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Tarlac State University

College of Engineering and Technology


Tarlac City

CAPACITIVE
PROXIMITY SENSOR

Submitted to:
Engr. Idris Jeffrey Manguera

Submitted by:
Bautista, Louie L.
Dantes, Reinford C.
Gomez, Joe Marie B.
Gorospe, Pamina C.
Natoc, Jonathan B.
Santos, Patricia T.
Tabon, Christian N.

Date submitted:
December 20,2017
Objectives
To show how the material from which a target made affects the maximum
sensing distance.
To determine how the size and position of targets affect the sensing
capabilities of a capacitive proximity detector.
To make sensitivity adjustments that enable the sensor to detect the
level of water inside a glass container.

Materials Required
(1) Allen-Bradley capacitive proximity detector 875CD10NP30D4
(1) 24v DC power supply
(1) 2 x 2 x 3/8-inch sample of the following materials:
Soft steel
Brass
Glass
Plastic
(1) Glass jar 6 inches tall, half-filled with water
(1) Plastic container 2” high and 1 1/2” in diameter, of the kind
used by a pharmacy to contain pills.
(1) Plastic container 2” high and 2 1/2” in diameter, of the kind
used by a pharmacy to contain pills.
(1) Small slotted screwdriver
Typing paper and pencil.

Introduction
Capacitive proximity sensors are solid state devices designed to
detect the presence of a material without making physical contract.
The solid state circuitry contains an oscillator and power amplifier
and two plates of a capacitor built into the face of the sensor unit.
When an object enters the area near the sensor face, it causes the
capacitor value to change. If it is a metal object , it adds to the
size of the capacitor’s plates. If the target is non-metallic. The
dielectric constant changes. Both of these conditions increase the
value of the capacitor and causes the oscillations of the solid state
circuitry to intensify. A trigger circuit detects the change in the
amplitude of oscillations and switches the output on. When the target
leaves the area bear the sensor face, the oscillations dampen, the
trigger circuit detects the change, and switches the output off.
PART A
Target Consideration
The ability of a capacitive sensor to detect a target is determined by
several factors. These factors include the material of the target, its
size and its position.

Material
The material from which the target is made determines how effectively
it is detected by a capacitive proximity sensor. Materials with higher
dielectric constant values are easier to
sense than those with lower values Air, which has the lowest
dielectric constant of all materials, is used as a reference. Its
rated dielectric constant value is 1. Water which is very easy to
detect, has a dielectric constant of 80. This value indicates that it
is 80 times easier to detect than air. Other materials have dielectric
constants that fall within this range.

In following procedure steps, four targets made of different materials


will be used to determine how well they are sensed by capacitive
proximity detector.

Procedure

Step 1
Assemble the circuit shown in figure 28-1 and apply power. With the
sensor lying on its side, place one end of a sheet of typing paper
under the sensor with the other end pointing away from the sensor
face, as shown in Figure 28-1(b)

Step 2
Without an object in front of the sensor face, slowly turn the
sensitivity adjustment CW until the indicator light turns on, and then
turn the sensitivity adjustment ½ revolutions in the CCW direction.

Step 3
Locate and identify each of the 2 x 2 inch target materials specified
in Table 28-1, and the 2 ½-inch diameter medicine container filled
with water.
Step 4
Make a mark on the paper where the sensor head is located. Use this as
a reference to indicate how far from the sensor various materials are
detected.

Step 5
Select the glass target and gently place its face 2 inches in front of
the sensor head. The indicator lamp of the sensor should be off, to
indicate the target is not being detected.

Step 6
Place the target between your thumb and forefinger, so that only the
target will be detected. Slowly move the face of the target toward the
sensor head. Stop when the indicator light turns on and make

Table 28-1

Material Distance (mm)


Glass 12
Plastic 2
Water 14
Table 28.2

Material Dielectric Constant


Glass 3.7-10
Plastic 4.7-10.2
Water 80

a mark on the paper to indicate its location. Measure the distance


between this mark and the reference mark on the paper. Record this
distance in Table 28-1.

Step 7

Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for the remaining target materials listed in


Table 28-1.

Compare the measurements of the non-metallic materials recorded in


Table 28-1 to the dielectric constant values listed in Table 28-2.
Observe that targets with higher dielectric constant ratings (a higher
moisture constant) are detected from a greater distance than targets
with a lower rating. The distance at which a material is measured
correlates to the ease at which it is detected. (Note: The metallic
materials do not have a dielectric constant rating. They affect the
capacitance by adding to the size of the plates)

Size
The larger the target, the greater the sensing distance at which
it can be detected.

