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Numerical Heat Transfer,


Part B: Fundamentals: An
International Journal of
Computation and Methodology
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LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME


FOR HYPERBOLIC HEAT
CONDUCTION EQUATION
a a
Jeng-Rong Ho , Chun-Pao Kuo , Wen-Shu Jiaung
a a
& Cherng-Jyh Twu
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National
Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic
of China
Published online: 30 Nov 2010.

To cite this article: Jeng-Rong Ho , Chun-Pao Kuo , Wen-Shu Jiaung & Cherng-
Jyh Twu (2002) LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR HYPERBOLIC HEAT CONDUCTION
EQUATION, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals: An International Journal
of Computation and Methodology, 41:6, 591-607, DOI: 10.1080/10407790190053798

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407790190053798

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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 41: 591±607, 2002
Copyright # 2002 Taylor & Francis
1040-7790 /02 $12.00 + .00
DOI: 10.1080/1040779019005379 8

LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR HYPERBOLIC


HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION

Jeng-Rong Ho, Chun-Pao Kuo, Wen-Shu Jiaung,


and Cherng-Jyh Twu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University,
Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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An extended lattice Boltzmann (LB) equation, the lattice Boltzmann equation with a source
term, is developed for the system of equations governing the hyperbolic heat conduction
equation. Mathematical consistence between the proposed extended LB equation and the
governing equations are accomplished by the Chapman-Enskog expansion. Four illus-
trative examples, with both Ž nite and semi-inŽ nite computational domains and subjected to
linear and nonlinear boundary conditions, are simulated. All numerical predications agree
very well with the existing solutions in the literature. It is also demonstrated that the present
scheme is stable and free of numerical oscillations especially around the wave front, where
sharp change in temperature occurs.

1. INTRODUCTION
The classical theory of heat conduction is based on Fourier’s law, in which
temperature disturbances propagate at an in®nitive velocity. Several motivations,
coming from kinetic theory of gases or from experiments, have led to generalize
Fourier’s law by including a relaxation model, which led to the hyperbolic heat
conduction equation that accounts for a ®nite thermal propagation speed [1±7].
Recently, considerable research has been generated toward the hyperbolic heat
conduction and its potential applications in engineering and technology. To date,
numerical schemes for the hyperbolic heat conduction equation are based mostly on
®nite-di€ erence and ®nite-element methods [8±13].
In recent years, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has been developed as a
new and powerful method for the solution of various partial di€ erential equations
[14±19]. This method is derived from the lattice gas automata (LGA) method and
inherited from the LGA some of its major advantage s over the conventional
computational methods. Unlike conventional numerical schemes based on dis-
cretizations of continuum models, the LB method constructs the simpli®ed kinetic

Received 16 March 2001; accepted 25 January 2002.


Support for this work by the National Science Counsel of the Republic of China under Grant
NSC88-2622-E-194-00 3 is gratefully acknowledged.
Address correspondence to Dr. J.-R. Ho, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung
Cheng University, 160 San-Hsing, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 621, Republic of China.
E-mail: imejrho@ccu.edu.tw

591
592 J.-R. HO ET AL.

NOMENCLATURE
Ai weight factor in the i direction T temperature
b number of propagation direction in a lattice Tw temperature at boundary at x = 0
Bi weight factor in the i direction x space variable
cp speci®c heat at constant pressure a thermal di€ usivity
C speed of thermal wave as surface absorptivity
e propagation speed (= D x=D t) d(t) Dirac delta function
ei propagation velocity in direction i D x lattice size
in a lattice D t time step
Er radiation parameter e small quantity for Chapman-Enskog
fi particle distribution function in the ei expansion
direction r density
(0)
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fi equilibrium particle distribution function in s Stefan-Boltzmann constant


