MORPHOLOGY

08 MAY th 2017

INTRODUCING TO GENERAL LINGUISTIC

Arranged By :

Friska Mawar D 161250007

Grace Sarmauli T 1612150011
Margarectha 1612150024

ENGLISH TEACHING STUDY PROGRAM

CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
2017
 PREFACE

All praising for Jesus, God experienced for its grant from above. We can finish a
handing out "Morphemes and type of Morphemes" to become the guidance for
student of university and will be not bad read by all educator, teacher and parent for
the stock of in developing duty.

This paper is one form of our participation in the realization of development in the
field of Writing among the students. Narrowly, this paper gives a lead in education by
utilizing all the capabilities of existing infrastructure to improve performance in order
to achieve the hopes and ideals.

We hope to write this paper, to participate in raising the quality of education and
learn the spirit of the students are generally at the recent enthusiasm seemed to fade
and begins to weaken.

We are of the author to give thanks Thank God and thanks to all those who have
helped in resolving this very simple writing. May God favor replacing it with
bountifully rewarded.

Deficiencies in all things there must be, therefore we as writers are tolerant with
open arms, we will accept constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of
our paper.

Jakarta, 08 May 2017

Writer

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 Table Of Content

PREFACE ............................................................................................................. 2
Table Of Content ................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 4
A. Background of the paper ............................................................................... 4
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 5
C. Purpose and Benefits of paper ..................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II FINDING AND DISCUSSION ..................................................... 6
A. Definition of Morphology and Morphemes ............................................... 6
B. Kinds of Morphemes .................................................................................. 7
C. Lexical and Functional Morphemes ........................................................... 8
D. Division of Morphemes into Various Types ............................................. 8
CHAPTER III CLOSING ................................................................................... 13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the paper

A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog, cat, table,

book, etc.) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs, the ed at
the end of the kicked, etc.) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful
parts. Adjective: morphemic.

Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can

occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone
as words). Morphemes can be divided into two general classes. Free
morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language,
whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Most
roots in English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and to),
although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that
must be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an
acceptable lexical item.

Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function
words. Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of
a sentence. Function words generally perform some kind of grammatical
role, carrying little meaning of their own. One circumstance in which the
distinction between function words and content words is useful is when one
is inclined to keep wordiness to a minimum; for example, when drafting a
telegram, where every word costs money. In such a circumstance, one
tends to leave out most of the function words (like to, that, and, there,
some, and but), concentrating instead on content words to convey the gist
of the message. (Steven Weisler and Slavoljub P. Milekic, Theory of
Language. MIT Press, 1999).

For example, a word like 'house' or 'dog' is called a free morpheme

because it can occur in isolation and cannot be divided into smaller -
meaning units. The word 'quickest'. is composed of two morphemes, one
bound and one free. The word 'quick' is the free morpheme and carries the
basic meaning of the word. The 'est' makes the word a superlative and is a
bound morpheme because it cannot stand alone and be
meaningful."(Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence
Erlbaum, 1999).

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 B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the problems described above, to give an

explanation of the principal issues to be discussed.

We as first author will describe the formulation of the problem and the
problem definition as follows:

1. Who is Morpheme?

2. How much type of Morphemes?

C. Purpose and Benefits of paper

In line with the formulation of the problems mentioned above, the purpose of
writing this paper is as follows:

1. To know who is Morpheme.

2. To increase our knowledge or our reference about Morpheme

3. To know how much kind of morpheme

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 CHAPTER II
FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Morphology and Morphemes

The type of exercisewe have just performed is an example of investigating basic forms in
language, generally known as morphology. This term, which literally means “the study of
forms,” was originally used in biology, but, since the middle of the nineteenth century, has
also been used to describe the type of investigation that analyzes all those basic “elements”
used in a language.What we have been describing as “elements” in the form of a linguistic
message are technically known as “morphemes.”

A word Morphology is from Greece “morphe “that has meaning “forms”. It means the
morphology is a science of language that focuses on language and how that language special
word formed. Morphology is the study of the basic building blocks of meaning in language.
Morphology is the study of how words are put together or “shaped” by using morphemes,
which include prefixes, roots, and suffixes.

Knowing the different morphemes in a word allows one to not only figure out its definition,
but also determine whether it’s a noun, verb, or adjective. The words morphology and
morpheme both come from the Greek root word morph meaning “shape;” morphology is
therefore the study of the “shape” words take, whereas morphemes are those building blocks
which “shape” the word.

