• Name of scientists who established the two important laws of chemical combinations?

• Write the chemical formulae of the given compounds:

(i) Copper sulphate sodium carbonate

(ii) Barium chloride sodium sulphate

(iii) Lead nitrate sodium chloride

• Concept of law of conservation of mass and law of chemical combination with examples

• E = mc2 follows the law of conservation of mass or not

• Calculations based on numerical problems to make an agreement for the law of conservation of mass

• 2.8 gram of N2 gas was allowed to react with 0.6 gram of hydrogen gas to produce 3.4 gram of ammonia.
Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass

• Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

• Law of definite proportion

• Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?

• Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?

• Full form of IUPAC

• Name of atoms and their symbols

• Homo atomic molecules and heteroatom molecules

• Concept of atomicity and its formula to calculate the same

• Definition of isotopes, isotones, and isobars with examples

• Identify the isotopes, isotones, and isobars from the given pairs

a. (17Cl35, 17Cl37)

b. (18Ar40, 20Ca 40)

c. (6C13, 7N14 )

• Find the atomicity of chlorine if its atomic mass is 35.5 and molecular mass is 71

• Find the atomicity of ozone if its atomic mass is 16 and molecular mass is 48

• Concept of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

• Define 1 amu

• A very fine study about the mole concept. Different ways to calculate the number of moles

• Concept of ion formation and generation of positive and negative charges

• Cross valency concept to write the formula of compound

• Always focus on the concept given in your book rather than different materials from different books or sites

Important Questions are as below:

Q. Magnesium and oxygen combine in the ratio of 3:2 by mass to form magnesium oxide. How much oxygen is
required to react completely with 12 g of magnesium?
Q. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?

Q. Which of the following statements is NOT true about an atom?

(a) Atoms are the building blocks from which molecules and ions are formed.

(b) Atoms cannot exist independently.

(c) Atoms are neutral in nature.

(d) Atoms combine together to form matter that we can see, feel, or touch.

Q. A sample of vitamin C is known to contain 2.58 ×1024 oxygen atoms. How many moles of oxygen atoms are
present in the sample?

Q. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 7935Br (49.7%) and 8135Br (50.3%), calculate
the average atomic mass of bromine atom.

Q. Which has more number of atoms, 100g of N2 or 100 g of NH3?

Q. Calculate the relative molecular mass of water (H2O)

Q. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, and K2CO3.

[Given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u]

Q. Write the chemical formulae of the following.

(a) Magnesium chloride

(b) Calcium oxide

(c) Copper nitrate

(d) Aluminium chloride

(e) Calcium carbonate.

• How are atoms of one element different from the atoms of another element?

• Sub atomic particles and various models related to this model

• The important postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

• Atomic masses of subatomic particles and charges on them

• What are canal rays? Properties of canal rays

• Name of the discoverer of sub-atomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons

• Thomson model and postulates

• Rutherford’s model and Rutherford model experiment

• Difference between alpha particle and helium atom

• Why did Rutherford take gold foil for the experiment

• Alpha particle scattering experiment with diagram. Conclusion of the experiment-Important topic for the exam

• Who gave the nuclear model of an atom

• Who discovered the nucleus?

• Important features of nuclear model of the atom given by Rutherford

• Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of the atom

• Revolving electron should fall in the nucleus but it is not so. Why?

• Who came forward to overcome the objection raised against Rutherford’s model of the atom?

• Postulates about the model of an atom

• What do you understand by the term ‘discrete orbit?’

• What do you think would be the observation if the α-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a
metal other than gold?

Explain the meaning of arrows in different directions

• Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.

• Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms, except hydrogen. Important

• Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have?

• Concept of distribution of electrons in different orbit or shell

• How to calculate the maximum number of electrons in a shell

• What do you mean by the term `Energy Level Index`

• What can be the maximum number of electrons in the outermost orbit?

• Do a good practice to write the distribution of electrons for different elements like carbon and sodium

• Learn entire content in the given table

• Definition of velancy and concept to write the chemical formula

• Cross velancy concept

• Explain the symbol 14N7

• How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium?

• If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then (i) What is the atomic number of
the atom? and (ii) What is the charge on the atom?

• Concept of atomic number and mass number

• Different numerical to calculate the number of electron, proton, and neutron

• Difference between isotopes and isobars along with the examples

• Application of isotopes and isobars

Important Questions are as below:

Q. Complete mass of an atom is concentrated in the__________.

1. Protons

2. Electrons

3. Nucleus

4. Neutrons

Q. An atom has a mass number of 23 and atomic number 11. The number of protons is _________.

1. 11

2. 12

3. 23

4. 44

Q. The K, L, and M shells of an atom are full. Its atomic number is _______.

1. 18

2. 20
3. 10

4. 12

Q. Cathode rays are deflected towards__________.

1. Positive electrode

2. Negative electrode

3. Both electrodes

4. None of the electrodes

Q. Carbon-12 atom has_______________.

1. 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons

2. 6 electrons, 12 protons, 6 neutrons

3. 12 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons

4. 18 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons

Q. Energy is ________ when an electron jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level

1. Absorbed

2. Released

3. Neither absorbed nor released

4. Both 1 and 2

Q. Isotopes have different number of

1. Protons

2. Electron

3. Neutron

4. A.O.T

Q. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?

Q. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Q. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 35Br79 (49.7%) and 35Br81 (50.3%), calculate
the average atomic mass of bromine atom.

Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under:

X Y

Protons = 6 6

Neutrons = 6 8

Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?