the ei direction t relaxation time
g heat source per unit volume $ relaxation factor
k thermal conductivity
l spatial range where the pulsed energy
Superscripts
imposed
k iteration index
L length of slab
¤ dimensional variable
O order of magnitude
(1) O(e ) in the Chapman-Enskog expansion
q scalar of heat ¯ux
(2) O(e 2 ) in the Chapman-Enskog expansion
q0 heat ¯ux at boundary at x = 0
qr scalar of reference heat ¯ux
qw prescribed heat ¯ux at boundary at x = 0 Subscripts
q heat ¯ux i direction i in a lattice
t time j lattice index

models that incorporate the essential physics of microscopic processes so that their
macroscopic averaged properties obey the desired macroscopic laws. Thus, using
simple collision rules, a broad scope of complex phenomena, such as hydrodynamics
in porous media, multiphase or multicomponent ¯ows, compressible and incom-
pressible ¯ows, convection-di€ usion, and reactive chemical ¯ow, etc., have been
modeled successfully. In general, the LB method has the attractive properties of
simple implementation on the computer, ability to handle complex geometry and
boundary conditions, capability of stable and accurate simulation, and the inherent
parallel nature.
In this article we present a lattice Boltzmann scheme for solving the system of
equations representing the one-dimensional hyperbolic heat conduction equation.
The mathematical consistence between the proposed LB scheme and the macro-
scopic system of equations is con®rmed through the Chapman-Enskog expansion
while the numerical experiments are executed through simulating several illustrative
examples whose solutions, either analytical or numerical, are available in the lit-
erature.
This article is organized as follows. In Section 2, a brief introduction to the
system of equations and its correspondent one-dimensiona l hyperbolic heat con-
duction equation are provided. In Section 3, the extended LB scheme representing
the system of equations is proposed ®rst, subsequently the mathematical consistence
between the proposed LB scheme and the system of equations is derived, and ®nally
implementation of boundary and initial conditions are discussed. Numerical
experiments are presented in Section 4. Section 5 concludes this study.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 593

2. HYPERBOLIC HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION


The one-dimensional energy equation is given by

qT ¤ q q¤
r cp ¤
= – ¤ ‡ g¤ (x¤ ; t¤ ) (1)
qt qx

where r and cp are the density and speci®c heat, respectively; q¤ is the heat ¯ux and
g¤ is the heat source per unit volume. The superscript asterisk represents variables
with dimensions. To account for the ®nite propagation speed of thermal
disturbances, Cattaneo [1] and Vernotte [2] proposed a modi®ed heat ¯ux law in
the form
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q q¤ qT ¤
t¤ ‡ q¤
= – k (2)
q t¤ q x¤

where t¤ represents the relaxation time or buildup period for the commencement of
heat ¯ow after a temperature gradient has been imposed on the medium and is
de®ned as
a k
t¤ = = (3)
C 2 r cp C 2

where a and k are the thermal di€ usivity and conductivity of the medium, respec-
tively, and C represents the speed of thermal wave.
For convenience of numerical analysis, the following dimensionless parameters
are introduced:

C 2 t¤ Cx¤ T ¤ kC q¤ 4a g¤
t= x= T= q= g= (4)
2a 2a a qr qr Cqr

where x is the dimensionless space variable and qr is a scalar of the reference heat
¯ux. The dimensionless forms of Eqs. (1) and (2) are then given as

qT qq g
= – ‡ (5)
qt qx 2

and

qq qT
‡ 2q = – (6)
qt qx

Eliminating the heat ¯ux q between Eqs. (5) and (6), the dimensionless
hyperbolic heat conduction equation is read as

q2 T qT q2 T 1 qg
‡ 2 = ‡ ‡g (7)
q t2 qt q x2 2 q t
594 J.-R. HO ET AL.

3. LATTICE-BOLTZMANN SCHEME
The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is a discrete, in space and time, kinetic
equation description for the evolution of the particle distribution of a lattice gas
whose density represents the physical quantities to be modeled. In this section, the
discretized LB equation with BGK approximation is proposed. Subsequently, the
consistency of the extended LB equation is analyzed with the Chapman-Enskog
expansion. Finally, the implementation of initial and boundary conditions is
discussed.