Step 8
Gently place 1 ½” diameter plastic container (a pill bottle from a
pharmacy) filled with water next to the sensor face. Slowly move it
away from the sensor and place a pencil mark on the paper to indicate
where it is located when the indicator lamp turns off, measure the
distance from the sensor face.

Distance of 1 ½ inch diameter container to the sensor face: 14 mm


Step 9
Repeat Step 8 with a 2 ½” diameter pharmacy bottle filled with water
Is the larger bottle detected from a greater distance? NO (yes, no)

Position
The capacitor sensor will be most effective when its face is
parallel to the flat surface of the target. In this position, the
maximum amount of mass of the target is located within the static
field of the capacitor plates. The result is that the capacitive value
is at its maximum level.

Step 10
Place a 2 x 2 x 3/8-inch glass target on the paper with its flat
surface of the target. Place the face of the sensor parallel to the
flat surface of the target about one inch away as shown in the Figure
28-2(a). Slowly move the sensor toward the target until the indicator
lamp turns on. Make marks on the paper to show the position of each
one, and measure the distance between them.

Distance of glass target to the face of the sensor: 12 mm

Step 11
Place the sensor face at a 45 degree angle to the surface of the
target with the closest edge located 1 inch away, as shown in Figure
28-2(b). Slowly move the sensor toward the target position until the
indication lamp turns on. Make marks on the paper to show the target
location and the centre of the sensor head. Measure the distance
between them.
The sensor detects a greater distance when its face is PARALLEL to the
flat surface of the target.

A. parallel
B. at an angle

PART B
Hysteresis
Proximity sensors usually have built-in characteristics called turn-
off hysteresis. This is the property that places the device’s turn on
point closer to the sensor than its turn off. Without hysteresis, the
sensor could “chatter“(continuously turn on and off) id the target was
stationary at the fringe of tits sensing distance.

Step 1

Place the 2 ½- inch diameter pill bottle with water in the front of
sensor head and observe the indicator lamp as you move it closer. Stop
moving the sensor when the indicator light turns on and make a mark
with your pencil on the sheet of paper at that point.

Step 2

Slowly move the target away from the sensor head and observe the
indicator lamp. At that point where the lamp turns off, make a mark.

Step 3

Measure and record the distance between the two marks. They indicate
the size of the hysteresis gap.

Hysteresis Gap: 17 mm
PART B DATA RECORDS

ON state

27 mm

Mark 1 (On state) 17 mm Hysteresis Gap

2 ½ inch Mark 2 (Off state)

PART C
Sensitivity Adjustment
Materials with high dielectric constant may be sensed through the
walls of containers made with materials that have lower dielectric
constants. This difference makes it possible for a capacitive
proximity sensor to detect the level of liquid inside a glass
container. With the sensitivity properly set, the sensor turns on when
it is placed below water level, but not above it.

Step 1
Place the sensor head against the glass of a 16-oz container that is
half filled with water. With the head of the sensor located above the
water line, slowly decrease the sensitivity by turning the adjustment
screw CCW until the indicator lamp turns off. Slide the sensor
downward.
Does it turn on when it gets near the top level of the water?
NO (no, yes)

Step 2
Increase the sensitivity by turning the adjustment screw CW 4 turns.
Step 3
With the face of the sensor head placed against the glass container,
slowly slide it above and below the water. Does the sensor turn off?
___NO__ (no, yes)
The sensor should not turn off because its setting is now too
sensitive, so that it cannot distinguish between the glass and the
water on the other side.

Experiment Questions

1. A target with a high moisture content can be sensed from a


____LONGER______ distance than a material with ales moisture.
A. shorter
B. longer
2. The capacitance value of a capacitive proximity detector
increases if METAL AND NON METALLIC MATERIAL WITH A DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT GREATER THAN 1__ is placed within its static field.
A. metal
B. a non-metallic material with a dielectric constant greater
than 1.
C. Both A and B

3. Targets of a ______SMALL____ size are detected from a further


distance than _____LARGE____targets.
A. small
B. large
4. The flat surface of a target placed _____PARALLEL_____to the
front of the sensor head will be detected more effectively than a
target placed ______AT AN ANGLE____.
A. parallel
B. at an angle
ANSWER:
5. Materials with a __HIGH___ dielectric constant may be sensed
through the walls of containers made with materials that have a
_____LOW___ dielectric constant.
A. low
B. high

6. ____DECREASING_____ the sensitivity adjustment of a capacitor


sensor allows it to ignore the presence of a thin material and
detect a material behind it with more mass
A. Increasing
B. Decreasing

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