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𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + ! 𝜌𝑉 ! = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (Eq. 2)
Bernoulli’s
Equation,
although
very
useful,
does
have
its
limitations.
Specific
flow
field
characteristics
must
be
valid
for
Bernoulli’s
Equation
to
be
valid.
These
conditions
include:
• Inviscid
Flow
• Steady
Flow
• Flow
along
a
streamline
• Incompressible
flow
Thus,
Bernoulli’s
Equation
in
the
form
listed
in
Equation
2
will
yield
invalid
results
if
rotational
flow
or
viscous
forces
exist.
It
also
is
invalid
if
heat
or
work
is
added
to
the
system.
Wakes
and
boundary
layers
are
two
examples
of
areas
where
Bernoulli’s
Equation
will
fail.
It
is
important
to
note
that
because
Bernoulli’s
Equation
is
not
valid
for
the
entire
flow
field,
this
does
not
mean
that
it
will
not
be
1
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
valid
for
any
region
of
the
flow
field.
To
demonstrate
this
principle,
in
Figure
1
below,
air
flow
is
supplied
through
the
top
opening
and
exits
through
two
parallel
disks.
Using
CFD,
the
flow
field
is
calculated
and
visualized.
Point
B
represents
a
recirculation
zone
where
rotational
flow
is
present.
Thus
applying
Bernoulli’s
Equation
from
Point
A
to
Point
B
would
be
invalid
and
yield
an
inaccurate
result.
Similarly,
applying
Bernoulli’s
Equation
from
Point
B
to
Point
C
would
be
invalid.
However,
applying
Bernoulli’s
Equation
from
Point
A
to
Point
C
is
not
invalid
and
could
yield
a
meaningful
result.
A
B
C
When
using
Bernoulli’s
Equation,
it
is
extremely
important
to
first
evaluate
the
flow
field
characteristics
and
ensure
that
all
conditions
are
met
such
that
the
result
will
be
valid.
2
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
B. EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURES
In
this
experiment,
Bernoulli’s
Equation
will
be
investigated
around
a
sphere
using
a
pitot-‐static
probe
mounted
in
a
wind
tunnel.
The
probe
will
be
moved
to
five
streamwise
locations
around
the
sphere,
indicated
in
Figure
3
below
(approximate
locations).
The
five
points
shown
will
roughly
follow
a
flow
streamline.
For
all
locations,
the
probe
cannot
be
placed
too
close
to
the
sphere
or
rod
holding
the
sphere
as
both
objects
produce
vibrations
and
boundary
layers
which
will
invalidate
the
measurements.
The
user
interface
of
the
LabView
Program
used
in
this
lab
is
shown
in
Figure
4.
The
static
pressure
is
measured
in
Channel
1
and
the
stagnation
pressure
is
measured
in
Channel
2.
Note:
Due
to
the
referencing
and
calibration
of
the
stagnation
pressure,
it
may
be
less
than
the
static
pressure.
The
absolute
value
of
the
difference
between
the
two
channels
should
be
used
for
velocity
calculations.
Figure
4:
Scanivalve
User
Interface
When
moving
the
pitot-‐static
probe,
use
the
two
knobs
to
translate
it
in
the
vertical
and
horizontal
directions.
Do
not
hit
the
pitot-‐static
probe
on
the
sphere.
Be
very
careful
when
moving
the
probe.
4
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
Part
I
1. Measure
the
atmospheric
pressure
using
the
wall
barometer
in
ME1030F.
2. Turn
on
the
wind
tunnel
by
flipping
the
power
switch
and
set
it
to
40
Hz
using
the
knob
on
the
side
of
the
tunnel.
Frequency
Indicator
Frequency
Dial
Power
switch
Figure
5:
Wind
Tunnel
Controls
Configuration
3. Position
the
probe
upstream
of
the
sphere
in
the
freestream.
Figure
6:
Position
A
4. Open
the
Scanivalve
LabView
program
in
the
desktop
5. Click
“Run”
by
pressing
the
white
arrow
key
located
in
the
top
left
corner
6. Click
on
the
pop-‐up
window
that
says,
“Please
enter
DSA
IP
Address,
then
click
here”
(IP
address
should
have
been
filled
automatically).
7. Click
“File”,
then
“Open
Log
File”
8. Inside
the
folder
(D:\ME309_Spring2017_Students),
label
your
file
by
your
last
name
with
division,
group,
and
lab
numbers
then
format
as
.adf
file
(For
example,
Div6_Group5_Lab2.adf).
Click
“OK"
(You
MUST
type
.adf
as
a
file
format)
5
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
9. Zero
your
X
and
Y
positions
on
the
Scanivalve
LabView
screen
(You
only
need
to
do
it
once)
10. Click
“Start
Scan”
in
the
Scanivalve
LabView
Program.
11. Move
the
probe
to
the
second
position.
Figure
7:
Position
B
12. Wait
15
seconds
for
the
air
to
settle
following
the
movement
of
the
probe.
13. Click
“Start
Scan”
in
the
Scanivalve
LabView
Program
and
record
the
static
and
stagnation
pressures
on
your
data
sheet.
14. Repeat
steps
12-‐14
three
times
using
the
positions
shown
below.
6
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
Part
II
1. Open
the
test
section
of
the
windtunnel
and
rotate
the
pitot-‐static
probe
about
45o
towards
you.
Close
the
test
section.
