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ISSN: 1836-6503 (Print) 2333-6498 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ramo20

The National Marine Science Plan: informing

Australia’s future ocean policy

Gillian Treloar, John Gunn, Tim Moltmann, Sabine Dittmann, Rick Fletcher,
Patrick Hone, Kenneth Lee, Louise Minty, Stuart Minchin, Andreas Schiller,
Peter Steinberg, Jane Lyons, Alexander Babanin, Peter Doherty, Matthew
England, Clinton Foster, Emma Johnston, Andy Steven, Lyndon Llewellyn,
Jamie Oliver, Alex Sen Gupta, Bernadette Sloyan, David Smith, Tony Smith,
Terry Walshe & National Marine Science Committee

To cite this article: Gillian Treloar, John Gunn, Tim Moltmann, Sabine Dittmann, Rick Fletcher,
Patrick Hone, Kenneth Lee, Louise Minty, Stuart Minchin, Andreas Schiller, Peter Steinberg,
Jane Lyons, Alexander Babanin, Peter Doherty, Matthew England, Clinton Foster, Emma
Johnston, Andy Steven, Lyndon Llewellyn, Jamie Oliver, Alex Sen Gupta, Bernadette Sloyan,
David Smith, Tony Smith, Terry Walshe & National Marine Science Committee (2016) The
National Marine Science Plan: informing Australia’s future ocean policy, Australian Journal of
Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 8:1, 43-51, DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2016.1173631

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 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARITIME AND OCEAN AFFAIRS, 2016
VOL. 8, NO. 1, 43–51
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2016.1173631

COMMENTARY

The National Marine Science Plan: informing Australia’s future

ocean policy*
Gillian Treloar, John Gunn, Tim Moltmann, Sabine Dittmann, Rick Fletcher,
Patrick Hone, Kenneth Lee, Louise Minty, Stuart Minchin, Andreas Schiller,
Peter Steinberg, Jane Lyons, Alexander Babanin, Peter Doherty, Matthew England,
Clinton Foster, Emma Johnston, Andy Steven, Lyndon Llewellyn, Jamie Oliver,
Alex Sen Gupta, Bernadette Sloyan, David Smith, Tony Smith, Terry Walshe and
National Marine Science Committee
Downloaded by [CSIRO Library Services] at 18:18 03 July 2016

In 1998 the Australian Government released ‘Australia’s Ocean Policy: Caring, Understand-
ing, Using Wisely’ (Environment Australia 1998a). The policy, released in the International
Year of Oceans, recognised that our oceans contain resources of enormous past, present
and future benefit to us all – resources that must be managed carefully to ensure econ-
omic benefit exists side by side with sensitive environmental care. This pioneering
policy attempted to set a framework for integrated and ecosystem-based planning and
management for all of Australia’s marine jurisdictions but lacked input and therefore
buy-in from state and territory jurisdictions.
Under the umbrella of Oceans Policy sat Australia’s Marine Science and Technology Plan
(MSTP) (Environment Australia 1999) – addressing existing and emerging priorities for
marine science, technology and engineering. While implementation of Oceans Policy
received dedicated funding following its release (and the establishment of the National
Oceans Office) the MSTP was never directly funded.
Fast forward 18 years and only some of the key initiatives identified in Oceans Policy
have come to fruition. Significantly, through the National Oceans Office and subsequent
programs managed by the Australian Government Department for the Environment,
marine bioregional plans have been developed for most of Australia’s marine jurisdiction
and an expanded Commonwealth marine reserve system has been declared.
There has also been some progress in development of Australia’s marine science and
technology base. Since 2006 the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), funded
under the Australian Government’s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strat-
egy, has supported a step-change increase in availability of physical, biogeochemical
and biological observations and data across oceanic and coastal waters. A National Sea
Simulator, owned and operated by the Australian Institute of Marine Science, also provides
world-leading capability to examine the cumulative impacts of climate change, pollution
and disturbances caused by development in the marine environment.

CONTACT National Marine Science Committee (NMSC) NMSCSecretariat@aims.gov.au

*This commentary has been prepared on behalf of the National Marine Science Committee (NMSC) and white papers co-
convenors. Related correspondence should be directed to NMSCSecretariat@aims.gov.au. Some of the text of this com-
mentary draws directly from the text used in the ‘National Marine Science Plan 2015–2025: Driving the Development of
Australia’s Blue Economy’ (National Marine Science Committee 2015).
© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 44 G. TRELOAR ET AL.