The Extended Lattice Boltzmann Equation


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Our starting point is the nondimensional lattice Boltzmann equation with


BGK linearized operator:

Dt (0)
fi (x ‡ ei D t; t ‡ D t) – fi (x; t) = – [ fi (x; t) – fi (x; t)] i = 1; 2; . . . ; b (8)
t

Here fi is a set of discrete populations representing the probability of ®nding a


particle at position x at time t moving along the direction identi®ed by the discrete
speed ei, and b is number of links at each grid point. Thus, Eq. (8) represents b
equations coupled by the collision term, which drives each distribution fi toward its
(0)
local equilibrium distribution fi in a dimensionless time span of D t=t. In this study,
b is chosen to be 2 for the one-dimensional heat conduction problem. Once the
discrete populations are known, the temperature and heat ¯ux are obtained by sums
over all the set of discrete speeds as
X
T= fi (9)
i

and
X
q= fi ei (10)
i
(0)
An equilibrium distribution fi is required to solve Eq. (8). Since the hyper-
bolic heat conduction equation represents the propagation of thermal waves in a
medium, the local equilibrium distribution function can be simply represented by
linear combination of temperature and heat ¯ux as
(0)
fi = AiT ‡ Bi (ei ¢ q) (11)

The parameters Ai and Bi are chosen to make the following laws hold:
X (0) X
fi = fi = T (12)
i i

and
X (0)
X
fi ei = fi ei = q (13)
i i
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 595
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Figure 1. Schematic diagrams showing the one-dimensional D1Q2 lattice. Two velocities, e1 and e2 , are
used for this lattice. f1 and f2 represent particle distribution functions propagating in e1 and e2 directions,
respectively.

Substituting Eq. (11) into Eqs. (12) and (13) and taking the summation over the
one-dimensional D1Q2 lattice, shown in Figure 1, the following four constrained
equations for parameters Ai and Bi are derived:

A1 ‡ A2 = 1

B1 – B2 = 0
(14)
A1 – A2 = 0

B1 ‡ B2 = 1

These four parameters are thus given as A1 = A2 = B1 = B2 = 12.


To simulate the system of equations governing propagation of thermal waves
in a medium, source terms, by analogy with the source term in Eq. (5), are intro-
duced into the LB equation, Eq. (8), as

Dt (0) Dt
fi (x ‡ ei Dt; t ‡ Dt) – fi (x; t) = – [fi(x; t) – fi (x; t)] ‡ Ai g – 2 Dt Bi ei ¢ q (15)
t 2

Equation (15) is the extended LB equation for the hyperbolic heat conduction
equation. Next we are going to demonstrate that this proposed extended LB equa-
tion can be macroscopically consistent with the system of equations for thermal
wave, Eqs. (5) and (6).

Chapman-Enskog Expansion
The Chapman-Enskog expansion has already been used to derive the Euler,
Navier±Stokes, and other macroscopic equations for lattice Boltzmann models [14±
16]. The essential spirit of the Chapman-Enskog expansion is to reveal the macro-
scopic behavior of the extended LB equation as it deviates from the equilibrium
596 J.-R. HO ET AL.

distribution when disturbed by a small perturbation. In the Chapman-Enskog


expansion the particle distribution functions, fi , are expanded up to linear terms in
the expansion parameter e,
(0) (1)
fi = fi ‡ e fi ‡ O( e2 ) (16)

where e is a small quantity, i.e., jej ½ 1. Using Eqs. (12) and (13), the following
(1)
relations for fi are derived:
X (1)
fi = 0
i
X (17)
(1)
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e ia f i = 0
i

The expansion of fi (x ‡ ei D t; t ‡ D t) up to O( D t2 ) is given as

fi(x ‡ ei D t; t ‡ Dt) = fi (x; t) ‡ D t q t fi ‡ D t qxa eia fi ‡ O( Dt2 ) (18)

Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (15) and expressed in terms of new scales suggested by
Eq. (16) yields