We do not actually have to go to other languages such as Swahili to discover that “word
forms” may consist of a number of elements. We can recognize that English word forms such
as talks, talker, talked and talking must consist of one element talk, and a number of other
elements such as -s, -er, -ed and -ing. All these elements are described as morphemes. The
definition of a morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” Units of
grammatical function include forms used to indicate past tense or plural, for example.

In the sentence The police reopened the investigation, the word reopened consists of three
morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re-
(meaning “again”) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed (indicating past tense).
The word tourists also contains three morphemes. There is one minimal unit of meaning tour,
another minimal unit of meaning -ist (marking “person who does something”), and a minimal
unit of grammatical function -s (indicating plural).

For example, linguists say that the word buyers is made up of three morphemes{buy} +{er}
+{s}. The evidence for this is that each can occur in other combinations of morphemes
without changing its meaning. We can find {buy} in buying, buys, and {er} in seller, fisher,
as well as buyer. And {s} can be found in boys, girls, and dogs. The more combinations a
morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said tobe.

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 B. Kinds of Morphemes
1. Free Morphemes

Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes
({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).

A morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. It is bound if it can only appear
as part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. Every morpheme is either free or bound. Free
morphemes are also referred as roots.

2. Bound Morphemes

Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be
lexical morphemes (such as {clued} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be
grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, and
suffixes.

There are also bound morphemes, which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone
and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s. These forms were
described in Chapter 5 as affixes. So, we can say that all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in
English are bound morphemes. The free morphemes can generally be identified as the set of
separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. When they are used
with bound morphemes attached, the basic word forms are technically known as stems.

Undressed carelessness
un- dress -ed care -less -ness
prefix stem suffix stem suffix suffix
(bound) (free) (bound) (free) (bound) (bound)

We should note that this type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological
facts of English. There are a number of English words in which the element treated as the
stem is not, in fact, a free morpheme. In words such as receive, reduce and repeat, we can
identify the bound morpheme re- at the beginning, but the elements -ceive, -duce and -peat
are not separate word forms and hence cannot be free morphemes. These types of forms are
sometimes described as “bound stems” to keep them distinct from “free stems” such as dress
and care.

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 C.Lexical and Functional Morphemes
Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (moreaccurately, they have
sense). Functional morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes. But the
distinction is not all that well defined. Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are
typical lexical morphemes. Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are
grammatical morphemes.

Lexical morphemes and some examples are: girl, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow,
sincere, open, look, follow, break. We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather
easily, so they are treated as an “open” class of words.

Other types of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. Examples are and, but,
when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them. This set consists largely of the
functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.
Because we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are described
as a “closed” class of words.

D. Division of Morphemes into Various Types

1) Root Words (also called stems)

A root is the irreducible core of a Word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it. It is
the part that is always present, possibly with some modification, in the various manifestations
of a lexical. Many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots which are capable of
standing independently are called free morphemes.

Root Stem
 When a root morpheme is combined with
Non-affix lexical content morphemes that affix morphemes, it forms a stem.
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts (ex.)
 Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a
cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc. more complex stem.
 Free Root Morpheme: run bottle, phone, etc.
 Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncouth, nonchalant, etc.

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 Complex words consist of a root and one or more affixes. A root is a content morpheme
that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts. Seen another way, the root is what's left when all
prefixes and suffixes have been removed. Some examples are paint in painter, read in reread,
and ling in linguistic. A root may or may not be a standalone word (ling isn't). Root words
can be combined with prefixes and suffixes to create new words. In this basic course, the
words "root" and "stem" are used interchangeably because, while not identical, they are
linguistically similar in meaning.

2) Affixes (prefixes, suffixes)

Affixes are bound morphemes (meaning they cannot stand alone like words can) that we
add to free morphemes to create new words.
Prefixes Suffixes
Bound morphemes which Bound morphemes
occur only before other which occur following
morphemes. other morphemes.
Examples: Examples:
un- (uncover,undo) -er (singer, performer)
dis- (displeased,disconnect) -ist (typist,pianist)
pre- (predetermine,prejudge) -ly (manly, friendly)

a. Prefixes

Prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of word that party
indicates its meaning. For example, the word prefix itself begins with a prefix-pre,
with generally means before. Understanding of the common prefixes can help
deduce the meaning of new words that we encounter. However, some of prefixes
(such as in-) have more than one meaning. Agusmortoyo et al (2012: 3-4)

