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Abstract- A method to determine the end parameters required expressions to calculate the end parameters, i.e. the resistance
in finite element (FE) models in two dimensions (2D) is presented. and inductance of the end-ring arc that joins sequential rotor
The end-winding leakage stator inductance was obtained by bars and the resistance and inductance of the end-winding of
measurement of a phase coil out of the stator core. The end ring
inductance of the rotor cage was determined analytically and end
the stator winding, have been used by designers. With the
resistances were obtained by measurements. The FE model is appearance of 2D finite element models, the use of these end
voltage fed, and it was validated against experimental results. parameters is common. However, when a FE analyst comes out
Using a FE study, an analysis on the effects of the end-parameters with a 2D model, he may not be aware of the impact that end
on the main electrical variables (active power, reactive power and parameters may have in the simulation results.
line current) of the induction motor is also presented. A three- In this paper, a quantitative and simple analysis of the end-
phase squirrel-induction motor of 0.5HP, 220V, 60 Hz was used in
this study.
parameters influence on the induction motor performance is
presented. The results shows that considerable error can be
I. INTRODUCTION obtained in predicting the induction motor if the end-
parameters values are not appropriate. The stator end-winding
The induction motor is the most popular machine employed inductance and resistance are determined experimentally and
in industry and home appliances; this is due its simplicity and the rotor end-ring inductance is obtained analytically. The 2D-
rugged construction that leads to an easy maintenance. Hence, FE model of the induction motor is compared against the no-
it represents a large percentage of electrical energy load, locked-rotor and rated-load tests of a 0.5HP, 220V, star,
consumption [1]. Mathematical models have always been of 1800 rpm, and 60 Hz squirrel cage induction motor.
great value to both designers and analysts; lumped models, like
electrical equivalent circuits and magnetic equivalent circuits,
have been useful because of its low computational cost; II. THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
whereas finite element (FE) models have the advantage of To construct a FE model of an electrical device, it is
being able to accurately predict the motor’s non-linear necessary to obtain all geometrical information such that it
performance. The latter has the price of a higher computational must be enough to define the domain of interest. The governing
cost [2]. Since the last decade 3D models have increasingly equations are stated in terms of the magnetic vector potential
being used in electromagnetic studies, but its higher throughout the diffusion equation, i.e. time harmonic
computation time has led to use it only to represent 3D effects. formulation, where the displacement current is neglected as it
Meanwhile, 2D FE models run faster than 3D ones, and is expressed by (1) [6].
consequently they are still in use [3]. Transient and time
harmonic 2D studies are common practice in the study of
induction motors [4]. In small induction motors, the end effects
∇ ⋅ (ν∇A) = − J 0 + jωσ A (1)
of stator windings, which are in nature three-dimensional
fields, have to be incorporated as a circuit element to the 2D where ν, σ, and ω are the magnetic reluctivity, electric
FE model. Similarly, the rotor-cage end ring inductance and conductivity and angular frequency, respectively. J0 denotes
resistance must be considered as external elements. Analytical the current density and A is the complex magnetic vector
and numerical approaches are normally used to determine the potential. However, since most electrical motor are voltage
end parameter values, in [5] 3D FE models are employed to driven instead of current driven, hence, the diffusion equation
determine the end inductances. There are several publications must be coupled with the electric network to which the
that deal with the calculation of end effects either in the rotor induction motor is connected. External circuit equations are
and stator using finite elements, and it requires a lot of effort in derived that allow having voltage fed electromechanical
calculating them. The use of analytical or empirical devices, and these extra equations are solved simultaneously
ck cm
1 μ
∫∫∫∫
dlˆk •dlˆm
L pkm = rkm dak dam (3)
Fig. 2. Electric network and the FE model. ak am 4π ak am bk bm
III. END LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE CALCULATION where bk, ck and bm and cm denote the two ends of the kth and
mth segments, respectively.
The end-winding inductance and resistance represent the For rectangular segments, i.e. end-ring segment, let the
end parts of a motor, i.e. the end ring and stator end windings, length be l and the widths of two sides be W and T,
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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines
respectively. Defining the normalized widths w = W/l, t = T/l, TABLE I
VALUES OF END MOTOR PARAMETERS
and the normalized distances
Parameter Value
End-winding inductance 3.98E-3 H
r = w2 + t 2 , α w = w2 + 1, α t = t 2 + 1, End-winding resistance 5.51 Ohms
End-ring inductance 5.4198E-10 H.