(0) (1) (0) (1) 1 (1) Ai g


q t fi ‡ eq t fi ‡ q xa eia fi ‡ eq xa eia fi = – ef ‡ – 2Bi qa eia ‡ O( D t)
t i 2
‡ O( e2 )
(19)
In Eq. (19), taking summation over all states yields:
X (0)
X (1)
X (0)
X (1)
qt fi ‡ eq t fi ‡ q xa ei a f i ‡ eq xa eia fi
i i i i
(20)
e X (1) g X X
= – fi ‡ Ai – 2 Bieia qa ‡ O( D t) ‡ O( e 2 )
t i 2 i i

Using previous obtained parameters for Ai and Bi as well as constrained equations in


Eq. (17), the corresponding form of Eq. (20) in macroscopic variables becomes:

g
q t T ‡ qx a qa = ‡ O( Dt) ‡ O( e2 ) (21)
2

Multiplying both sides of Eq. (19) by the propagating velocity ei and summing
over all states yields:

X
b
(0)
X
b
(1)
X
b
(0)
X
b
(1)
qt ei a f i ‡ eq t ei a f i ‡ qxa ei a ei b f i ‡ eq xa ei a ei b f i
i i i i

eX gX X
b b b
(1)
= – ei a f i ‡ ei a A i – 2 Bi eia eib qa ‡ O( D t) ‡ O( e2 ) (22)
t i 2 i i
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 597

And the corresponding form of Eq. (22) in macroscopic variables is

q t qa ‡ q xa T = – 2qa ‡ O( Dt) ‡ O( e2 ) (23)

The consistency between the proposed extended LB equation and the system of
equations representing thermal waves can be seen as follows: as both Dt and e are
approaching zero, Eqs. (21) and (23) are approaching Eqs. (5) and (6), respectively.

Initial and Boundary Conditions


In the LB method the macroscopic description of initial condition has to be
converted into the corresponding initial distribution functions of particles for each
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lattice, while the boundary condition is represented microscopically by particle ¯ux


crossing the boundary lattice. Usually these implementations are natural except
for the nonlinear boundary condition, where iterative procedures are required.
For all illustrative examples in this study, the dimensionless initial conditions
regarding Eq. (7) are given by

T(0; x) = 0
(24)
q T(0; x)
= 0
qt

These initial conditions can be simply accomplished by setting the initial equili-
(0)
brium distribution function fi (0; x), described in Eq. (11), with the given initial
temperature and a uniform heat ¯ux. Various types of boundary condition
imposed for illustrative examples in this article are discussed in the following
paragraphs.
If a prescribed temperature, Tw , is given at the boundary, the number density
of particles crossing the wall should be ®xed. Referring to Figure 2, if the left
boundary of lattice j is in line with the physical boundary, an arti®cial lattice j – 1

Figure 2. Schematic diagram for illustrating implementation of boundary condition on the boundary
lattice j. The physical boundary is located at x = 0 with lattice index j – 12.
598 J.-R. HO ET AL.

with temperature Tw outside the computational domain is considered. During the


propagation step, f2; j propagates to lattice j – 1 and becomes f2; j– 1 . To make the
lattice j – 1 be at constant temperature Tw , the distribution function f1; j– 1 should be
expressed as f1; j– 1 = Tw – f2; j– 1 . The collision step is then executed. Consequently,
the information on boundary is transmitted into the lattice j.
For an adiabatic boundary condition, microscopically it represents that the net
amount of energy ¯ux carried by particles crossing the boundary is zero or particles
moving toward the adiabatic surface are totally bounced back as they hit the
boundary. If the boundary lattice j in Figure 2 is considered to be adiabatic at its
boundary j – 12, the energy ¯ux carried by particles transmitted to the left, f2; j , should
be totally bounced back. Equivalently, the same amount of energy ¯ux is propagated
into lattice j from lattice j – 1. This yields an adiabatic boundary condition
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qj– 1=2 = f1; j– 1 – f2; j = 0. Similarly, if a prescribed heat ¯ux qw is imposed on the
boundary, the energy ¯ux propagating from lattice j – 1 to lattice j is replaced by
f1; j– 1 = qw ‡ f2; j .
In the illustrated Example 2, we consider a nonlinear boundary condition

q0 = – Er T 4 ‡ qw (25)

where both a prescribed heat ¯ux, qw (t), and heat transfer by thermal radiation,
Er T 4 , are simultaneously considered on the boundary at x = 0. Since the tempera-
ture on the boundary is unknown beforehand and it has to be solved together with
other lattice temperatures in the full computational domain, an iterative algorithm is
required for this nonlinear boundary condition. In each time step, referring to
Figure 2, the kth iteration procedure is processed as the following steps for the lattice
j.

