Changes in Energy on the Molecular Level

Matter is all around us! Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. However, what is it about each
category that makes it special? What are the characteristics of each? Is matter capable of
changing state or form? How are these changes possible? Are they reversible? All of these are
excellent questions! The answers help us understand the world around us much better.

Molecules and Atoms

Before understanding the differences in each state and how heat affects them, one needs to
understand that matter is made up of molecules in any state. Molecules are small pieces, called
atoms, that are packed together. You cannot see molecules or atoms easily. You would need to use
powerful microscopes to see how these are arranged, or spaced together.

Improved technology has allowed

scientists to explore the world of
science on a much deeper level.

Matter in a Solid State

When a material is in a solid state, the atoms are packed closely together. There
is minimal space between them. Solid structures have a specific shape and
volume. Volume refers to the amount of space an object occupies. Molecules in
a solid do not flow. Instead, they stay at the same position, resulting in the solid
holding its shape.

Matter in a Liquid State

Unlike molecules in a solid state, molecules in liquid form flow. When a material
is in a liquid state, the atoms are packed more loosely, creating a structure with a
definite volume but no definite shape. This means that even though we can
measure how much space is being taken up, the actual shape of the object
changes. Can you think of some everyday liquids?

Matter in a Gaseous State

When a material is in a gas state, its atoms are spread out freely; gases have no
definite shape or volume.

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 Changes in Energy on the Molecular Level

We interact with solids, liquids, and gases on a daily basis. Can you think of some examples of
when we need these three states of matter for our survival? List one of each state and the
rationale, or reason.
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Effect on Atoms
The addition (and removal) of thermal energy can cause materials to change characteristics. When
heat is added, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster. As the vibrations speed up, the space
between atoms increases. In the case of solids, this would cause melting to occur. The once solid
item would now be a liquid.

If increased heat was added to a liquid, it is likely that the liquid’s atoms would similarly separate
and push apart if the temperature was hot enough. This would result in yet another change in the
state of matter. You have likely seen this with boiling a substance. With water, for example, a
temperature of 100 degrees Celsius would create conditions for the liquid to become a gas. Do
note, however, that this exact temperature is a property of water. This is not a universal
temperature that fits all materials. It is unique to water!

In the picture above, there are some changes happening to the liquid. What are they? List three
changes that are occurring. Be sure to use science terminology that includes matter and thermal
energy. For example, the liquid state of water is boiling.

1.
2.
3.

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 Changes in Energy on the Molecular Level

Picture A

Picture B

Describe how the different weather conditions would affect the concrete in the roads, and what the
construction teams might need to consider when choosing materials for each road.

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 Changes in Energy on the Molecular Level

In the chart below, use true or false to determine which statements are accurate and which are
not. After writing down your reply on the black line, provide the evidence in favor of or against the
statement. Use the last illustration column to provide a visual.

Statement Evidence Illustration

The effects of adding heat are

reversible.

__________

Properties of atoms do not

change.

__________

When heat is added to atoms,

the molecules vibrate much
more slowly.

__________

As atoms vibrate faster, the

space between them
decreases.

__________

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 Changes in Energy on the Molecular Level

To help your child learn more about the effects of heat on atoms, visit a natural history museum or
another museum that contains science information. If it is not possible to visit a museum, you may
want to use online resources to investigate the effects of heat and thermal energy.

Other suggestions for helping your child better understand the effects of heat on atoms include the
following:

•  Having your child interview or assist you in meal preparation, especially when adding large
amounts of thermal energy, such as making soup.
•  Having him or her create a model of atoms/molecules in the three states of matter
•  Using a balloon and placing it over an empty bottle of water. When the bottle is placed into an
area of heat, or even in hot water, watch the balloon’s reaction.
•  Brainstorming a list of situations in which knowledge of heat’s effects would be beneficial for
those involved and situations where the effect of heat could be detrimental or harmful.
•  Example: Heat affecting roads in both the winter and summer