P Q

1 2 3
456 MATHEMATICS
7
R
SPM 4
6 = 2 (1 )2 +4 Section A 7
10
12 = 2 (2 )2 +4
22 = 2 (3 )2
36 = 2 (4 )2
+4
+4
Paper 2
( Selected Topics )
D G
T
7
Q
E
F
P 60 14 J
6 cm H
14

21 O 14 K L
8 cm

 x 1  3 15  36 
  =   
 y  6 − − 60  − 4 2  6 
Disediakan Oleh:

EN. LEE MEOW CHOON

( SMK Bukit Gambir, Ledang )

Topic
1 Set …………………………………….. 2-6
2 Lines and planes in 3-dimensions …………………………………. 7 - 10
3 Mathematical Reasoning - Induction 11
4 Mathematical Reasoning - Argument …………………………………. 12 - 14
5 Volume of solids 15 - 18
6 Area and perimeter of sector …………………………………. 19 - 21
7 Matrices 22 - 25

1
1. [ Set ]
1.1 Basic set operation

P={ 1 2 3 4 } +
Q={ 3 4 5 } addition
P ∪ Q = { 1 2 3 4 5 }
P ∪ Q = {1234} ∪ {345} = {12345}

P={ 1 2 3 4 } x
Q={ 3 4 5 } only the
common ones
P ∩ Q = { 3 4 }
P ∩ Q = {1234} ∩ {345} = {34}

P={ 1 2 3 4 }
Q={ 3 4 5 }
ξ = P∪ Q ={ 1 2 3 4 5 }
P ={ 1 2 3 4 }
 P′={ 5 } Not P, outside P
P ′ = { 1234}′ = {5}

1.2 It is given that the universal set [ SPM2004/P1/Q32 ]

ξ = { x : 1 < x < 12 , x is an integer}
Set P = { 2 , 3 ,7 ,9 }
Set Q = { x : x is a prime number } and
Set R = { x : x is a multiple of 4 }.
The elements of the set ( P ∪ R ) ′ ∩ Q are

A 5, 11 B 1,5, 11 C 2,3 11 D 2,3,9

ξ= {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 }
P={ 2 3 7 9 }
Q={ 2 3 5 7 11 }
R= { 4 8 12 }

( P ∪ R ) ′ ∩ Q ={ ( 2379) ∪ (48 12)}′ ∩ ( 2357 11)

= { 234789 12 }′ ∩ ( 2357 11)
= {1 56 10 11} ∩ ( 2357 11)
= { 5 11}
1.3 It is given that the universal set.
ξ = { x : 19 < x < 31 , x is an integer } and [ SPM2006/P1/Q29 ]
Set R = { x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even number }
Find set R ′ .

A {20,22,24,26,28} B { 21,23,25,27,29 }
C {19,21,23,25,27,29 } D {21,23,25,27,29,30 }

ξ = { 19 ,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 }
R = { 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31 }
R′={ 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30 }

2
 1.4. Strategy in solving
1.4.1(a) Shade on the Venn diagram provided the region for (i) P ∪ Q ∩ R

Steps 1.4(a)(i) 1.4(a)(ii) 1.4(a)(iii)

` P

1.Assign
1 P Q P
1
each
region 2 1 2 3
Q
with a
number
3 456 2
4 Q 3 R
7
R 5 R
4
2.A > P∪ Q ∩R P ∪ Q ∩ R P ∪ Q ∩ R
N ={12}∪{234}∩{45} ={1245} ∪ {2356} ∩ {4567} = {12} ∪ {234} ∩ {4}
={ 1234 } ∩{45} = { 123456 } ∩ {4567} = { 1234 } ∩ {4}
= {4} = {456} = {4}

3. ` P P Q P
Shade 1 1
the 1 2 3
regions 2
Q 3 456 2
Q 3 R
4 7
R
4
R 5
1.4(b) Shade on the Venn diagram provided the region for P ∪ Q ∩ R′

Steps 1.4(b)(i) 1.4(b)(ii) 1.4(b)(iii)

A> N P ∪ Q ∩ R′ P ∪ Q ∩ R′ P ∪ Q ∩ R′
={12} ∪ {234} ∩ {45} ′ ={1245} ∪ {2356} ∩ {4567} ′ = {12} ∪ {234 }∩ {4} ′
= { 1234 } ∩ {123} = { 123456 } ∩ {123} = { 1234 } ∩ {123 }
= { 123 } = { 123} = { 123 }

P
3. P Q P
Shade
1
1
the
2 1 2 3
regions Q 3 456 2
4 Q 3 R
7 4
R 5 R

3
 1.4(c) Shade the region defined by P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R)

Steps 1.4(c)(i) 1.4(c)(ii) 1.4(c)(iii)

P
P Q P
1.Assign
each
regions
with a Q
number
Q
R
R
R

P
5 P Q P
1
4 1 6 5
274
Q 3 2
2 3 Q
3 R
R 1 R
4
** P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R ) P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R ) P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R )
= { 45 } ∪ ({15} ∩ {12}) = {1267} ∪ ({ 123} ∩ {2347}) ={12} ∪ ( (1) ∩ (4) )
= {45 } ∪ ( 1 ) = {1267} ∪ ( 23 ) = {12} ∪ { }
= { 145 } = {12367 } = {12}
3.
P
Shade P Q P
the
regions
Q
Q
R
R
R