α r = w2 + t 2 + 1 End-ring resistance 3.5E-06 Ohms
Stator resistance (wire in core) 7.83 Ohms
the self inductance given in (3) can be expressed as [8],
1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ wt ⎞ t ⎛ w ⎞ w ⎛ t ⎞⎤
− ⎢ T ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + T ⎜⎜ ⎟ + T⎜ ⎟⎥
6 ⎣ wt ⎝ α r ⎠ w ⎝ tα r ⎟⎠ t ⎜⎝ wα r ⎟⎠⎦
1 ⎡
− ⎢
(α r + r + t + α t )t 2
60 ⎣ (α r + r )(r + t )(t + α t )(α t + α r )
+
(α r + r + w + α w )w2
(α r + r )(r + w)(w + α w )(α w + α r )
+
(α r + α w + 1 + α t ) ⎤
(α r + α w )(α w + 1)(1 + α t )(α t + α r )⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤⎫
− + + ⎬
20 ⎣ r + α r α w + α r α t + α r ⎥⎦ ⎭
⎢
(4)
where
(
S ( x ) = sinh −1 ( x ) = ln x + 1 + x 2 ) Fig. 4. Field distribution in the locked-rotor test.
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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines
(Zendw) were taken into account in the FE model.
b) A scenario where only the end-winding parameters of
the stator were considered in the model (Zendw).
c) Finally, a model with both end-parameters, i.e. rotor
end-ring (Zring) and stator (Zendw) were taken as
elements in the electrical network of the coupled FE
model.
I FE − I test
% Error = × 100 (5)
I test
where IFE and Itest are the motor line currents obtained from
finite element simulations and from laboratory experiments,
respectively.
It is interesting to see how the FE model behaves when both
end-parameters (Zring and Zendw) were considered; the
prediction error of the line current is within the range of 6%,
active power is within 30% and reactive power is in the range
Fig. 5. Field distribution at rated load. of 8% as is illustrated in Figs. 6-8. On the other hand, if the
motor analyst does not use any correction for the end-winding
TABLE II
and end-ring effects, the error in predicting the line current can
VALIDATION OF THE NO-LOAD TEST be as high as 225%. Now, if it is only considered the Zendw
Test FE model
(stator end-winding), the prediction error decreases. Similar
Voltage (V) 127 127
results are obtained for the active and reactive powers (Figs. 7-
Phase current (A) 0.90 0.93
8), where it is seen that when no corrections are made to the FE
Total Active Power (W) 80 50 model, the maximum error is obtained. Therefore, it can be
Total Reactive Power (VAr) -330 -343 concluded that is necessary to used appropriate values of end-
Slip 3.33E-03 3.33E-03 parameters for both rotor end-ring and stator winding to have
more accuracy in predicting terminal electrical quantities of
TABLE III small induction motors.
VALIDATION OF THE LOCKED-ROTOR TEST
Test FE model
Voltage (V) 33 33
Phase current (A) 1.9 2.03
Active Power (W) 131 146
Reactive Power (VAr) -131.7 -139.33
Slip 1 1
TABLE VI
VALIDATION OF THE RATED LOAD CONDITION.
Test FE model
Voltage (V) 127 127
Phase current (A) 1.85 1.64
Active Power (W) 560 483
Reactive Power (VAr) -359.18 373
Slip 0.0527 0.0527
In order to analyze the effect of end-parameters on motor Fig. 6 Stator current prediction at different loads.
performance, three scenarios were generated where the
presence of the end-parameters were considered when the
motor load was varied from 0 to 100%.
a) No end-parameters for both rotor (Zring) and stator
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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
[1] I. Boldea and S.A. Nasar, The Induction Machine Handbook, CRC Press,
2002, pp.1-14.
[2] S. D. Sudhoff, et al., “Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Induction
Motors”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2007,
pp. 259-270.
[3] K. Yamazaki and Y. Watanabe, “Interbar Current Analysis of Induction
Motors Using 3-D Finite-Element Method Considering Lamination of
Rotor Core”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2006, pp.
1287-1290.
[4] T. H. Pham, et. al. “Transient Finite Element Analysis of an Induction
Motor with External Connections and Electromechanical Coupling”. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1999, pp. 1407-1412.
Fig. 7. Active power prediction at different load points. [5] K. Yamazaki, “Induction Motor Analysis Considering both Harmonics
and End Effects using Combination of 2D and 3D Finite Element
Method”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1999,
pp. 698-703.
[6] K. Hameyer and R. Belmans, Numerical Modellinh and Design of
Electrical Machines and Devices. WIT Press, 1999.
[7] Flux2D User´s guide, version 10.2, Magsoft Corporation, Troy New York
12180, 2008.
[8] R.B. Wu, C.N. Kuo and K.K. Chang, “Inductance and Resistance
Computations for Three-Dimensional Multiconductor Interconnection
Structures”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,
Vol. 40, No.2, 1992, pp. 263-271.
CONCLUSIONS