see bottom illustration on this page for an example.
Numerical Example:
RESD RESDbase DTC DTCbase LOM DENS DENSbase PHIN PHINbase
25 4 100 62 8.5 2.35 2.65 0.34 0.15
DTC DENS PHIN

DlogR = 1.556 1.546 1.556
TOC = 0.113 0.113 0.113 weight fraction
ISSLER'S METHOD
Dale Issler published a model specifically tuned to Western Canada in "Organic Carbon Content Determined
from Well Logs: Examples from Cretaceous Sediments of Western Canada" by Dale Issler, Kezhen Hu, John
Bloch, and John Katsube, GSC Open File 4362. It is based on density vs resistivity and sonic vs resistivity
crossplots (other methods are also described in the above paper).
The crossplots were redrafted in Excel , as shown below, and a drop-through code developed to generate TOC,
based on the lines on the graphs. No doubt there is a simpler way to code this, but I didn't have time to sort it
out. Welcome To C ' P
H

Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Instructor ◄ DTC vs RESD
Method
Project List
SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
DENS vs RESD ►
Note that sonic and density data are in Metric units.
TOC calculated from DENS vs RESD crossplot gives similar results to the sonic approach, but the density
model should not be used in large or rough borehole intervals. Intervals where the sonic log is skipping
should be edited before use.
The "drop-through" code shown below gives integer values of TOC%, then coverts it to a decimal fraction.
Multiple regression equations, developed by Tristan Euzen from the Issler graphs, give smooth (non-integer)
values and are of course easier to code into petrophysical software or spreadsheet packages. Thanks for your
work Tristan.
TOC_X - TOC FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF ISSLER'S GRAPHS

Tristan Euzen's multiple regression gives:
Welcome To
7: TOCs = 0.0714 * (DTC + 195 * log(RESD)) - 31.86
C ' P
8: Wtocs = SF2 * TOCs / 100 + SO2 H
Equations for the density-resistivity model are not quite as neat. By linear regression, Tristan found:
Handbook Index
97: Intercept = 4.122 Petrophysical
* Slope + 1014 Training About the Author Terms of Use Contact Us Search
98: TOCd
THIS IS A= SHAREWARE
-0.1429 * Slope +SITE.
45.14PLEASE BE FAIR TO THE AUTHOR AND PAY YOUR SHAREWARE FEE HERE
Recognizing that:
99: DENS = Slope * Log(RESD) + Intercept
And Site
by subs
Terms Navigation
tu
Of Use on:
/ Disclaimer Quick Links
9: TOCd
Pay = -0.1429
Shareware (TOC)
Fee* (DENS – 1014) / (log(RESD) + 4.122) + 45.14 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
10: WtocdIndex
Handbook = SF3/ Site
* TOCd
Map/ 100 + SO3 Basics
Log analysis
Free TOC results should be calibrated to lab measured TOC from real rocks.
Publications Scale factors
Analyzing TOC InSF
The2 Lab
and SF3
and scale offset SO2 and SO3 are determined by regression of lab versus log derived TOC values. If you want
TOC%,
Aboutremove the "/ 100" from equations 8 and 10.
The Author Kerogen Maturity
TOC_MR - TOC
Petrophysical FROM MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
Training TOC
Sometimes it is difficult to get a good match to measured TOC values using Passey or Issler
Basic methods.
TOC Log Some
Calculations
Webinar
software Dates have multiple linera equation solvers. that can help. Here is a typical solution for one
packages Kerogen Density
Course Dates
particular well where such a regression was run: Kerogen Volume
Order AV Courses
11: TOCmr = - 3.73089 + 0.0259051 * DTC + 1.13726 * PHIN_SS + 0.877866 * log(RESD)
Order Video Courses
- 0.000722865 * DENS TOC from Passey DlogR
NoBecome
scale factor or scale offset is needed as the equation is derived from the measured data.
An Associate TOC from Issler Crossplot
Instructor Method
TOC_S - TOC FROM SONIC RESISTIVITY CROSSPLOT TOC Spreadsheet Examples
Petrophysical
TOC Consulting
from Sonic Resistivity Crossplot TOC from Spectral GR Method
IFConsulting
DELT <= (-195 *
ServicesLOG(RESD) + 460) THEN TOCs = 0 TOC from ECS Method
IFClient
DELTList> (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 460) THEN TOCs = 1 TOC Log Analysis Examples
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 474) THEN TOCs = 2
Project List
SEE ALSO
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 516) THEN TOCs = 5 Total Organic Carbon TOC
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 530) THEN TOCs = 6 Coal Analysis
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 544) THEN TOCs = 7 Coal Bed Methane Analysis
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 558) THEN TOCs = 8 Shale Gas Analysis
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 572) THEN TOCs = 9 Immature Oil Shale Analysis
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 586) THEN TOCs = 10 Tight Gas Analyzis
IF DELT > (-195 * LOG(RESD) + 600) THEN TOCs = 11 Tight Oil / Shale Oil Analyzis
Wtocs = SF2 * TOCs / 100 + SO2
TOC_D - TOC FROM DENSITY RESISTIVITY CROSSPLOT