3.
P
Shade
5 P Q P
the 1
regions
4 1 6 5
Q 3 274 2
2 3
Q 3 R
R 1 4
R

4
 1.4(d) Shade the region defined by P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R) ′

Steps 1.4(d)(i) 1.4(d)(ii) 1.4(d)(iii)

A >N P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R) ′ P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R) ′ P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R) ′

1&3.
Assign P
P Q P
and
Shade
the
Q
regions
Q
R
R R

A >N P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R ) ′ P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R ) ′ P ∪ ( Q′ ∩ R ) ′
={45} ∪ ( {15}∩ {12})′ ={1267}∪ ( {123} ∩{2347)}′ = {12} ∪ ({1} ∩ {4})′
= {45} ∪ ( {1})′ = {1267}∪ { 23 }′ = {12} ∪ ({})′
= {45} ∪ {2345} = {1267}∪ { 14567 } = {12} ∪ { 1234}
= { 2345 } = { 124567} = {1234}
1&3.
Assign P
and
5 P Q P
1
Shade
the
4 1 6 5
regions
Q 3 27 4 2
2 3 Q 3 R
R 1 4
R

5
1.5. The Venn diagrams below shows the sets of P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P ∪ Q ∪ R.
In each diagram below, shade the region of

(a) Q ∪ R (b) P ′ ∩ R (c) P ∩ ( Q ∪ R) ′

P P P

R R R
Q Q Q

(a) Q ∪ R (b) P ′ ∩ R (c) P ∩ ( Q ∪ R) ′

= { 34} ∪ {123} = { 1} ∩ {123} = { 2345}∩({34}∪ {123})’
= {1234} = {1} = { 2345}∩({1234})’
P = { 2345}∩({5})
P = {5}
R P
5 5
4 R 4 5
Q Q3 4 R
1 3 1
2 2 Q3
1
2

1.6. The diagrams below show the set P, Q and R. Given that the universal
set ξ = P ∪ Q ∪ R.
Shade the region of

(a) P ∩ R (b) P ′ ∩ R ′ (c) P ∩ R′ ∩ Q

P Q
P Q P Q
R
R R

(a) P ∩ R (b) P′ ∩R′ (c) P ∩ R′ ∩ Q

P Q
P Q P Q
R
R R

6
1.7. The diagrams below show the Venn diagrams with the universal set ξ = P ∪ Q ∪ R .
Shade the region of

(a) P′ ∪ Q (b) P ∩ Q ∩ R ′

P Q R R
P Q

1.8. For each of the following Venn diagrams, the universal set ξ = A ∪ B ∪ C . Shade the
region of

(a) A ∩ B ∪ C (b) B′ ∩ C (c) ( A ∪ C ) ′ ∩ B

B B
A B A
A

C
C C

1.9.[SPM2004] 1.10. [SPM 2006]

(a) (a)
B C Shade A ∩ B ' Q
A R
Shade P '∩Q
P

(b) Shade A ∪ B ∩ C ' (b) Shade ( P ∪ Q' ) ∩ R

A B Q R
P

7
 1.11 1.12
(a) Shade S ∪ T ∩ U ′ (a) Shade V ′ ∩ W
S ξ
U
T V
W

(b) Shade S ∪ T ∩ U ′ (b) Shade (V ∩ W ) ′

ξ
U
T V
S W

8
 1.[SPM2004] 2. [SPM 2006]
(a) (a)
A B Shade CA ∩ B ' Q R
Shade P '∩Q
P

A B C
Q R
p1
1 2 3 4 1
P 3 4
2

p2 A= { 1,2 } P’ = { 1, 3, 4 }
B’= { 1 , 4} Q = { 1,2 ,3 }
A ∩ B' = { 1 } P '∩Q = { 1 , 3 }
A ∩ B ′ = ( 12 ) ∩ ( 14) = {1} P ′ ∩ Q = {134} ∩ {123} = {13}

A B C Q R
p3 1
1 2 3 4 P 3 4
2

(b) (b) Shade ( P ∪ Q' ) ∩ R

Shade A ∪ B ∩ C ' Q R
A B
P
p1 1

Q R
C 1
p2 A B P 3
6 7 2 4
1
25 4 P={ 2 }
3 Q′= { 4 }
C P ∪ Q′ = { 2 4 }
p3 R ={ 3, 4 }
A={ 1,2, 5, 6 } ( P ∪ Q' ) ∩ R ={ 4 }
B={ 4, 5, 6 , 7 }
A∪ B = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
P ∪ Q′ ∩ R
C′ ={ 1, 6, 7 }
= { 2 } ∪ {4} ∩ { 34}
A ∪ B ∩ C ' ={ 1, 6, 7 }
= { 24 } ∩ { 34}
= {4}
A∪ B ∩C′
= {1256} ∪ {4567} ∩ {167 } Q R
= { 124567 } ∩ {167 } 1
= { 167 } P 3 4
2