1. At the beginning of each new time step, the value at the previous time step
is used as an initial guess, that is, Tj (t ‡ Dt) = Tj (t).
2. The energy ¯ux propagating from the lattice j – 1 into the lattice j is given as
f1;k j– 1 = f2;k j ‡ [qw – Er (Tjk ) 4 ].
3. After executing the propagation step, the new distribution functions fi;jnew are
obtained and the corresponding new temperature is given as Tjnew = f1;new j ‡
f2;new
j .
4. If the convergence criterion, max[Tjnew – Tjk =Tjk ] µ 10 – 7 , is satis®ed, the
boundary temperature in Eq. (25) is obtained. Otherwise, Tjk and k are
updated as Tjk = (1 – $)Tjk ‡ $Tjnew and k = k ‡ 1, and the collision step
is executed. The iterative steps, steps 2±4, are repeated until the convergence
criterion is satis®ed.

Here $ is the so-called relaxation factor and is chosen between 0 and 1


depending on the strength of the nonlinearity.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


To demonstrate the feasibility of the present computational scheme, some test
examples with existing analytical or numerical solutions are performed. Solutions
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 599

of the present scheme are then compared with existing solutions. In these
illustrative examples, all variables and their corresponding numerical values are
presented in dimensionless form. The numerical value of the time step, D t, is set to be
equal to the lattice size, Dx, in all calculations.

Example 1: A Semi-Infinite Body Subjected to a Sudden


Surface Temperature Change
In this example, the hyperbolic heat conduction equation for a semi-in®nite
medium with constant thermal properties and with the initial conditions

T= 0
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qT
= 0 at t = 0 for x ¶ 0
qt

and subject to the boundary conditions

T= 1 at x = 0

when t > 0

T!0 as x ! 1

is considered. This problem has been solved analytically by Baumeister and Hamill
[20] using the Laplace transform method. Several numerical schemes [8, 9, 13, 21],
with main e€ orts made to eliminate numerical oscillations in the vicinity of sharp
discontinuities, have been studied. Figure 3a shows comparisons between analytical
solutions [20] and the present results. It can be seen that the present LB scheme can
well predict the temperature distribution, wave speed, and location of a wave front
without numerical oscillations. With a coarser lattice size, D x = 0:05, a small
deviation from the analytical solution is found. This deviation, however, can be well
improved by re®ning the lattice size to D x = 0:01. Since linear interpolation between
lattices is adapted in the present scheme, the ®nite thickness of wave front is due to
the ®nite resolution inherent in the lattice size.
In the foregoing section it was derived that the present LB equation is mac-
roscopically approaching a system of equations representing a thermal wave to
O( D t). To illustrate the numerical error, the dependence of the relative error on the
lattice size is investigated. The relative error was de®ned as jTLB – Ta j=Ta , where TLB
and Ta represent temperatures obtained by the present LB solution and by analytical
solutions, respectively. Figure 3b shows the dependence of the relative error on Dx as
a function of position at time t = 1. The maximum errors occurred x = 1, where the
wave fronts are located, and are linearly proportional to the lattice sizes. The
maximum error was less than 1% when Dx was smaller then 0.01. The computa-
tional time of each time step, using 2,400 lattices with Dx = 0:00125 for example,
is about 1:8 £ 10 – 3 CPU seconds on a Pentium II personal computer when coding in
FORTRAN, and the computational time increases linearly with the number of
lattices.
600 J.-R. HO ET AL.
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Figure 3. Diagrams for illustrative Example 4.1. (a) Comparisons of the temperature distribution at
di€ erent times between analytical solution and the present solution with two lattice sizes D x = 0:05 and
0.01 are shown. (b) The relative error as a function of position for di€ erent lattice sizes is shown.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 601

