4/26/2016

Introduction of “Digital Application in Electrical

System””
System
th
30 April2016 at Vadodara
Dave Kamin
Senior Manager
Business Development & Engineering
kamin@ashida.co.in
www.ashidaelectronics.com

What is Digital Technology?

• Electronic technology that generates, stores

and process data in terms of high and low
state or True & False state

Two states: High (1) and Low (0)

Each of these state digits is referred to as a bit

String of Bits addressed as a Byte (1 byte = 8
bits or 16 bits or 32 bits data)

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What is Digital Technology?

Why Digital Substation in Electrical

System?

Objectives.....
• Reduced Complex wiring
• Reduced Maintenance cost
• Interoperability between vendors
• Pre and Post information about equipment
health and substation occurrences, provides
the information about reliability and
availability of electrical system
• Faster remedial actions based on data
received

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What are the Digital Equipments

used in Electrical System?
• Digital relays (MicroP
(MicroP relays)
• Digital meters
• Ethernet switches / Modem
• Communication cable
• Data concentrators and I/Os
• GPS clock / receiver antenna
• Phasor measurement unit
• HVDC controller
• Generator controller
• Fiber optic CT/VT
• Merging unit

What are the Physical media available for

Digital data transmission in Electrical System?

• RS232 communication cable

Point to point network connection
• RS485 communication cable

Multidrop network connection
• Ethernet RJ45 communication cable

Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast through
ethernet
• Fiber optic communication cable

Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast through
ethernet

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What are the Physical media available for

Digital data transmission in Electrical System?

• Data transmission is through Satellite

GPS time synchronization

What are the Communication Protocols for Digital

data transmission used in Electrical System?

• Modbus

Introduced by Modicon

Mainly use for SCADA and metering at local/remote
end

• DNP
• ETHERNET (TCP/IP)

Use for networking (LAN < 5km)
• IEC60870-
IEC60870-5-103/104

Open protocol for protection
• IEC61850

Open protocol for substation automation

Beyond protocol (application for substation
engineering)

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What are the Communication Protocols for Digital

data transmission used in Electrical System?

• IEC61850 Protocol

Open protocol for substation automation

Interoperability: Exchange information between
IED’s from different vendors

Use this information for own function (CB status
received by IED1 can send GOOSE message to
IED2)

Flexible configuration

Where to apply Digital technology in

Electrical System?

• Digital Applications in Electrical System

Power Generation
 Wind and Solar Generation
 Thermal and Hydro Generation

Power Transmission

Power Distribution

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Where to apply Digital technology in

Electrical System?
• Operations Optimizations

Power plant/Process Industries Operation
 Remote control of generator
 Synchronization

Transmission system Operation, monitoring &
control
 SCADA, Load dispatch control, Unmanned
control/remote operation of substation

Distribution system Operation
 Reactive power control through capacitor bank ON/OFF
 Load shedding
• Asset Performance

On line monitoring of equipment

What are the Applications of Digital technology in

Electrical System?
 General Purpose:
 Monitoring Functions
 Online monitoring power system/relaying parameters
(i.e. Voltages/Currents/Power/Status of Digital Inputs &
Outputs, Status of protection function operated/not
operated, Circuit breaker status ON/OFF, Power
transformer operating parameters monitoring etc.)
 Control Functions
 Circuit breaker / Isolator Operations from remote
location
 Load shedding in Auto/Manual mode, Capacitor bank
control, static VAR compensator control
 Recording and Analysis
 Sequence of Event with time stamping
 Disturbance storing and analysis

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What are the Applications of Digital technology in

Electrical System?
 General Purpose:
 Power system and Substation details available at one
point location / remote location
 Unmanned Substation / Remote operation

Digital technology used in Electrical

System
• Electrical SCADA system / PMS system

Substation Automation

Power management, Grid Islanding and Load
shedding system

Monitoring of active and reactive power details
at remote end
• Synchrophasor system

Wide area monitoring, protection and control
• Numerical Protection & Control

Line differential application

Disturbance and Event recording

Metering

Transfer trip of distance protection scheme

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What Is Conventional S/S?