The capability of Australia’s marine fleet has been enhanced with the introduction of
the Research Vessel (RV) Investigator in 2014 replacing the RV Southern Surveyor, although
despite clearly demonstrated science demand for full utilisation, financial constraints
mean the vessel operates for only 180 days on Government funding. In 2019 a new Ant-
arctic icebreaker will replace the Research/Supply Vessel Aurora Australis. However, some-
what inevitably Australia’s marine science and technology base has been more ad hoc
because the MSTP was never directly funded.
At the same time our marine industries have also grown rapidly and the challenges of
balancing development with environmental health have amplified. The rest of the world is
paying increasing attention to the growth potential in their blue economies and the
potential value of utilising expanding opportunities and innovations in marine science
and technology.
Now, after a year of consultations and priority development, the marine science com-
munity and their government and industry stakeholders have developed an updated
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science plan to guide the next decade of growth in our marine environment – ‘National
Marine Science Plan 2015–2025: Driving the Development of Australia’s Blue Economy’
(National Marine Science Committee 2015).
Given the increasing national and global focus on ‘blue economic’ growth, the grand
challenges that our marine nation faces, and the sustainable benefits to unlock from
our marine estate,1 it seems timely that the government consider the value in revisiting
the scope and intent of Australia’s Oceans Policy to take advantage of the opportunities
that will be generated by the implementation of the National Marine Science Plan.

What is a blue economy?

Blue economy is generally taken to consider all aspects of marine, maritime and coastal
regions that have a direct or indirect impact on the economy. A blue economy strikes a
balance between realising the oceans’ economic potential and the need to safeguard
its longer term health. It incorporates the traditional maritime industries of fisheries,
coastal tourism, energy and mineral production, boat building, shipping and ports activity.
It also includes new and developing industries such as aquaculture and renewable energy
technologies for wind wave and tidal energy, bio-products (pharmaceutical and agrichem-
icals), blue carbon (carbon sequestration) and desalination (CSIRO and Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015).
Australia has the third largest ocean territory on the planet. Only the USA and France
have larger national footprints in the global ocean. For Australia’s future, our marine
estate and a strategically developed blue economy are providing a comparative advantage.

What is happening globally?

In 1998 Australia was an international leader in ocean policy and in understanding the
benefits of a ‘blue economy’. Today there is a growing acceptance by ocean-bordered
countries across the world that a blue economy is the key to unlocking the economic
benefits of the ocean while also providing environmental stewardship, with global
ocean economic activity estimated to be in the realm of US$3–5 trillion per year (Depart-
ment of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015).
 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARITIME AND OCEAN AFFAIRS 45

The USA valued its ocean economy at US$258 billion in 2010,2 while China’s ocean
economy contributed US$962 billion in 2014 (China Releases 2013). Major trading part-
ners, such as the European Union, China and the USA, have taken action with the devel-
opment of their own blue economy strategies, national ocean policies, and investment in
marine research and development.
Investment in marine science capability, research and development, and innovation is
an integral part of their international strategies:

. The European Commission has developed a Blue Growth Strategy for the development
of key marine industries.3
. In 2013 China included the marine economy in its National Economic Development
Strategy and set their marine R&D investment at 2% of the total marine economy
value, the latter of which is valued at close to 10% of their national GDP (China Releases
2013).
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. The US National Oceans Policy implementation plan has been developed to promote
the nation’s ocean economy and maintain the resilience of marine ecosystems.4

What is the value of Australia’s blue economy?

Marine industries contributed $47 billion to the Australian economy in 2011–2012 (Austra-
lian Institute of Marine Science 2014), and with increases in offshore oil and gas pro-
duction, marine tourism, maritime trade, ship building, aquaculture and biotechnology,
it is projected that this figure will grow to $100 billion by 2025 (Ocean Policy Science Advi-
sory Group 2013). This equates to the marine industries sector growing at three times the
rate of the overall Australian economy.5
The current projected value does not include the estimated $25 billion per annum
(Eadie and Hoisington 2011) worth of benefits Australia gets from ecosystem services pro-
vided by its oceans, such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, erosion prevention and
cultural heritage. In addition, a lack of data on emerging industries means that blue
economy projections have not included the full breadth of potential marine economic
activity. So these estimates are considered to be conservative.