IF DENS < (150 * LOG(RESD) + 1670) THEN TOCd = 24
IF DENS < (197 * LOG(RESD) + 1870) Welcome
THEN TOCd C
To= 16 ' P
IF DENS < (218 * LOG(RESD) + 1920) THEN TOCd = 14 H
IF DENS < Index
Handbook (232 * LOG(RESD) + 1970)
Petrophysical THEN TOCd
Training = 12the Author
About Terms of Use Contact Us Search
IFTHIS
DENS IS<A(246
SHAREWARE
* LOG(RESD) SITE. PLEASE
+ 2020) BE FAIR
THEN TOCdTO THE AUTHOR AND PAY YOUR SHAREWARE FEE HERE
= 10
IF DENS < (260 * LOG(RESD) + 2080)TOTAL ORGANIC
THEN TOCd =8 CARBON
Terms
IF DENSSite< Navigation
Of Use / Disclaimer
(267 * LOG(RESD) + 2110) THEN TOCd =(TOC) 7
THIS PAGE
Quick Links
Pay Shareware Fee
IF DENS < (274 * LOG(RESD) + 2140) THEN TOCd = 6 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
IFHandbook
DENS < (281Index / Site Map + 2170) THEN TOCd = 5
* LOG(RESD) Basics
IFFree Spreadsheet
DENS Downloads+ 2200) THEN TOCd = 4
< (288 * LOG(RESD) Types Of Kerogen
Free Publications
IF DENS < (295 * LOG(RESD) + 2232) THEN TOCd = 3 Analyzing TOC In The Lab
IFTestimonials
DENS < (302 * LOG(RESD) + 2264) THEN TOCd = 2 Geochemical Logs
IFAbout
DENSThe Author
< (309 * LOG(RESD) + 2300) THEN TOCd = 1 Kerogen Maturity
IF DENS >= (309 * LOG(RESD) + 2300) THEN TOCd = 0 Visual Analysis Of Logs For
Wtocd = SF3 * TOCd
Petrophysical / 100 + SO3
Training TOC
LogWebinar
analysisDates
TOC results should be calibrated to lab measured TOC from real rocks. ScaleDensity
factors SF 2 and SF3
Kerogen
andCourse
scale Dates
offset SO2 and SO3 are determined by regression of lab versus log derived TOC Volume
values. If you want
Kerogen
Orderremove
TOC%, AV Courses
the "/ 100" from the final equations. Gas Content From TOC
Order Video Courses
Order Reference
Numerical Manuals
Example: Method
Become RESD
An Associate DTC DENS Using spreadsheet from Downloads page TOC from Issler Crossplot
Instructor25
English 100 2.35 Method
Metric 25 328 2350 TOC Spreadsheet Examples
TOCs (RESD-DTC crossplot) = 0.11 weight fraction TOC from ECS Method
Consulting
TOCd Servicescrossplot) = 0.10 weight fraction
(RESD-DENS
Project List
SEE ALSO
"META/TOC" SPREADSHEET -- TOC ASSAY FROM LOG ANALYSIS Total Organic Carbon TOC
Coal Analysis
This spreadsheet calculates Total Organic CVarbon (TOC) from the two different models described above.
Shale Gas Analysis
"META/TOC" Total Organic Carbon Spreadsheet. Immature Oil Shale Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
Welcome To C ' P
H

Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
Order AV Courses
Order Video Courses
Instructor Method
Project List
SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
Sample output from "META/TOC" spreadsheet for analysis of Total Organic Carbon from well logs.
"META/TOC" Total Organic Carbon Spreadsheet.
TOC FROM SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY LOGS