Be
sure
the
pitot
probe
is
well
above
the
sphere,
else
the
sphere
will
vibrate
significantly.
Figure
11:
45
Degree
Angle
2. Flip
the
power
switch
to
turn
on
the
wind
tunnel.
3. Turn
the
knob
on
the
wind
tunnel
to
set
the
Hz
to
40.0.
4. Click
“Start
Scan”
in
the
Scanivalve
LabView
Program
and
record
the
static
and
stagnation
pressures.
5. Turn
the
Hz
on
the
wind
tunnel
back
down
to
zero
and
flip
the
power
switch
on
the
wind
tunnel.
6. Repeat
steps
1-‐5
two
more
times
using
90
degree
and
180
degree
turns.
7. When
you
complete
all
your
data
acquisition,
click
“Stop
Scan”
in
the
Scanivalve
LabView
Program.
Your
file
(.adf
format)
should
consist
of
all
the
data
acquired
(openable
from
notepad).
Make
sure
to
email
your
data
before
you
leave.
Figure
13:
90
Degree
Position
Figure
12:
180
Degree
Position
7
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
C. REPORT
Introduction
• Provide
background
on
Bernoulli’s
Equation,
its
applications,
limitations,
with
a
focus
on
how
it
will
be
used
in
this
particular
experiment
• Provide
background
on
the
pitot-‐static
probe,
its
applications,
and
functionality
o Include
details
on
static
and
dynamic
pressure
and
the
physical
meanings
of
each
parameter
• Provide
background
on
flow
dynamics
around
a
sphere
• State
all
assumptions
being
used
in
this
lab
(there
are
more
than
just
the
Bernoulli
limitations)
• The
final
form
of
the
exact
equation
that
will
be
used
to
compute
velocity
in
the
data
analysis
must
be
explicitly
stated
• Remember
to
include
ALL
equations
that
were
used
for
calculations
in
the
results
section
here
Results
Section
Part
I
• Plot
1:
Use
the
x-‐scale
for
each
point,
normalized
such
that
x
∈ [0,1]
for
all
points
and
plot
dynamic
pressure
vs.
X
• Plot
2:
Calculate
the
velocity
at
each
point
using
Bernoulli’s
Equation.
Plot
the
velocity
vs.
X
• Using
the
freestream
velocity
estimate,
determine
the
experimental
Reynolds
Number
of
the
sphere
Part
II
• Plot
3:
Plot
the
dynamic
pressure
vs.
Pitot-‐static
probe
angle
• Plot
4:
Calculate
the
velocity
estimate
for
the
four
pitot-‐static
probe
angles
tested
in
the
experiment
0o,
45o,
90o,
and
180o
General
Notes
• Uncertainty
Analysis
should
be
done
on
the
velocity
measurements
using
the
uncertainty
in
the
pressure
and
density
measurements
(note
density
uncertainty
is
contributed
by
barometric
pressure
and
temperature
uncertainties,
so
two
uncertainty
derivations
are
required:
one
for
pressure,
one
for
temperature)
o All
velocity
graphs
should
have
uncertainty
bars
8
School of Mechanical Engineering
ME309L – The Bernoulli Equation – Spring 2017
Discussion
Section
• Determine
the
points
between
which
Bernoulli’s
Equation
is
valid
and
the
points
between
which
Bernoulli’s
equation
fails
using
a
table
like
the
following:
From
To
Valid
or
Invalid
Point
Point
W
X
Invalid
X
Y
Valid
Y
Z
Invalid
o For
each
point
pair
that
fails,
provide
a
detailed
explanation
of
why
Bernoulli’s
Equation
fails
(In
example,
simply
stating:
“Bernoulli’s
fails
because
the
flow
field
was
turbulent”
is
not
enough
detail,
you
must
state
why
Bernoulli’s
Equation
fails
if
the
flow
is
turbulent.)
o For
each
point
pair
that
is
valid,
provide
a
detailed
explanation
of
why
it
is
reasonable
to
conclude
Bernoulli’s
Equation
was
valid.
• Based
on
the
calculated
Reynolds
Number
(Sphere
Diameter
=
3
in),
will
the
flow
separate
off
of
the
sphere
(Refer
to
Lab
1
for
details)?
o Provide
a
detailed
explanation
of
why
or
why
not.
o What
is
a
favorable
pressure
gradient?
What
is
an
adverse
pressure
gradient?
o Draw
a
diagram
of
the
pressure
gradient
on
the
sphere,
clearly
labeling
locations
of
adverse
and
favorable
pressure
gradients
• Discuss
observations
of
the
changes
in
experimental
velocity
measurements
at
the
four
pitot-‐static
probe
angles.
• Provide
a
detailed
explanation
for
why
the
dynamic
pressure
changes
as
observed
when
the
angle
is
altered
• Discuss
limitations
that
are
caused
by
the
experiment
procedure
and
ways
to
improve
the
experimental
methods
Appendix
• The
raw
data
should
be
included
in
a
typed
Appendix
table
• Include
sample
calculations
for
all
calculated
parameters
• Include
derivation
of
Bernoulli’s
equation
• Include
derivation
of
velocity
uncertainty
• Attach
the
Raw
Data
sheet
to
the
end
of
the
report
• There
should
be
absolutely
no
handwritten
or
scanned
in
pages
in
the
Appendix
(Except
the
Raw
Data
sheet
which
should
be
scanned
in
as
the
last
page.)
9