A B
6 7
1
25 4
3

9
 3. 4.
(a) Shade S ∪ T ∩ U ′ (a) Shade V ′ ∩ W
S ξ
U
T V
W

S
3 U
4
T
p1 1 V
2
1 5 7 W
6 2
3 4

p2 S = { 2 , 3 , 4, 5 }
T ={1,2 5 6 }
S ∪ T = { 1 , 2 3, 4 , 5 , 6 }
V‘ = { 1 4 }
U′ ={1,2,3 }
W = { 3, 4 }
S ∪ T ∩ U ′ ={ 1 , 2 , 3 }
V ′ ∩ W = { 4 }
S ∪ T ∩ U′
V ′ ∩ W
= {2345} ∪ {1256} ∩ { 123 }
= { 14 } ∩ { 34}
= { 123456 } ∩ {123} = {4}
= { 123 }

p3 S
3 U
4 1 V
T
2 W
1 5 7 2
3 4
6

10
 (b) Shade ( S ∪ T ∩ U ′ (a) Shade (V ∩ W ) ′
ξ
U
V
T W
S

U
T 6 ξ
S 1 V
1 2 3 4 5 W
p1
2
3 4

S={ 3 , 4, 5 }
T ={1,2, 3 }
p2 S ∪ T = { 1 , 2 3, 4 , 5 }
V = { 2, 3 }
U′ ={1, 5 } W = { 3,4 }
S ∪ T ∩ U ′ ={ 1 5 }
V ∩ W = { 3 }
(V ∩ W ) ′ = { 1 , 2 4 }
S ∪ T ∩ U′
p3
= {345} ∪ {123 } ∩ {15}
( V ∩ W )′
= { 1234 5} ∩ {15 }
= ( {23} ∩ {34} ) ′
= {15 }
= { 3 }′
U = { 124}
T 6
S
1 2 3 4 5
1 V
W
2
3 4

11
2. Angle between Line and Plane 3-D

2.1 (a) Line AR with plane ABCD

S R

P Q

D C

A
B

Step
1 Write line AR and plane ABCD AR
A BCD
2 Write the common point in the middle
A

3 Write the other remaining point/s in the R A

front
4 Choose point on the plane that is nearest
to the remaining point. R A C
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)
2.1 (b) Line BS with plane CDSR

S R

P Q

D C

A
B

Step
1 Write the line BS and plane CDSR BS
CD S R

2 Write the common one in the middle S

3 Write the other remaining point/s in the B S

front

4 Choose point on the plane that is nearest

to the remaining point. B S C
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)

12
2.2 Angle between plane and plane

2.2(a) Plane ARS with plane ABCD S R

P Q
D
C

A
B
Step
1 Write plane ARS with plane ABCD ARS
A BCD
2 Write the common one in the middle
A

3 Write the other remaining point/s at the

front R/S A

4 Choose a point that is nearer to the middle R/S A

point

5 Choose point on the plane that is nearest R/S A D

to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)
2.2 (b) Plane BRS with plane CDSR
S R

P Q
D
C

A B

Step
1 Write plane BRS with plane CDSR B RS
CD R S

2 Write the common one in the middle

R/S

3 Write the other remaining point/s at the B R/S

front

4 Choose a point that is nearer to the middle

point B R/S C

5 Choose point on the plane that is nearest B R/S C

to the remaining point.
(Shade the plane, use arrow to denote the
relative position)
13
2.3. Determine the length of the sides or the angles.
(a) (b) (c) a2+b2= c2

a=5
4 8 10 13
5

3 c=12
b=6

SOH CAH TOA

(d) (e)

12=H
8=O 13=H
eo
do
5=A

(f) (g)

13=O
7=O

fo go
10=A
4=A
(h) (i)

12=H
17=H 15=O

io
ho
7=A
(j) (k)

12=H
jo
5=A 14=H
6=O ko

(l)
(m)

9=O

13=A
10=O
14=A mo
o
l

14
 (a) (b) (c)

a=5
4 8 10 13
5

3 c=12
b=6

SOH CAH TOA

(d) (e)
OH AH
SOH 12=H CAH
8=O 13=H Sin d = O/H Cos e = A/H
= 8/13 eo = 5/12
do d = 37.98 e = 65.38
5=A

(f) (g) OA
OA TOA
TOA Tan g = O/A
Tan f = O/A 13=O = 13/10
7=O = 7/4 g = 52.43
f= 60.26
fo go
10=A
4=A
(h) (i) AH
OH CAH
SOH 12=H Cos i = A/H
17=H 15=O Sin h = O/H =7/12
= 15/17 i = 54.31
h = 61.93 io
ho
7=A
(j) (k)
AH
OH
12=H CAH
jo SOH
Cos k = A/H
Sin j = O/H 5=A 14=H =5/14
= 6/12
6=O j = 30.00 ko k = 69.08