Why develop the National Marine Science Plan?

The National Marine Science Plan (the Plan) was developed following the release of the
2013 position paper ‘Marine Nation 2025: Marine Science to Support Australia’s Blue
Economy’ (Oceans Policy Science Advisory Group 2013). Marine Nation 2025 rec-
ommended the creation of a decadal plan to focus investment on the biggest develop-
ment and sustainability challenges facing Australia’s marine estate, and the highest
priority science needed to tackle these challenges to fulfil our blue economy’s potential.
The Plan was developed under the auspices of the National Marine Science Committee
(NMSC),6 on which senior representatives of 23 research institutions, universities and gov-
ernment departments work together to plan, coordinate and communicate marine
science and its application to national priorities.
Collaboration and consultation were central to the Plan’s development. The NMSC
placed significant emphasis on creating a document that truly articulated and represented
 46 G. TRELOAR ET AL.

the Australian marine science community (including government research institutions and
universities) and their stakeholders (including both commonwealth and state govern-
ments and industry end-users). Over 500 marine scientists and stakeholders took part in
the development of the Plan, beginning with the development of eight community
white papers.7
The white paper process involved stakeholders from the different marine science
sectors working to identify the science required to address grand challenges identified
in Marine Nation 2025 (marine sovereignty, security and safety; energy security; food secur-
ity; biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health; urban coastal environments; climate
variability and change; resource allocation and infrastructure) and the additionally ident-
ified challenge area of urban coastal environments. The white papers were presented and
discussed at a National Marine Science Symposium in November 2014. Following two
further consultations including 73 feedback submissions, the Plan brings together the
highest priority science and science capabilities (skills, infrastructure and relationships)
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to meet a cross-section of challenges areas in an integrated and strategic manner.

The Plan’s recommendations

To focus the coordination efforts and investments, the Plan sets out eight high level
recommendations.

(1) Create an explicit focus on the blue economy throughout the marine science system.
(2) Establish and support a National Marine Baselines and Long-term Monitoring Program
to develop a comprehensive assessment of our estate, and to help manage Common-
wealth and State Marine Reserve networks.
(3) Facilitate coordinated national studies on marine ecosystem processes and resilience to
enable understanding of the impacts of development (urban, industrial and agricul-
tural) and climate change on our marine estate.
(4) Create a National Oceanographic Modelling System to supply defence, industry and
government with accurate, detailed knowledge and predictions of ocean state to
support decision-making by policy-makers and marine industry.
(5) Develop a dedicated and coordinated science program to support decision-making by
policy-makers and marine industry.
(6) Sustain and expand the Integrated Marine Observing System to support critical climate
change and coastal systems research, including coverage of key estuarine systems.
(7) Develop marine science research training that is more quantitative, cross-disciplinary
and congruent with industry and government needs.
(8) Fund national research vessels for full use.

The relationship between the grand challenges, the capabilities identified to address them
(i.e. the 10-year steps to success) and the benefits that will flow from investment in the
Plan (e.g. jobs, wealth, energy, etc.) is represented in Figure 1. The Plan also identifies a
number of priority initiatives for future broad-based investment, which focus on building
a strong national blue economy, including the introduction of a national blue economy
innovation fund.
 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARITIME AND OCEAN AFFAIRS 47
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Figure 1. The necessary capabilities, or ‘10-year steps to success’, as articulated through the Plan’s rec-
ommendations – to address the grand challenges facing Australia’s marine environment and help capi-
talise on the potential benefits of a projected $100 billion per annum blue economy in 2025. Note: The
Biodiversity conservation grand challenge theme area includes ecosystem health/services – valued at
an additional $25 billion per annum (in 2011).

How will the Plan contribute to Australia’s blue economy?

