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SALTS
Your Previous Knowledge :
Chemical properties of acid :
Acid + Metal Salt + H2
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + H2O + CO2
Acid + Metal oxide Salt + H2O
Acid + Alkali Salt + H2O
Definition:
Salt is an ionic compound formed
when the H+ ion in
an acid is replaced by a metal ion or
an NH4+ ammonium ion
Example :
from base
From acid
Salts can be classified into two main groups
Do 8.1
page 2 Salts Double
decomposition
Soluble Insoluble
salts salts
Neutralisation
Potassium Sulphate :
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2 H2O
Sodium carbonate :
H2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Ammonium Chloride :
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl
Method 1 : Neutralization reaction
Acid + Alkali → Salt + H2O
Titration method
acid Salt
solution
Copper Chloride :
HCl + Cu → No Reaction!!!
2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O
2HCl + CuCO3 → CuCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Copper(II) Sulphate :
H2SO4 + Cu → No Reaction!!!
H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + CuCO3 → CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Method II : Reaction of Acid And Bases
Excess
•Metal
•Metal oxide
•Carbonates
Salt
Acid solution
heat
heat the salt
Salt
solution until 1/3
original volume and
salt
cooled to room
temperature
Physical
Characteristic of
Crystal Salt
Example:
Precipitate – insoluble
salt formed
Residue : insoluble
salt salt
1. Solubility of salts
2. Colour of salt
Effects Of Heat On Salts.
Metal Carbonates Nitrates Chlorides
K No decomposition Decomposes. Forms No decomposition.
Na O2 and nitrite. Very stable except
for
Ca Decomposes. Decomposes. Forms NH4ClNH3 + HCl
Mg Forms metal metallic oxide,
Al oxide, CO2 nitrogen dioxide
(Brown gas) and O2
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg Decomposes. Decomposes to
Ag Forms metal, CO2 metal, NO2 and O2
Au and O2
Effects Of Heat On Carbonate Salts.
Carbonate salt → Metal oxide + CO2
Example: Heating of copper(II) carbonate.
Copper(II)carbonate
Heat
Lime water
Observations:
1. Lime water will turn lime water chalky.
2. Green solid of copper(II) carbonate turns black
solid of copper(II) oxide
Other examples:
(a) PbCO3 → PbO + CO2
Observations:
i. Lead(II) oxide, PbO deposit is brown when hot,
turns yellow when cooled.
ii. Lime water turns chalky.
Copper(II) nitrate
Brown gas
Chemical equation:
2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Observations:
1. Black solid deposit
Copper (II) oxide, CuO
Observation:
1. White precipitate formed
2. Confirm the presence of Cl- ions
D. Nitrates Salt:
1. Add 2 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 of nitrate salt
solution into a test tube
2. Add 2 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 dilute H2SO4 and
2cm3 0.5mol dm-3 Iron(II) Sulphate solution
3. Shake well
4. Carefully add few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid down the side of the test tube
Observation:
•Brown ring is obtained
•Confirm the presence of NO3- ions
QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS OF
SALT :
CONFIRMATORY TEST OF CATION
Reaction with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution :
Reaction with Ammonia , NH3 solution :
Confirmatory Test for Cation Using Other Reagents
Fe2(CO3)3
2 mole of Fe3+ 3 mole of CO32-
Ionic equation :
2 Fe3+ + 3 CO32- → Fe2(CO3)3
B.Mole ratio of ions :
Can be determine from an experiment through the
Continuous Variation method
To determine the ionic equations of the reaction
In this reaction :
solution X ions (yellow) : Fixed volumes
solution of Y ions( colouless) : different volumes that change
gradually
Variables :
determine all the variable for this experiment
Procedure :
1. Label seven test tubes of the same size from 1 -7
and place them in a test tube rack.
2. Fill a burette with 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium
chromate (VI) solution. Run in 5.00 cm3 of the
potassium chromate (VI) solution into each of
the seven test tube.
Fill a second burette with
0.5 mol dm-3 lead (II)
nitrate solution. Add
varying volume of lead
(II) nitrate solution
Observation :
Measure height of
precipitate
Result :
From equation:
3 mol H2SO4 → 1 mol Al2(SO4)3
0.5 mol → 0.17 mol
Moles of Al2(SO4)3 = 0.17 moles
Example 2 :
From equation:
1 mol Cu → 1 mol Cu(NO3)2
0.25 mol → 0.25 mol
Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.25 x RMM
From equation:
1 mol H2 → 1 mol Mg
0.02 mol → 0.02 mol