(l)
(m)
OA
OA TOA
9=O TOA Tan m = O/A
tan l = O/A = 10/13
= 9/14 13=A
10=O m = 37.57
l = 32.74
14=A mo
o
l

15
2.4 Diagram shows a pyramid VJKLM

8
L M
5
Q 13
10 cm 5
13
K 12 cm J
Diagram 2

The base JKLM is a horizontal rectangle. Q is the midpoint of JM. The apex V is 8 cm vertically above
the point Q. Calculate the angle between the line KV and the base JKLM.
[4 marks] SPM 2004
V
( KV )( JKLM Q)
KV T0A
J K LMQ
8=O tan VKQ= O/A
V K Q Tan VKQ = 8/13
=31.61
= 31º 36º 27.01
K 13=A Q = 31º 36º

16
2.5 Diagram 1 shows a prism with horizontal square base HJKL . Trapezium EFLK is the uniform cross-
section of the prism. The rectangular surface DEKJ is vertical while the rectangular surface GFLH
is inclined.
Calculate the angle between the plane DLH and the base HJKL.

D G

E
F
J
6 cm H

K L
8 cm
Diagram 1
[4 marks] SPM 2003

DLH
D G
K LH J

D L/H J
6
E
F
J
6 cm H
8

K L
D 8 cm
Diagram 1

6=O

J 8= A H

TOA tan DHJ = O/A

= 6/8
DHJ = 36.87
= 36º 52º 11.63
= 36º 52º

17
3. [ Mathematical Induction ]
3.1. Make a general conclusion by induction for the following sequences.

(a) 5 = ( 0 ) + 5 (b) 3=2( 2 ) – 1 (c) 3 =(0)2 + 3

6 =(1) + 5 5=2( 3 ) – 1 4 =(1)2 + 3
7 =(2) + 5 7=2( 4 ) – 1 . 7 =(2)2 +3
8= (3) + 5 9=2( 5 ) – 1 12 =(3)2 +3
.............. .............. ..............
( )2+3  Write the
( ) +5 2( ) – 1
( n2 ) + 3 unchanged.
( n )+5 2 (n ) – 1 Replace the
sequence
n = 0,1,2 . . . n = 2,3,4 . . . n = 0,1,2 . . . with n
 write first 3 n
follows by
(d) –3 = 4(0) – 3 (e) 6 = 2 (1 )2 + 4 2
(f) 12 = 2 (3 ) – 6 (g) – 1 = 7 – (2)3
1= 4(1) – 3 12 = 2 (2 )2 + 4 26 = 2 (4 ) 2 – 6 – 20 = 7 – (3)3
5= 4(2) – 3 22 = 2 (3 )2 + 4 44 = 2 (5 ) 2 – 6 – 57 = 7 – (4)3
9= 4(3) – 3 36 = 2 (4 )2 + 4 66 = 2 (6 ) 2 – 6 – 127 = 7 – (5)3
.............. .............. ..............
.............. 2
2x – 6
4n – 3 2(n)2+ 4 7 – n3
n= 1,2,3,…….. x= 3,4,5,…… n = 2,3,4,…..
n=0,1,2,……

(h) 35 = 4 ( 3 ) 2 – 1 (i) 1 = 2 1 – 1 (j) 10 = 3x20+7 (k) 19 = 42 + 3

63 = 4 (4 ) 2 – 1 3 = 22 – 1 13 = 3x21+7 67 = 43 + 3
99 = 4 (5 ) 2 – 1 7 = 23 – 1 19 = 3x22+7 259 = 44 + 3
143 = 4 (6 ) 2 – 1 15 = 2 4 – 1 31 = 3x23+7 1027 = 45 + 3
.............. .............. .............. ..............
3 (2)n + 7 4n+3
4 (n )2 – 1 n=2,3,4,…
2n –1
n=0,1,2,……
n=3,4,5,…… n=1,2,3…

(l) 4 = 3 x 1 + 1 = 3 (1)2 + 1 (m) 6= 3 x 2 =3(3–1)

2
13 = 3 x 4 + 1 = 3 (2) + 1 12 = 4 x 3 =4(4–1)
28 = 3 x 9 + 1 = 3 (3)2 + 1 20 = 5 x 4 =5(5–1)
49 = 3 x 16 + 1 = 3 (4)2 + 1 30 = 6 x 5 =6(6–1)
.............. ..............
n x (n -1)
3 x n2 + 1 n = 3,4,5,……
n = 1,2,3, …. 6 = 3 x 2 = ( 2 + 1 ) (2)
12 = 4 x 3 = ( 3 + 1 ) (3)
20 = 5 x 4 = ( 4 + 1 ) (4)
30 = 6 x 5 = ( 5 + 1 ) (5)
..............

n = (n+1)xn
n = 2,3,4,......

18
4. Mathematical Reasoning
4.1 Anatomy of a statement.