Digital
•Digital
Substation

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IEC61850 Digital S/S: Standards

• Part 1 to 10
• Part 6 for SCL
• Part 8-
8-1 for IEC GOOSE/GSE (Generic object
oriented substation event) message

Also known as Virtual inputs and outputs

Data type Boolean (0 / 1 states)

Station bus application (Interlocks, alarms, trip logic)
• Part 9-
9-2 for Process bus Implementation

Sampled value

Analogue values to be converted in to Digital values

Digital values applied to Protection relays

IEC61850 Digital S/S: Standards

Part 9-2: Sampled values for Process bus

Implementation
 80 Samples/Cycle for Protection
Function (4kHz sampling rate)
4000packets
4000packets / seconds
 256 Samples/Cycle for Metering
Function (12.
12.8kHz sampling rate)
12800packets
12800packets / seconds
 Reduce Field wiring cost

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What is IEC61850 Digital Substation?

SCADA Station
HMI

Station Bus Fiber

Communications Optic
IEC61850-7-2/3/4
Gateway cable
IEC61850-8-1

IED1 IED2 IED3

Fiber
Optic
cable
Process Bus
CT IEC61850-9-2 VT

IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

Substation Substation
HMI Computer

Router WAN

Ethernet Substation Bus

Switch
SCADA Master
IED IED IED IED

Ethernet Switch Process Bus

CT CT
MU IOU IOU MU
PT PT
XCBR

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

“Station Bus” LAN

IEC 61850-8-1

“Process Bus” LAN

IEC 61850-9-2
IEDs

Digital
CT/VT IEDs

C
Intelligent A
Breaker
Power System B

The “Digital Substation”: both power system data and control over the LAN.

IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Typical

Basic Structure

IEC61850 Digital Substation: Merging

unit

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Merging

unit

80 samples/cycle

IEC61850 Digital Substation: Merging

unit

Part 9-2:
Where do We need Time Synchronization???

 <1 ms (General Applications)

 Sequence of Events
 DFR, Oscillography
 <10 microseconds (High Precision)
 Sampled Value (IEC61850
(IEC61850-
61850-9-2)
 SynchrophasorW (C37
(C37.
37.118)
118)

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Basic

Structure by using Optical CT/VT

IEC61850 Digital Substation: CFE

project (USA)

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IEC61850 Digital Substation: Optical CT

Manufacturer 1 Manufacturer 2

IEC61850 Digital S/S: Optical CT

• Smaller size and Lighter weight

(approximately 20%) compare to
conventional CT
• Easy to install at site
• No CT saturation
• No maintenance
• Require less burden because the high level
output (1A/5A) not require to drive
• Composite insulator (no gas/oil inside)

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IEC61850 Digital S/S: Optical CT

Digital Substation: Instrument

Transformer

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Digital Substation: Ethernet connector

10Base-T 100Base-T 1000Base-T

IEEE Standard IEEE 802-3i IEEE 802-3u IEEE 802-3ab
Suitable Cable Category 3, 5 Category 5 Category 5e
Transmission 10M bps 100M bps 1000M bps
Speed

Digital Substation: Ethernet connector

1Gbps Ethernet link speed is highly recommended for Process bus

in switch network

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Digital Substation: IEC60870

IEC60870--5-103

Control Engineering
HMI
Center

Router

Station
10 MBit/s Switch Controller
RS485-
Ethernet

Bay Relay A Relay B Bay Relay A Relay B

Controller Controller

Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional

Switchgear CT / VT's Switchgear CT / VT's

Digital Substation: IEC60870

IEC60870--5-103

SCADA HMI

RS232

Station Controller

RS485/RS422/RS232, IEC60870

SWB1 SWB2 SWB3 SWB4

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Digital Substation: IEC60870