The uranium content of many kerogen bearing source and reservoir rocks is often a function of the kerogen
content. Bob Everett suggests the following relationship:
1: TOCuran = SFuran * log(URAN / 4)
Where:
TOC uran = total organic carbon from uranium curve on spectral GR loh (fractional)
URAN = uranium content (ppm)
SFuran = scale factor = 0.05 default (range 0.02 to 0.08)
Calibrate SFuran using lab derived TOC data. Note that the spectral GR could be a core GR log.
TOC FROM ELEMENTAL CAPTURE SPECTROSCOPY (ECS) LOGS

The ECS log measures the weight contribution of various elements in the formation, for example calcium,
oxygen, iron, silicon, and so forth. By using a least squares statistical approach, the elements can be
composed into the minerals that might be present in the rocks. One of the minerals can be kerogen. Results
are in weight fraction so kerogen can be compared directly to geochemical assays from the lab. The TOC and
XRD or XRF lab data can be used to constrain the inversions, giving results that will naturally match kerogen
and mineralogy data quite well. AnWelcome C ' P
To at the end pf this web page.
example is shown
TOC LOG ANALYSIS EXAMPLES

H

Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
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Instructor Method
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
TOC calculated from Passey DlogR Method. There are numerous published examples with much
Coal Bed Methane worse
Analysis
correlations between calculated and measured TOC, usually attributed to varyingShale
proportions
Gas Analysis I, II, and III
of Type
kerogen or mineral variations (calcite, dolomite, pyrite, and quartz)
Immatureshale.
in the Oil Shale Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
Welcome To C ' P
H

Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
Order AV Courses
Order Video Courses
Instructor Method
Project List
SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
The figure above shows a comparison of the DlogR method with the Issler model. Both methods use sonic and
resistivity logs to calculate the depth variation in TOC. Red dots represent measured TOC analyzed on core
samples using a Rock-Eval 2 instrument; blue dots represent re-analyses of the same samples using a Rock-
Eval 6 instrument. For the Issler model, results are presented for both empirical (blue) and Archie (green)
resistivity porosity methods. The DlogR method gives poor results for this well when observed thermal maturity
is used (LOM = 5.0) An LOM value of 6.9 provides a good fit to the data but it is not representative of the true
maturity.
Welcome To C ' P
H

Webinar Dates
Kerogen Density
Course Dates
Kerogen Volume
Order AV Courses
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Instructor Method
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SEE ALSO
Coal Analysis
Shale Gas Analysis
Tight Gas Analyzis
A nuclear magnetic effective porosity curves (light grey on porosity track) shows a close match to shale and
kerogen corrected density-neutron effective porosity (left edge of red shading). Dark shading on porosity track is
kerogen volume. NMR porosity, and corrected effective porosity match very well. The NMR effective porosity is
unaffected by kerogen and clay bound water. The far right hand track is the mineralogy from an Elemental
Capture Spectroscopy (ECS) log in weight fraction (excludes porosity but includes TOC). TOC from cores, Issler
method, and ECS are in the track to the left of the porosity. They also match quite well. The ECS inversion was
also calibrated to TOC and XRD data to get a match as good as this. Clay volume in second track from the right
is from thorium curve calibrated to XRD total clay, with clay volume from ECS superimposed to show the close
agreement. Everything makes sense when you CALIBRATE to lab data but may be NONSENSE if you don't gather
the right data.
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12/21/2017 Crain's Petrophysical Handbook - Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

In the lab, it is relatively easy to distinguish kerogen

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

Cross-plots of both elemental H/C and O/C ratios or of HI and OI are

HI versus OI plot example, indicating Type III kerogen

GEOCHEMICAL LOGS TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

A geochemical log from offshore East Coast Canada

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

These crossplots usually show a non-source rock trend line on

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

BASIC ANALYSIS OF TOC FROM

Where KTOC = kerogen correction factor

Typical values for DENSker are in the range 0.95

KEROGEN VOLUME Welcome To C ' P

PASSEY'S "DlogR" METHOD

4: TOCs = SF1s * (SlogR * 10^(0.297 – 0.1688 * LOM)) + SO1s

DTC DENS PHIN

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

Note that sonic and density data are in Metric units.

TOC_X - TOC FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF ISSLER'S GRAPHS

TOC_D - TOC FROM DENSITY RESISTIVITY CROSSPLOT

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

TOC FROM SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY LOGS

TOC FROM ELEMENTAL CAPTURE SPECTROSCOPY (ECS) LOGS

TOC LOG ANALYSIS EXAMPLES

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON THIS PAGE

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