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 Prefix Meaning Example
a, an Without Amoral
Ante Before Antecedent
Anti Against Anticlimax
Auto Self Autopilot
Circum Around Circumvent
Co With Copilot
Com With Companion,
Con contact
Contra Against Contradict
De Off, away from Devalue
Dis Not Disappear

b. Sufixes

Suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new
word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word. For example, the
verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the suffix –er; read can be
made into the adjective by adding the suffix – able. Agusmortoyo et al (2012: 3-4)

Suffix Meaning Example

-acy State or quality Privacy
-al Act or process of Refusal
-ance, ence State or quality of Maintenance,
eminence
-dom Place or state of Freedom, kingdom
being
-er, -or One who Trainer, protector
-ism Doctrine, belief Communism
-ist One who Chemist
Ity,-ty Quality of Veracity
-ment Condition of Argument
-ness State of being Heaviness

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 -ship Position held Fellowship
-sion, -tion State of being Concession,
transition

There are two types of morpheme: free morpheme, and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is
then further divided into two: lexical and functional morpheme. Bound morpheme is also
further divided into two categories: derivational and inflectional morpheme.

Derivational morpheme changes the root's class of words or its meaning, or both. The word
'unhappy' derives from the root happy added with a prefix un. Both 'happy' and 'unhappy' are
adjectives. The meaning, however, is totally different. "I am unhappy" is totally different
from "i am happy". in this case, the prefix un is called derivational morpheme.

Inflectional morpheme, on the other hand, does not change either the root's class of words or
the meaning. the word 'books', for example, derives from the root book added with a suffix –
s. both 'book' and 'books' are noun. the meaning is still the same. the suffix –s only indicates
the plural form. in this case, the suffix –s is inflectional.

We can make a further distinction within the set of morphemes that are both bound and
grammatical. Bound grammatical morphemes (those that don’t havea sense by themselves
and, additionally, always occur in combinations) arecommonly known as affixes. They can
be further divided into inflectionalaffixes and derivational affixes.Here is some of the
evidence for the distinction between inflectional andderivational affixes (the book has more):

Inflectional Affixes Derivational Affixes

All are suffixes
Have a wide range of application. E.g.
most English nouns can be made
plural, with {PLU}
All native to English (since Old English
was spoken around 500-1000 AD)
May be either suffixes or prefixes
May have a wide or narrow range
Many were adopted from Latin, Greek,
or other languages. (Though others,
especially the suffixes, are native,
including {ful}, {like}, {ly}, and {AG})

1. Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional morphemes, on the other hand, do notchange meanings or parts of speech, but
instead simply make minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other words.
Example: cats =cat + s
cooler =cool + er.
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 English has only eight inflectional affixes:
1. {PLU} = plural Noun –s boys
2. {POSS} = possessive Noun -’s boy’s
3. {COMP} = comparative Adjective -er older
4. {SUP} = superlative Adjective -est oldest
5. {PRES} = present Verb -s walks
6. {PAST} past Verb -ed walked
7. {PAST PART} = past participle Verb -en driven
8. {PRES PART} = present participle Verb -ing driving

Notice that, as noted above, even irregular forms can be represented morphologically is using
these morphemes. E.g. the irregular plural sheep iswritten as {sheep} + {PLU}, even though
the typically form of {PLU} is not usedhere.
Similarly, better = {good} + {COMP}; drove = {drive} + {PAST}.

2. Derivational Affixes
Derivational morphemes create new words. Theyderive new words from other words.
Derivational change part of speech or the meaning of a word.
Example :
unhappy un + happy;
happiness happy + ness
preview pre + view.
There is an indefinite number of derivational morphemes.For example, the following are
some derivational suffixes:
{ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize
{ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize
{ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful
{ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly
A different {ly} attaches to a noun and changes it into an adjective: manly, friendly
English also has derivational prefixes, such as:{un}, {dis}, {a}, {anti}, all of which
indicate some kind of negation: unhappy, dislike, atypical, anti-aircraft.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

Conclusion

Morphology is one aspect in linguistic specially studies about a word and linguistic
studies about language, to make a good language we must study about morphology because
morphology is one of basics thing in linguistic. Morphology is very important for every
people, because if we understand morphology, we will easy to make new word.
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.Free morphemes are also referred
as roots.Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word.Bound
morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, Infixes, and
suffixes.

Inflectional morphemes, on the other hand, do not change meanings or parts of speech,
but instead simply make minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other
words. Derivational morphemes create new words. They derive new words from other words.

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