Front Centre Back Example

All - - All sets have subsets.
Some Some triangles are isosceles.
********* if and only if +++++++++  If ** ** then ++ ++
 If ++ ++ then ** **
True(1)/ False (0) And True(1)/ False (0) 2+3 = 5 and 23 = 6
(x) (1) x 0=0
True(1)/ False (0) Or True(1)/ False (0) – 4 > –5 or (2+5)2 > (25)2
(+) ( 1) + 0 =1
If **** Then +++++ Converse
( antecedent) (consequence) If +++++ then ****

4.2. Argument

4.2.1 Premise 1 : All even numbers are divisible by 2

Premise 2 : 12 is an even number
Conclusion : 12 is divisible by 2.

4.2.2 Premise 1 : If the mean of m numbers is n then the sum is mn.

Premise 2 : The mean of 6 numbers is 7
Conclusion : The sum is 42 .

4.2.3 Premise 1 : All parallelograms have two pairs of parallel lines.

Premise 2 : ABCD is a parallelograms
Conclusion : ABCD have two pairs two pairs of parallel lines.

4.2.4 Premise 1 : All even number is divisible by 2.

Premise 2 : 223 is not divisible by 2
Conclusion : 223 is not an even number .

4.2.5 Premise 1 : If the perimeter of a square is 40 cm then the area of the square is 100 cm2
Premise 2 : the area of a square is not 100 cm2
Conclusion : The perimeter of the square is not 40 cm.

4.2.6 Premise 1 : If xo is within 90o and 270 o , then cos x o < 0

Premise 2 : cos x > 0
Conclusion : xo is not within 90o and 270 o

4.2.7 Premise 1 : If P ( x, y ) lies on x-axis ; then y=0

Premise 2 : y≠0
Conclusion : P( x, y ) do not lie on x-axis

19
4.3.1 Premise 1 : If m is a factor of 12 then m is a factor of 36.

Premise 2 : 4 is a factor of 12.

Conclusion : 4 is a factor of 36

4.3.2 Premise 1 : If perimeter of a square is 12 cm, then its area is 16 cm2.

Premises 2 : Perimeter of square PQRS is 12 cm

Conclusion : Area of the square PQRS is 16 cm2.

4.3.3 Premise 1 : If √ x = y , then y 2 = x .

Premise 2 : √ 16 = 4

Conclusion : 4 2 = 16

4.3.4 Premise 1 : If the product of the gradients of two lines is – 1, then they are perpendicular to
each other.

Premise 2 : Line PQ and RS are not

perpendicular to each other.

Conclusion : The product of gradient line PQ and RS is not – 1 .

4.3.5 Premise 1 : If p > q , then p + 4 > q + 4 .

Premises 2 : P +4 < q +4

Conclusion : p <q.

4.3.6 Premise 1 : If m is a negative number then 2 m < 0.

Premises 2 : 2m > 0; 2m is not < 0

Conclusion : m is not a negative number.

4.3.7 Premise 1 : If the radius of a circle is 5 cm then the area is 25 π cm2

Premises 2 : The area of the circle R is not 25 π cm2.

Conclusion : The radius of circle R is not 5 cm.

4.3.8 Premise 1 : If the sum of 4 number is 100 then the average is 25

Premise 2 : The average of 4 numbers is not 25.

Conclusion : The sum of the 4 numbers is not 100.

20
4.4 Write two implications from each of the following compound statements.

Compound Statement Answer

a a
a) 10 = 1 if and only if a = 0 Implication 1 : I f 10 = 1 then a = 0

Implication 2 :If a = 0 then 10 a = 1

b) x3 = –64 if and only if x = –4 Implication 1 : I f x3 = –64 then x = –4

Implication 2 : I f x = –4 then x3 = –64

c) Abu will be punished if and Implication 1 : I f Abu will be punished then he is late to school
only if he is late to school
Implication 2 : I f Abu is late to school then he will be punished

d) x + 3 = –7 if and only if Implication 1 : I f x + 3 = –7 then x – 8 = –18

x – 8 = –18
Implication 2 : I f x – 8 = –18then f x + 3 = –7

e) A⊂ B if and only if Implication 1 : If A⊂ B then A ∩ B = A

A∩ B = A
Implication 2 : If A ∩ B = A then A⊂ B

f) y2 – 4y = –4 if and only if Implication 1 : If y2 – 4y = –4 then y = 2

y=2
Implication 2 : If y = 2then y2 – 4y = –4

g) k is a perfect square if and Implication 1 : If k is a perfect square then k is an integer

only if k is an integer
Implication 2 : If k is an integer then k is a perfect square

h) m is a negative number if and Implication 1 : if m is a negative number then m3 is a negative

only if m3 is a negative number number

Implication 2 : If m3 is a negative number then

m is a negative number

1 1
i) 10 –1 = if and only if z =10 Implication 1 : If 10 –1 = then z =10
z z
1
Implication 2 : If z =10 then 10 –1 = then z =10
z

j) m = 5 if and only if 52 = m Implication 1 : If m = 5 then 52 = m

Implication 2 : If 52 = m then m = 5 then

21
5. Volume of solids.