In launching the Plan on 11 August 2015, the federal Minister for Science and Industry
commended the marine science community and their stakeholders for ‘bringing together
a comprehensive 10-year plan to guide Australia’s marine science efforts and help maxi-
mise value and manage the growth of marine industries’ (The Hon Ian Macfarlane MP
and Hon Karen Andrews MP Joint Media Release 2015).
However, and as stated in the Plan, to realise the potential economic, environmental
and social benefits of Australia’s vast ocean jurisdiction, there still needs to be a concerted
effort by all of the many stakeholders, working closely together to meet the grand chal-
lenges. At the heart of the Plan is a call to action for all those involved in the governance,
 48 G. TRELOAR ET AL.

the science, the use and the protection of our 13.86 million square kilometre (Symonds,
Alcock, and French 2009) national marine estate.
While further growing Australia’s blue economy is to our economic benefit, it is clear
that Australians want more than economic dividends from our coasts and oceans. Austra-
lians place great emphasis on the cultural and aesthetic value of our oceans. We expect our
estuaries, beaches, coral reefs, coasts and oceans to be healthy and productive. Eighty-five
per cent of Australians lives within 50 kilometres of our shores (Australian Bureau of Stat-
istics 2004), and by 2025 another 3–4 million people will be packed into coastal cities and
regional centres.
If the desired balance between financial dividends, environmental health and social well-
being of our marine environment is to be achieved, having the right science to inform our
policy and investment decisions is critical. As such, the Plan has been developed to provide
a wide range of stakeholders, including those in the science and research, government,
industry, education and community sectors, with a vision and recommendations about
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the highest priorities on which they can make future investment and policy decisions. It out-
lines the research, infrastructure, skills, partnerships and investment that will drive the
required changes over the next decade, and deliver the best possible long-term returns
to Australia. It emphasises the importance of evidence-based science and science tools
to support decision-making by policy-makers, marine industry and other end users.
The Plan is also designed to serve as a platform to drive the development of new
marine technologies and product innovation that will translate marine science discovery
into industry development, job growth, environmental sustainability and economic pros-
perity for Australia.

Investing in our future

At an estimated $450 million (National Marine Science Committee 2015), the annual
funding for marine science has helped double the blue economy contribution over the
last decade to the current $47 billion per annum. However given the breadth of challenges
and beneficiaries of marine science, it is clear that future investment must not be limited to
traditional research funding bases, but come from a broad base, including different levels
of government, private industry and the community.
As stated above, over the next decade the blue economy is predicted to grow at 7.5%
per annum – far outstripping the projected 2.5% growth rate of Australia’s GDP.8 Further
marine science investment is required to ensure that this impressive trend continues. Dis-
investment would have the opposite effect on Australia’s blue economy.
Realisation of the Plan will ensure that current marine science funding generates
greater returns by sharpening the focus and increasing the coordination of existing
science infrastructure and effort. This is particularly important given major investments
in marine science infrastructure over the last decade, including the RV Investigator,
IMOS and the National Sea Simulator.
Better understanding of the ocean and its influence on variability and change of climate
and extreme weather will help minimise the risk and maximise the opportunities in climate
sensitive industries such agriculture, aquaculture, energy and health. In sectors such as
defence, maritime safety, renewable energy, offshore oil and gas, and shipping, improved
knowledge and predictability of ocean state are directly linked to their operational
 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARITIME AND OCEAN AFFAIRS 49

effectiveness and success. So far we have only mapped 25% of our marine estate9 and
characterised much less. Innovative technologies and products arising from discoveries
will open up exciting new possibilities and we further explore our ocean territory.
However, the aspirations of this decadal plan will not be realised with ‘business as usual’
marine science. It will require some fundamental and generational shifts in the way we teach
and learn marine science, the platforms and technologies we use at sea and in the laboratory,
and the processes through which we plan and deliver marine science. Creating an explicit
focus on the blue economy throughout the marine science system will be key to our success.
This blue economy focus is already embedded in some marine science research areas,
but there is an opportunity now to build on these strengths and make marine science
indispensable to our nation’s growing economy.
The proposed National Blue Economy Innovation Fund (one of six priority investment
initiatives proposed in the Plan) is intended to capitalise on new opportunities to sustain-
ably develop Australia’s blue economy by promoting and commercialising innovation,
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such as in new ocean technology, bioprospecting, bio-products, ocean renewable

energy, aquaculture and offshore oil and gas production.

