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Strength
David Hart
University of Wisconsin
ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgi-
bin/get/gle/474/hartdavid/notes/lectu
re9strengthintro.ppt -
ROCK STRENGTH
• Shear fracture is the dominant mode of failure
for rocks under all but the lowest confining
stress.
Extension Compression
Paterson, Experimental Rock
Deformation – The Brittle Field
σ2=σ3
implies that θ stays the same regardless
of the confining pressure applied.
2θ
2θ 2θ
0 σ2=σ3 σ1,p σ
MOHR-COULOMB Criterion
τ cr = Si + σ tan φ
τ
φ
A D
2θ
Sι φ
90o C
0 σ2=σ3 Co B σ1,p σ
MOHR-COULOMB Criterion in terms of shear
and normal stress on the plane of failure
τ cr = Si + σ tan φ
2 2
MOHR-COULOMB Criterion
The Mohr-Coulomb criterion can also be given
in terms of the principal stresses. To do this we
recall the following relationships:
σ1 − σ 2 σ1 + σ 2 σ1 − σ 2
τ = sin 2θ σ= + cos 2θ
2 2 2
45+φ/2 is equal to θ,
where θ is the angle ⎛ φ⎞
Co = 2Si tan⎜ 45 + ⎟
o
COULOMB CRITERION:
1. Hydrostatic state of stress:
σ1 = σ2 = σ3 = P O P σ
2. Uniaxial compression:
σ1 ≠ 0 ; σ2 = σ3 = 0 τ φ
D
Failure occurs when σ1 A
attains its peak value Co.
Si
Failure plane (point A) φ
normal is at θ = (45 + φ/2) to
σ1 direction. O B σ1,p=Co σ
MOHR-COULOMB Criterion-
Tensile Stresses
Question: What if the normal stress on the plane
of failure is tensile?
This implies that there is no contact between the
two created surfaces and hence there is no
frictional resistance. Thus, the Mohr-Coulomb
(M-C) criterion loses its validity.
Note, however, that σ2 can be tensile as long as
the normal stress σ remains compressive: Mohr-
Coulomb criterion will still be valid. Remember
that σ2=σ3 can never be less than the tensile
strength of the rock T, since T implies tensile
failure.
MOHR-COULOMB Criterion-
Tensile Stresses
Case I: σ2 and σ are
both tensile, so M-C
criterion does not apply.
Specimen fails in
tension when σ2 = T.
Case II: σ2 is tensile, but
σ is zero or larger, so
M-C criterion DOES
apply!
Case III: All stresses are
compressive so M-C
does apply. NOTE:
Typically T = 0.1Co to 0.05Co
MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION IN
TERMS OF THE PRINCIPAL STRESS
RATIO K
Engineers/practitioners like to to work with
principal stress ratio K = σ2 / σ1 (typically σ2
represents the horizontal stress σh, and σ1
represents the vertical stress σv ).
It is thus more convenient on occasion to
express the Mohr-C criterion in terms of K.
MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION IN
TERMS OF THE PRINCIPAL STRESS
RATIO K
φ
Given: σ 1,p = Co + σ2 tan2 (45° + )
2
We divide both sides by σ1,p:
1= C o + σ2 2
tan (45° +
φ )
σ1,p σ1,p 2
Using K and rearranging terms, we obtain:
Co = 1 - K tan2 (45° + φ ) σ1,p = Co
σ1,p
1 - K tan2 (45° + φ )
2
2
MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION IN
TERMS OF THE PRINCIPAL STRESS
RATIO K
τ cr
Si and φ are given, Given
and we also know the
σ1,p at failure. σ
σ1,p
What is then the
complete state of
stress at the point in
question?
φ
Let’s imagine τ
first that we have
solved the A
problem, i.e. we R
have found the R C σ
σ2 B σ1,p
CRITICAL Mohr 90 + φ
circle denoting
the state of 180 − (90 + φ)
= 45 − φ / 2
stress at failure. 2
We notice that in the
triangle ABC two of the
sides are equal to the
radius R. Also, recall
φ
the value of the angle τ
ABC. Hence the angle
A
ACB is 45° - φ/2.
R
Thus, in order to R C σ
σ2 B σ1,p
construct the critical 90 + φ
Mohr circle we fist plot
180 − (90 + φ)
the M-C criterion and = 45 − φ / 2
2
the point representing
σ1,p.
Then, we construct
the angle ACB and φ
draw the line CA, τ
where A intersects
A
the M-C criterion.
IIa II I
Now we construct
D C σ
an identical angle σ2 B σ1,p
CAB and draw AB. (90 +φ)
Point B on the σ
180 − (90 + φ)
axis is the center = 45 − φ / 2
2
of the critical Mohr
circle.
An alternate way is to construct at point A a 90°
angle and draw line AD. Point D has to be equal
to σ2.
OTHER EMPIRICAL MOHR ENVELOPES
30
-0.14
1000
C o = 35 x L
psi)
25
(x
C
o
20
15
0 50 100 150
SPECIMEN LENGTH L (in.)
this cartoon: σ xx
σ 'i = σ i − P0 where σ i = σ xx ,σ yy ,σ zz
τ 'ij = τ ij where τ ij = σ xy ,σ yz ,σ zx
Si + σ tan φ − τ Si − τ
Pcr = ⇒ Pcr = σ +
tan φ tan φ
CRITICAL PORE PRESSURE
σ 1 − σ 2 − C0
or: Pcr = σ 2 −
2⎛ φ⎞
tan ⎜ 45° + ⎟ − 1
⎝ 2⎠
PORE State of TOTAL
τ stress at point B
PRESSURE
EFFECT ON
STRESSES IN A σ22 B σ11 σ
MOHR
DIAGRAM
τ State of TOTAL
P0 stress at point B
σ22 B σ11 σ
EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN A MOHR DIAGRAM
State of TOTAL
τ stress at point B
P0 P0
σ’22 σ22 σ’11 σ11 σ
State of EFFECTIVE
stress at point B
CRITICAL PORE PRESSURE USING
MOHR DIAGRAM
The Mohr circle can be very effectively used to obtain Pcr
leading to failure for a state of total stress which is
otherwise in a stable condition:
To construct Pcr we need to know the Criterion of Failure for
the rock in question (material properties φ and Si or C0 ),
and the State of
φ State of TOTAL
TOTAL Stress τ
( e.g. σ1 and σ2 ). stress at point B
Given data: Si φ
90°
Potential plane of σ22 B σ11 σ
failure
φ State of TOTAL
τ
A’ A stress at point B
Pcr
Si φ
90°
σ22 B σ11 σ
τ (50; 50)
Pcr = 10
φ=45
10