5.1. The basic

Main Sub/ Derivative ½ Self With others

combined

15
15
6 6
8 8

V = (8)(6)(15) 1
= 720 V= (8)(6)(15)
3
= 240

15
15

22 1 22
V= ( ) (7)2(15) V= ( )( )(7)2(15)
7 3 7
= 2310 = 770

5 3
3 3 4
6 6 6
4
4 5
Cross-sectional area x depth Cross-sectional area x depth Cross-sectional area x depth
( ½ )(4)(3) [6] ( ½) ( 3+5)(4) [6] ( ½ )( 3+5)(4)[6]
= 36 = 96 = 96

21
21

1  4  22
  (21) = 19404
3
(
23 7
4
) (22/7)(21)3
3
=38808

22
5.2.The marking Scheme

Diagram below shows a solid cylinder with diameter 8 cm and height

2 10 cm. A cone with radius 4 cm and height 7 cm is taken out of the
solid.
22
Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the remaining solid. (Use π = )
7
4
[4 marks]
7
10

22 2 1 22 K1
A
× 4 × 10 or × × 42 × 7 Volume of cylinder or cone
n 7 3 7
s K1
22 2 1 22
w
e × 4 × 10 − × × 42 × 7 Big - small
7 3 7 K1
r
502.857 − 117.333 N1
385.53cm3
Case 1 Volume of the cylinder – Volume of the cone
K1

5.3. Strategy in solving

Step 1 : Label each length, assign unknown with x

Step 2 : Draw separate diagram for different solid.
Step 3 : Substitute into the formulae.
Step 4 : Involving addition ( 2 different solids ) or subtraction (Original – take away)

5.4 Finding the volume of a combined solid.

5.4.1 [SPM 2003]

9
9
10
G
D
7 7 7
10 10
F
7 10
E
= 3.5
2 10
1
Vol. of pyramid = (7)(10)(9) = 210
3
22
Vol. of semi cylinder = ½ ( )(3.5)2 (10)=192.5
7
Total = 210+192.5 = 402.5

23
5.4.2 [SPM2004]
Total volume= 231 cm3
Find the height of the cone.

x
x

7
= 3.5
2
7 4

4
22
Vol. of cylinder = ( )(3.5)2 (4) = 154 7
7 = 3.5
1 22 269.5 x 2
Vol. of Cone = ( )( )(3.5)2 x =
3 7 21
269.5 x
Total = 154 + = 231,
21
x=6

5.4.3[SPM2005]

14 14

3
9
9
3
1 22
Vol. of cone = = ( )( )(9)2 (14) =1188
3 7
22
Vol. of cylinder = ( )(3)2 (7) = 198 7
7
The cylinder is removed, find the volume.
Vol remains = 1188–198 = 990 3

24
 V
5.4.4 [SPM 2006]

8
8
E
14 H
14
x 6 6x 6
14 G 6
D F C 14
x
6 6 14
A 10
B 6
Total volume=584 cm3 x 6
1
Vol. of pyramid = (6)(14)(8) = 224 14
3 x
Vol. of prism = ½ ( 10 + 14 )( x ) = 72 x 6
Total Volume = 584
224 + 72x = 584; 10
x = AF = 5

5.4.5

12 cm
Q P 12
10 10

10 cm 10 cm 10
M N 10
C
x D

15 cm 10
A B 10 10
1
(a) Volume of the right pyramid ( )(10)(10)(12)=400cm3] 10
3
(b) Total volume =775, find AM x 10 15
Find the height of AM = x 10
Vol. of prism = ( ½ ) (10+15)(10)(x) = 125x 15
400 + 125 x = 775;
x = AM = 3.0 cm

25
6. Perimeter and Area of a sector.

6.1. The basics

1.
Perimeter of a circle = 2 π r Area of a circle = π r 2

7 22 7 22
P = 2× × (7 ) A= × (7 ) 2
7 7

120o 120o
 120  22  120  22
P1 =   × 2 × × (7 ) A1 =   × × (7 )
2

 360  7  360  7
7 7

 40  22
40o 40o A2 =   × × (7 )
2
 40  22
P2=   × 2 × × (7 )  360  7
 360  7
7

6.2.1 Angles 2.1 Equilateral triangle 6.2.2 Isosceles right triangle

120o 135o
60o 45o

6.2.3 Theorem Pythagoras. 6.2.4 Big - Small

x = (7 + 9) 2 + (7 + 5) 2 = 20

40o
30o 5
x
9
12
7
120o 5
12
7 5
12
12
120 22 1
Shaded Area = × × 12 2 − × 12 × 5
360 7 2

26
 6.3. Strategy in solving.

Step 1 Label each side/segment/angles

Step 2 Draw separate diagram for each part of a question.
Step 3 Each question must have angle, and length or radius.
The table below will guide you in solving.