Example 2: A Semi-Infinite Body with Surface Radiative Cooling


This example considers the same problem as Example 1 except that the surface
at x = 0 is subjected to the following boundary condition:
¡ ¤4 ¢
q¤ = a s s T1 – T ¤4 ‡ q¤w ( t¤ ) (26)

In Eq. (26), the ®rst term on the right-hand side represents the heat dissipation
by thermal radiation, where a s and s stand for the surface absorptivity and the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, respectively. The second term is a heat ¯ux. For sim-
plicity, T¤1 is set to be zero and the following two dimensionless parameters,
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a s sa 4 q3r q¤w (t¤ )


Er = and q w ( t) = (27)
k4 C 4 qr
are introduced. The boundary condition described in Eq. (26) is then converted into
the dimensionless equation presented in Eq. (25). The radiation parameter Er
represents the degree of nonlinearity, since physically it denotes the ratio of energies
dissipated by thermal radiation and transferred away by heat conduction. For
comparison with previous studies, qw is taken to be unity in this example.
This nonlinear problem has been studied by several numerical methods [8, 9,
13] aiming to eliminate the numerical oscillations near the wave front where the
abrupt change in temperature occurs. Comparisons of the present results with the
numerical solutions obtained by Yeung and Lam [13] using the Godunov scheme on
characteristic equations are shown in Figure 4. In this ®gure the temperature dis-
tribution as a function of x for di€ erent Er numbers at time t = 0:5 are presented. It
shows that the e€ ect of boundary disturbances is con®ned to a ®nite portion of the
medium, which contradicts the conventional heat di€ usion process, which gives an
instantaneous response to external disturbances. The surface temperature decreases
as Er increases, because more energy is lost to the exterior through the energy
transfer by radiation from the surface. It is also noted that the solution obtained by
the present scheme is free of numerical oscillation near the wave front. The dis-
sipation error at the wave front decreases as the lattice size D x decreases. For the
larger Er number, the number of iterations is increased and a smaller relaxation
number o has to be adapted.

Example 3: A Finite Slab Subjected to a Sudden Temperature Change


on Two Sides
This example concerns a one-dimensional slab of length L and with the fol-
lowing initial and boundary conditions:

q T(0; x)
T(0; x) = 0 and = 0 for t = 0
qt
T(t; 0) = T(t; L) = 1 for t > 0

The analytical solution to this problem has been studied by Taitel [22] and by Tan and
Yang [23]. Good agreement between the present results and the analytical solutions is
602 J.-R. HO ET AL.
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Figure 4. Diagram shows the comparisons of the temperature distribution for di€ erent Er numbers
between the present solution and previous numerical solution for illustrative Example 4.2.

revealed in Figure 5. For a longer slab, L = 10 shown in Figure 5a, both wave fronts
initiated from both sides of the slab are dissipated away before meeting with each other.
Thus, a di€ usion-like temperature distribution is observed in the slab for t = 6; 9, and
12. In Figure 5b, a shorter slab of L = 1 is considered, in which interaction of the two
wave fronts can be detected. When the two waves meet, a superposition in temperature
is identi®ed in their interactive region that results in temperatures in some regions
above the surface temperatures. The damping mechanism plays a more and more
important role as time increases. Eventually, it dissipates the wave nature and a uni-
form temperature ®eld T = 1 is achieved. It is di cult, however, to give a reasonable
explanation for why the uniform temperature ®eld which is higher than the imposed
surface temperatures occurred during the transient process [22]. Recently, this dilemma
has been discussed from the viewpoint of boundary condition [24].

