ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Contents
• Introduction to sinusoids
• Periodic function and fundamental period
• Fourier Series & Fourier Theorem
• Fourier Series (Trigonometric Form)
• Fourier Series of Functional Symmetry
• Other Forms of Fourier Series (exponential & combined
trigonometric)
 Sinusoid
• A sinusoid is a function waveform that has the form of the sine
or cosine function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙
• Where:
◦Am= maximum amplitude of the sinusoid
◦𝜔 = angular frequency in radians/ sec
◦𝜔𝑥 = argument of the sinusoid
◦ 𝜙 = phase angle
Examples of Sinusoidal Waveforms
1.5
sin(x)
cos(x)
1

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-10 -5 0 5 10
 Periodic Function
• A periodic function is a function that satisfies,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝 for all x and for all integers n
• The period p of the function is the time of one complete cycle
or the number of seconds/ cycle
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑥 + 𝑝

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝
Fundamental Period, 𝑝𝑜
• 𝑝𝑜 – the smallest period of a periodic function, 𝑝𝑜 (>0)

𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝜔𝑜 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝜔𝑜 𝑥
• Where:
2𝜋
◦𝜔𝑜 = : the fundamental frequency (rad/s)
𝑝𝑜
◦𝑝𝑜 = fundamental period
Fundamental Period, p
• Find the smallest positive period p:
a) cos 𝑥
b) sin 𝑥
c) cos 2𝑥
d) sin 3𝑥
e) cos 𝜋𝑥
f) sin 2𝜋𝑥
 Graphs of 2 Periodic Functions
• Sketch the following functions 𝑓 𝑥 , which are assumed to be
periodic with period 2 and for −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋:
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
c) 𝑓 𝑥 =
0 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
𝑥 −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
d) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝜋−𝑥 0≤𝑥 ≤𝜋
Periodic and Non – Periodic Functions

• Periodic functions
◦ cosine
◦ sine
• Non – Periodic
◦ polynomial functions
◦ logarithmic functions
◦ hyperbolic functions
Fourier Series
• a mathematical tool of representing periodic, non
– sinusoidal functions
• mathematical means of analyzing circuits and/or
signals with periodic, non – sinusoidal excitations www.nndb.com

(input functions)
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
• a technique for expressing non – sinusoidal (1768 – 1830)
functions in terms of sinusoids
• a trigonometric series (cosine and sine terms) used
to represent a given periodic function
 Fourier Theorem
• Any practical periodic function of frequency o can be
expressed as an infinite sum of sine or cosine functions that
are integral multiples of o.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 cos 𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝜔0 𝑥 +
𝑎2 cos 2𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔0 𝑥 +
𝑎3 cos 3𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔0 𝑥 + ⋯
∞

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑥

𝑛=1
Fourier Series ∞

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑥

𝑛=1
Where:
𝜔0 : Fundamental frequency (radian/ sec)
𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 : Fourier coefficients
𝑎0 : the average value of f(x)
cos 𝑛𝜔0 or sin 𝑛𝜔0 : nth harmonic of f(x)
if n = even: even harmonic
if n = odd: odd harmonic
 Fourier Series
• Representation Requirements
◦f(x) is single – valued everywhere
◦f(x) has a finite number of finite discontinuities in any one period
◦f(x) has a finite number of maxima and minima in any one period
• Fourier Analysis
◦the process of determining the coefficients ao, an and bn in the
Fourier Series
Fourier Series of Functions with Period 2𝝅
Trigonometric Form
∞
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
𝑝0 𝑝0
𝑛=1
𝑝0 𝑝0
1 2 2𝜋𝑛𝑥
𝑎0 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 0 𝑝0 0 𝑝0
𝑝0
2 2𝜋𝑛𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋯
𝑝0 0 𝑝0
Sample Problems
Fourier Series of Functions with 𝑝0 = 2𝜋
• Find the Fourier Series
f(x)
f(x)
4
2

0 𝜋
x −4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 x
−2𝜋 −𝜋 2𝜋
−2
Sample Problems
Fourier Series of Functions with 𝑝0 = 2𝜋
• Find the Fourier Series
f(x) f(x)
2 𝜋

−4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 x −4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

x
−2
Sample problems
Fourier Series for Functions of any Period p

• Find the Fourier Series of the following periodic functions,

and sketch their graph in the interval – 4 < x < 4
1 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
−1 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
 Functional Symmetry

• A non – sinusoidal and periodic wave can have the following

types of symmetry:
◦Even symmetry
◦Odd symmetry
 Even Symmetry
• 𝑓 𝑥 possess even symmetry if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑥
• Mirror symmetry exists about the vertical axis or 𝑓 𝑥 axis
• Examples of even symmetry: 𝑥 2 , cos 3𝑥, sin2 2𝑥

Odd Symmetry
• 𝑓 𝑥 possess odd symmetry if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥
• The function is the same except for a reversal in sign
• Examples of odd symmetry: 𝑥, sin 4𝑥, 𝑥 3
 Properties of Even and Odd Functions
• The product of two even functions is even
• The product of two odd functions is even
• The product of an even and an odd function is odd
• The sum of two even functions is even
• The sum of two odd functions is odd
• The sum of an even and odd function is neither odd nor even
Even and Odd Function
• Are the following functions odd, even, or neither odd nor
even?
1. 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
2. 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
3
3. 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
4. sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑥 3 𝑥 + 1
 Fourier Series of Functional Symmetry
Even Symmetry: Fourier Cosine Series
∞
Where: 2𝜋𝑛
𝑝0 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥
2 2 𝑝0
𝑎0 = 0
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛=1
𝑝0
𝑎0 = 0 (if 𝑓 𝑥 has an average value = 0)
𝑝0
2 2 2𝜋𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 2 0
𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 𝑝0
𝑏𝑛 = 0
 Fourier Series of Functional Symmetry
Odd Symmetry: Fourier Sine Series
∞
Where: 2𝜋𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
𝑎0 = 0 𝑝0
𝑛=1
𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑝0
2 2 2𝜋𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 2 0
𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 𝑝0
Fourier Cosine Series

• Find the Fourier Series

f(x) f(x)
2𝜋 𝜋
𝜋

x 0 2𝜋
x
−4𝜋−3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋

−𝜋
 Fourier Sine Series

• Find the Fourier Series

f(x) f(x)
2
1

−3 1 x x
−2 −1 0 2 3 4 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
−1
−2
 Other Forms of Fourier Series
• Exponential Form
◦ Cyclic Frequency Form 𝑝0
1
∞ 𝐶𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝜔0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 0
𝑖𝑘𝜔0 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑒
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯
𝑘=−∞

◦Radian Frequency Form

𝑝0
1
∞ 𝐶𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘2𝜋𝑓0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑒 𝑖𝑘2𝜋𝑓0 𝑥
𝑘=−∞
𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯
Other Forms of Fourier Series
• Combined Trigonometric Form
∞

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐶0 + 2 𝐶𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑥 + 𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑝0 𝑝0
1 1
𝐶0 = 𝑎0 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑝0 0 𝑝0 0

𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯
 Fourier Series
• Find the Fourier Series in exponential and combined
trigonometric forms
f(x) f(x)
2 𝑉

x x
−3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 −2𝑝𝑜 −𝑝𝑜 0 𝑝𝑜 2𝑝𝑜 3𝑝𝑜

−2
 end
FOURIER SERIES