θ r P/A P = Perimeter A =Area

45 15  45   45 
 × 2 × × (15)  × × × (15)
15 22 22
 
2

45o  360  7  360  7

15

6.4. Skill Practice Smart 4 2

θ 22
O s= × 2× ×r
6.4.1 [SPM2003]
θ
360 7
r
θ 22
60 o T 90 22
s= × 2× ×r s= × 2× × 7
360 7 7 360 7
14 cm P 7
90 7
Q 7 cm
7
7 14 60o T
7
M N 7
7 7
(a) Perimeter = 14.67+11+14+7+7
O =53.67

60o T θ 22
s= × 2× ×r
P
θ
360 7
r
Q
90 14 60 22
s= × 2 × ×14
360 7

M N
(b) Area of shaded region = 38.5+77=115.5

60o
7 7
60o
14 14 7 90o
7

θ 22 θ 22 θ 22
A= × × r2 A= × × r2 A= × × r2
θ θ θ
360 7 360 7 360 7
r r r
60 14 60 22 60 60 22 2 90 90 22 2
A= × ×14 2 7 A= × ×7 7 A= × ×7
360 7 360 7 360 7

27
6.4.2 [SPM2004]

R S

7 cm Q 7 cm
T
14 21 21
14 90º 14 90º 14
60º
O
14 cm θ 22
A= × × r2
P
θ
360 7
r
½ (14)(14)
90 21 90 22
A= × × 212
(a) Area of shaded region =346.5- 98 =248.5 360 7

θ 22
S= ×2× ×r
θ
360 7
r
90 21 90 22
S= ×2× × 21
360 7

θ 22 7 7 cm
S= ×2× ×r
θ
360 7
r 90º 14
60 14 S=
60 22
× 2 × ×14
60º
360 7

14 cm

(b) Perimeter = 33+21+14+14.67+7 =89.67

28
 6.4.3 [SPM2005]
RO = 2 OV, OV = 7cm
and ∠UOV = 60°
S

T
W
U

R O V
22 88 2
(a) Perimeter = + + 21 + 7 = 64
3 3 3
θ 22
S= ×2× ×r
θ
360 7
r
120 14 60 22
S= ×2× × 14
360 7

120o 7

60o
14 7

 616  77
(b) Area of shaded region =  − 77  + = 154
 7  3

120o
14 180o 7
60o
14
7 7 7
θ 22
A= × × r2
θ 22 θ 22
θ
360 7 A= × × r2 A= × × r2
r
θ θ
360 7 360 7
r r
120 14 120 22
A= × × 14 2
180 7 120 22 60 60 22
360 7 A= × × 72 7 A= × × 72
360 7 360 7

29
 6.4.4 [SPM2006]
OMRN is a quadrant of a circle
OM = MP = 7 cm and ∠POQ = 60o

θ 22
S= ×2× ×r
Q
θ
360 7
r
30 30 22
7 S= ×2× ×7
360 7
θ 22
S= ×2× ×r
θ
360 7
7 r
N
60 14 60 22
S= ×2× × 14
360 7

7
30o
60°
O
7 M 7
P

(a) Perimeter = 7(4)+3.67+7.33+14.67=53.67

14
7 30°
7
7
60°
60°
7
θ 22 14
A= × × r2
θ 22
θ
360 7 A= × × r2
r θ 22
θ
360 7 A= × × r2
r
θ
360 7
30 7 30 22 r
A= × × 72
60 60 22
360 7 7 A= × × 72
60 22
360 7 60 14 A= × × 14 2
360 7

(b) Area of shaded region =12.83 +(102.67- 25.67)= 89.83

30
60°
6.4.5 . [SPM2007]
OS = 21 cm and OP = 14 cm

T
7
Q

P 60o 14

14

21 O
14
S Area of shaded area = 346.50
(a) – 102.67= 243.83

21
14
60o
14

21
θ 22 θ 22
A= × × r2 A= × × r2
θ θ
360 7 360 7
r r
90 21 90 22 60 14 60 22
A= × × 212 A= × × 14 2
360 7 360 7

(b) Total perimeter =21+33+7+29.33+14 = 104.33

θ 22
S= ×2× × r2
θ
360 7 T
r
90 21 90 22 7 θ 22
s= ×2× × 21 S= ×2× × r2
Q
θ
360 7 360 7
r
120 14 120 22
P 60o 14 s=
360
×2×
7
× 14

14 120o

21 O
S 14

31
 7. Matrices
7.1 Multiplication of matrices

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

3 − 4
(2 1)  (2 1)  3 1  3   3 1  2 1 
5
      
 3 1 5   − 2 4  4   − 2 4  3 5 

1.Fill in the 5 3 –4 3 2 1
grid. 3 1 5 4 1 5
Row by
column
2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1
–2 4 –2 4

2.Multiplication 2x5 + 1 x 3 2x3+1x1 2x(–4)+1x5 3x3+1x(4) 3x2+1x1 3x1+1x5

of (–2)x(3)+4x4 (–2)x2+4x1 (–2)x1+4x5
corresponding
elements
3. Simplify 9+4 6+1 3+5
10 + 3 6+1 –8+ 5 –6 + 16 –4 + 4 –2 + 20
( 13 ) (7 –3) 13  7 8 
   
10   0 18 

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

3 − 4
(2 1)  (2 1)  3 1  3   3 1  2 1 
3
      
 4 1 5   − 2 4  4   − 2 4  3 5 

1. Fill in the
grid.
Row by
column

2. Multiplication
of
corresponding
elements
3. Simplify

32
7.2 Simultaneous Equation with Matrix method
Example 1 Example 2
2 1
x − 5 y = 12 ; 4x + 3y = 6  2x + y = 3 ;5x – 2y = 16 
3 3