Example 4: A Finite Slab Subjected to a Pulsed Energy Source


This example concerns the propagation and re¯ection of thermal waves in a
®nite slab, with initial conditions described by Eq. (24) and both boundary surfaces
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 603
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Figure 5. Diagrams showing comparisons of the temperature distribution at di€ erent times between
analytical solution and the present solution for (a) L = 10 and (b) L = 1 for illustrative Example 4.3.
604 J.-R. HO ET AL.
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Figure 6. Diagrams showing comparisons of the temperature distribution between analytical solution and
the present solution for illustrative Example 4.4: (a) shows temperature distributions at di€ erent times;
(b) shows the enlarged, local temperature distributions close to the crest and the bottom of the pulsed
wave.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SCHEME FOR CONDUCTION 605

kept insulated, when subjected to an instantaneously pulsed energy source at t = 0‡ .


The pulsed energy is imposed on a region adjacent to the boundary at x = 0.
The dimensionless form of the pulsed energy source is given by
( d(t)
l
0µxµl
g(t; x) =
0 lµxµ1

where d (t) is the Dirac delta function and l represents the spatial range where
the pulsed energy is imposed. In this study l is taken to be 0.02 for numerical
calculations [9].
This problem has been solved analytically by the ®nite integral transform [25]
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and numerically by several previous investigators [8, 9, 11, 13]. Figure 6 demon-
strates the good agreement between the analytical solutions and the present results
obtained using 200 uniform lattices in the computationa l range 0 µ x µ 1. As shown
in the ®gure, the solution exhibits no numerical oscillation on both sides of the
thermal wave. Since the energy pulse is initially released into the slab just adjacent to
the left surface, the wave front once formed propagates ®rst to the right (t = 0:3 and
0.7). Subsequently it is re¯ected back to the left after hitting the right surface
(t = 1:5). It then propagate s toward the right again after bouncing back from the left
surface (t = 2:3). The processes continue until the energy is eventually distributed
uniformly in the slab. As compared with the numerical results [13], the present
LB method demonstrates better ability to prevent numerical di€ usion near the
wave front.
Figure 6b illustrates e€ ects of the lattice size on the waveform at t = 0:7. Three
lattice sizes of D x = 0:02, 0.01, and 0.005 are considered. The local temperature
distributions close to the crest and the bottom of the pulsed wave are enlarged in
Figure 6b. It is shown that the LB method approaches more closely to the analytical
solution as the lattice size is decreased. It is noted that, instead of a declining slope on
the wave crest from the analytical solution, horizontal steps connected by slanting
lines are obtained from the present LB method. The horizontal steps are due to the
double-point solutions on lattices, two successive lattices with the same temperature.
The double-point solutions [26] are caused by the insulated boundary condition on
the left surface. Since at t = 0‡ the energy pulse is released on the lattice just adjacent
to the left surface, it then propagates to both the left and the right, f1; j and f2; j
(referring to Figure 2). f1; j propagates into lattice j ‡ 1 while f2; j propagates into
lattice j – 1. f2; j is bounced back to lattice j due to the insulated boundary condition.
Thus temperatures in consecutive lattices j and j ‡ 1 are the same. This double-point
solution, the steps, propagate into the medium with the wave speed.

5. CONCLUSIONS
A numerical scheme for the lattice Boltzmann equation with a source term, an
extended LB equation, has been developed to model the system of equations gov-
erning propagation of the one-dimensional thermal wave. This proposed extended
LB scheme is demonstrated to be mathematically consistent with the governing
equations through the Chapman-Enskog expansion. Four illustrative examples,
including computational domains composed of ®nite and semi-in®nite medium and
606 J.-R. HO ET AL.

subjected to boundary conditions of prescribed temperature, heat ¯ux, as well as


radiative cooling, are employed to verify this proposed scheme. An iterative scheme
is also proposed for the nonlinear example. All numerical results obtained by the
present method agree very well with analytical and numerical solutions in the lit-
erature. The accuracy of the solution depends on the lattice size. It is also shown the
solution is free of numerical oscillations while the numerical di€ usion is well con-
trolled in the vicinity of the wave front where the sharp change in temperature
occurs. In brief, the proposed extended LB scheme is a simple and accurate solution
method for the one-dimensiona l propagating thermal wave.

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