IEC60870--5-103

Q1A IO module

RS485/RS422/RS232, IEC60870
CB 52

Q2
RS232

Relays Meters

IEC61850 Station Bus Implementation

Ethernet Switch Ethernet Switch

Hardwired

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IEC61850 Station Bus Implementation

SCADA HMI

RJ45, IEC60870-
IEC60870-5-104
Station Controller

RJ45-
RJ45-Copper or FO, IEC61850

Bay Switch 1 Bay Switch 2

SWB1 SWB2 SWB3 SWB4

IEC61850 S/S

• Communication
Network Architectures

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IEC61850 S/S: Network Topology

(Digital Substation)
Cascading Bus
Architecture
1 2 3 4 N

IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED
IED IED IED IED IED
IED IED IED IED IED

• Cost-effective bus architecture – messages cascade from

switch to switch.

IEC61850 S/S: Network Topology

(Digital Substation)
Star Connected Bus Architecture
Station
level
Switches
Bay level
Switches
Communication
of IEDs failed Failed

• Simple Connections & Configurations

• Not Protected against single point failure

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IEC61850 S/S: Network Topology

(Digital Substation)
Redundant Star Connected Bus Architecture

Communication
through LAN-
LAN-B Failed

IEDn1 IEDn2 IEDn3 IEDn4 IEDn5 IEDn6

• Entire network is duplicated

• Increase complexity & cost of substation
• Each devices have two IP addresses & two application
instances

IEC61850 S/S: Network Topology

(Digital Substation)

Ring Connected Bus Architecture

PATH 1 PATH 2
Fault

IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED
IED IED IED IED IED
IED IED IED IED IED

• N+1 Fault Tolerant Ring Architecture

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IEC61850 S/S: Network Topology

(Digital Substation)

Double Ring Connected Bus Architecture

Duplicate ring

IED3 IED4 IED5

IED1 IED2

IEC61850 Standard Contents……:

Part 4/5

Performance Class P1: Total Transmission Time shall be

around 10ms

Performance Class P2/3: Total Transmission Time shall be

around 3ms

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IEC61850 Standard Contents……:

Part 4/5

Transmission Time of Point to Point = GOOSE encoding at

sender + Network delay + GOOSE decoding at receiver

• Network delay is 100microS at 100Mbps link speed &

10microS at 1Gbps speed

Digital S/S: Conventional S/S

• Complex wiring of Conventional S/S

• Less Reliability of Conventional S/S
• Required Periodic maintenance for
Conventional S/S
• Required More space and money for
installation of Conventional S/S
• More Commissioning Time for Conventional
S/S
• More Troubleshooting Time for Conventional
S/S
• Require more Manpower for Operations of
Conventional S/S
• Operators & Experienced Technicians can
able to operate Conventional S/S

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Digital S/S: Conventional S/S

• Instrument transformer maintenance not
require in case of Fiber optic CT/VT used
• Avoided Current transformer saturation
due to DC offset in case of Fiber optic CT
used

Digital S/S: Key Points

• Digital S/S have following;

Easy to use

Easy to configure

Good cyber security

High availability

Better visualization

Flexible Alarm system

Easy to use report generation

Availability of Historical data

Accurate time synchronization for process bus

Ensure the availability of time sychronization

Merging unit performance shall not be affect by external

ethernet trafic

Merging unit shall have good performance under EMI/EMC

conditions and shall have self diagnostics feature of failure

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Digital S/S: Key Standards

IEC61850

IEEE C37.92 Low energy analogue

IEC 61869-
61869-9 Digital Interface for CT/VT

IEC 61869-
61869-13 Standardization of MU

IEC 60044-
60044-7 Electronic VT

IEC 60044-
60044-8 Electronic CT

PC 37.235 Rogowski Coil Guide

PSRC WG I8 Optical CT/PT Guide

IEC TC38WG37L. Kojovic (US), F. Rahmatian (CA)

C37.1 SCADA

C37.111 COMTRADE

C37.118-
C37.118-1/2 Synchrophasor system

•Ask Q?
• kamin@ashida.co.in

• www.ashidaelectronics.com

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