– 15y = 36 5x =9
1. Donate away 2 x – 15 y = 36  6x + 1y = 9 
the
denominator
2. Align the 2 x – 15 y = 36 6 x + 1y = 9
terms 4x+3y =6 5 x – 2y = 16
3. Write in  2 x − 15 y   36   6 x 1y   9 
 =    =  
matrix equation
 4x 3 y   6   5 x − 2 y  16 
 2 − 15  x   36   6 1  x   9 
   =      =  
 4 3  y   6   5 − 2  y  16 
4.Inverse  x  2 − 15  36   x  6 1  9 
  = Inverse     = Inverse  
 y  4 3  6   y  5 − 2 16 
4.1 1/  x 1  36 
  =  
 y 6
4.1 1/ad  x 1  36   x 1 9
  =     =  
 y 6 6  y  − 12 16 
4.2 1/ad–  x 1  36   x 1 9
  =     =  
 y 6− 6  y  − 12 − 16 
4.3 1/(ad–cd)  x 1  36   x 1 9
  =     =  
 y  6 − − 60 6  y  − 12 − 5 16 
4.4 Change  x 1  3  36   x 1  − 2  9 
  =      =   
addresses
 y  6 − − 60  2  6   y  − 12 − 5  6 16 
4.5 Change  x 1  3 15  36   x 1  − 2 − 1 9 
sign   =      =   
 y  6 − − 60  − 4 2  6   y  − 12 − 5  − 5 6 16 
5.  x 1  3 15  36   x 1  − 2 − 1 9 
  =      =   
Multiplication
 y 66  − 4 2  6   y  − 17  − 5 6 16 
6.Simplify  x 1  108 + 90   x 1  − 18 + −16 
  =     =  
 y 66  − 144 + 12   y − 17  − 45 + 96 
 x  1  198   x 1  − 34 
  =     =  
 y  66  − 132   y − 17  − 51 
 198   − 34 
 x   66   x   − 17 
  =     =  
 y   − 132   y   − 57 
 66   − 17 
 x  3   x  2 
  =     =  
 y   − 2  y   − 3
7. Answer x = 3 , y = –2 x = 2 , y = –3

33
7.3 Practice on your own.
Question 1 Question 2
2 1
x − 5 y = 12 ; 4x + 3y = 6  2 x + y = 3 ; 5x – 2y = 16 
3 3
1. Donate away
the
denominator
2. Align the
terms

3. Write in matrix
equation

4.Inverse

4.1 1/

4.1 1/ad

4.2 1/ad–

4.3 1/(ad–cd)

4.4 Change
addresses

4.5 Change
sign

5. Multiplication

6.

7. x = 3 , y = –2 x = 2 , y = –3

34
7.4 Solve the simultaneous equations with matrices methods.
3 −2 1 0
7.4.1. M is a 2 x 2 matrix where M ( )=( ) SPM2003
5 −4 0 1
a) Find the matrix M
b) Write the following simultaneous linear equation as a matrix equation
3x–2y=7 5x–4y =9
Hence , calculate the values of x and y using matrices. [6 marks]

3 − 4 − 6 p
7.4.2. a) The inverse matrix of   is m   SPM2004
5 − 6 −5 3
Find the value of m and of p.
b) Using matrices, calculate the value of x and of y that satisfy the following
, simultaneous linear equation:
3x – 4y = –1 5x – 6y = 2 [6 marks]
 2 − 5  3 h
7.4.3. It is given that matrix P =   and matrix Q = k   SPM2005
1 3   −1 2
1 0
such that PQ =   .
0 1
a)Find the value of k and of h.
b)Using matrices , find the value of x and of y that satisfy the following simultaneous
linear equation:
2x – 5y = –17 x + 3y = 8 [7 marks]
 1 2
7.4. 4. a)It is given that  1  is the inverse matrix of  3 − 4  .
 n −1 2  SPM2006
2   
Find the value of n.
b)Write the following simultaneous linear equations are matrix equation:
3u – 4v = –5 –u + 2v = 2
hence , using matrices , calculate the value of u and of v. [6 marks]
 4 − 7  7
7.4.5. (a) The inverse matrix of    is  2  , find the value of r .
  2 
− 2 4  r 2
SPM2007
(b) Using matrices, find the value of x and y that satisfies the following
simultaneous equations.
4x – 7y = 15 – 2x + 4y = –8 [6 marks]
Answer

1  − 4 2
7.4.1 (a) M = −   (b) x = 5 , y = 4
2  − 5 3 
7.4.2 (a) m = ½ p = 4 (b) x = 7 , y = 11/2

7.4.3 (a) k = 1/11 , h = 5 (b) x = – 1 , y = 3

7.4.4 (a) n = 3/2 (b) u = – 1 , v = ½

7.4.5 (a) r = 1 (b) x = 2 , y = –1

35