Revisiting Australia’s Ocean policy

As mentioned above, it is desirable that scientific evidence informs and supports policy
development and delivery. To best give effect to Australia’s blue economy it is timely to
consider the benefits of re-visiting Australia’s ocean policy and bringing it up-to-date
with today’s current policy context. This includes appropriate alignment with government
policy at the time of the Plan’s publication (including the Australian Government’s Science
and Research Priorities10 and Australian Chief Scientist’s Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics agenda (Office of the Australian Chief Scientist 2014)), as well as policy
that has been announced post Plan release (e.g. National Innovation and Science
Agenda11 and Review of Research Infrastructure (Department of Education and Training
2015)) and future policy (e.g. Commonwealth Marine Reserves Review12).
There are many other aspects to updating Australia’s ocean policy. Those articulated in
Australia’s first oceans policy include: maintenance of ecosystem integrity; integrated
oceans planning and management for multiple ocean use; promotion of ecologically sus-
tainable marine-based industries; governance; managing for uncertainty; application of
the precautionary principle; user-pays and other economic instruments; reporting, moni-
toring and assessment; duty of care and stewardship; interests and responsibilities of indi-
genous peoples; broader community participation; and regional and global
responsibilities (Environment Australia 1998b).
In updating Australia’s ocean policy, it will be important that all stakeholders and juris-
dictions come together, as they have done during the development of the Plan, to take a
holistic approach to driving the development of Australia’s blue economy.

Notes
1. ‘Marine estate’ is defined as Australia’s oceans, seas, seabed, coasts, close catchments,
traditional sea country, and the living and non-living resources they contain within Australia’s
marine jurisdiction (i.e. water column and seabed beyond the territorial sea baseline).
 50 G. TRELOAR ET AL.

2. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/full_color_rpt/welcome.html.
3. European Commission ‘Blue Growth Strategy’ http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/
blue_growth/.
4. See note 2.
5. The 7.5% blue economy growth is calculated based on our goal to increase from $47.2 billion
of current value to the Australian marine economy to $125 billion by 2025. The 2.5% GDP
growth rate is taken from the 2013/2014 ABS data www.abs.gov.au/AusStats/ABS@.nsf/MF/
5220.0.
6. The National Marine Science Committee (formally referred to as the Oceans Policy Science
Advisory Group) is an advisory body promoting co-ordination and information sharing
between Australian Government marine science agencies and the broader Australian
marine science community. NMSC is made up of representatives of Australian Government
agencies and additional members who assist the group to access stakeholder, industry and
research views and state/territory government considerations. A full NMSC membership list
can be found at the end of the paper and at www.marinescience.net.au.
7. The eight white papers (including infrastructure) and subtheme papers underpinning this Plan
Downloaded by [CSIRO Library Services] at 18:18 03 July 2016

can be found at www.marinescience.net.au.

8. See note 6.
9. Calculations by Geoscience Australia based on total physical mapping of Australia’s ocean
floor by multi-beam sonar of Australia’s 13.86 million square kilometre marine jurisdiction.
10. Commonwealth Science Council, Strategic science and research priorities – announced 26
May 2015, www.science.gov.au/scienceGov/ScienceAndResearchPriorities/Pages/default.aspx.
11. http://www.innovation.gov.au/page/agenda.
12. Department for the Environment ‘Commonwealth Marine Reserves Review’ http://www.
marinereservesreview.gov.au/.

Acknowledgements
The NMSC would like to thank the more than 500 individuals from a wide range of organisations who
contributed to the content and review of the National Marine Science Plan. Individuals who contrib-
uted to white papers, and white paper co-convenors, are listed in those white papers (at www.
marinescience.net.au).
NMSC Membership: Australian Antarctic Division, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics and Sciences, Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Australian Institute of Marine
Science, Australian Marine Safety Authority, Australian Marine Sciences Association, Bureau of
Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Defence Science
and Technology Group, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Department of Education
and Training, Department of the Environment, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation,
Geoscience Australia, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Institute for Marine and Antarctic
Studies, Integrated Marine Observing System (current Chair), Royal Australian Navy, Sydney Institute
of Marine Science, UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Perth, University of
Western Australia Oceans Institute, Western Australia Department of Fisheries, Western Australian
Marine Science Institution.

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