R27 2012 ForeignCredentials Eng

Transferability of Foreign
Credentials in the Canadian

Labour Market:
Field of Study and Location
of Study
Li Xu
C i t i z e n s h i p a n d I mmi g ra t i o n C a nad a
Li Xue
A g ri cu lt u re a n d A g ri - F o o d C a n ad a
M a y 2012
Re s e a r c h a n d E v a l u a t i o n
The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
reflect those of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada.
Ref. No.: R27-2012

Table of contents
Executive summary ................................................................................................. 3
Part One ............................................................................................................... 6
I. Introduction .................................................................................................... 6
II. Literature review ............................................................................................. 7
III. Data and methodology ....................................................................................... 9
IV. Descriptive analysis ......................................................................................... 11
V. Regression analysis ......................................................................................... 14

Results of models of pooled sample including all postsecondary fields .................................. 14
Part Two ............................................................................................................. 17

Effect of Country of Study ........................................................................................ 17
Education-occupation match .................................................................................. 17
Log of earnings .................................................................................................. 17
Field of study ....................................................................................................... 17
Log of earnings .................................................................................................. 19
Analysis for the six selected fields .............................................................................. 19
Degrees in business (business, management, marketing and related support services) .............. 20
Log of annual earnings ......................................................................................... 20
Degrees in Engineering ............................................................................................ 22
Degrees in computer and information (computer and information sciences and support services) 25
Degrees in health professions (health professions and related clinical sciences) ................. 28
Log of earnings .................................................................................................. 29
Degrees in education .............................................................................................. 31
Degrees in social sciences ........................................................................................ 34
Log of earnings .................................................................................................. 35
Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 37
References .......................................................................................................... 40
-i-
Executive summary
This paper is the third of a three-part project using the 2006 Census micro data to examine the
associations between labour market outcomes and educational characteristics among
postsecondary educated (PSE) immigrants. The study takes advantage of information on the
location where the highest educational credential was obtained, available for the first time in the
2006 Census. The first part of this project drew a detailed educational portrait of PSE
immigrants. The second part of this project explores employment and occupational outcomes by
educational characteristics, the main focus being on the transferability of foreign degrees by field
of study and country of highest postsecondary degrees. The first two parts provides descriptive
analysis. In this third part of the project, we use multivariate analyses to tease out the
independent effects of country of study and field of study on occupational outcomes and
earnings, controlling for socio-demographic factors (e.g., education level, English and French
language ability, city of residence, visible minority status, etc.).
The goal of this paper is to examine the “transferability” of foreign postsecondary degrees to the
Canadian labour market by field of study and country of highest postsecondary degree.
“Transferability” of foreign degrees is examined for 19 main postsecondary fields and for 15 top
countries of study. The study focuses on two labour market outcomes. First, education-
occupation match status: whether a worker is employed in an occupation with skill level
commensurate with his/her education level defined based on the National Occupational
Classification (NOC) 2006. Second, the annual earnings, defined as the sum of wages and salaries.
The paper answers the following research questions: Does the country of postsecondary
education and field of study matter in the Canadian labour market? Specifically, are education-
occupation match and earnings of those immigrant workers who obtained degrees from countries
having educational systems similar to Canada comparable to those who do not? Are immigrant
groups with degrees in certain fields of study, or from certain countries, more likely to be
employed in occupations commensurate with their educational level and to have higher earnings
than others? Does the education-occupation match rate and earnings of immigrants with degrees
from different countries vary by field of study? What follows are selected highlights from the
results of this analysis.
Finding highlights
Results from regression analyses based on data from the 2006 Census suggest that while
Canadian education is proven to be an important predictor of labour market success of
immigrants, transferability of foreign degrees does vary significantly by field of study and country
of study. Furthermore, the transferability of credentials from different countries is not identical
among the main fields of study.
Country of study and education-occupation match and earnings

 After controlling for the effects of socio-demographic factors, the education-occupation
match rate and earnings of immigrant workers differed substantially according to the country
from which immigrants earned their postsecondary degrees.
 For first-generation immigrants, credentials from the US, UK and France, which have
education systems similar to Canada, generally yielded an education-occupation match rate
3
and returns to degrees similar to Canadian credentials. In some fields, predicted match rates
and earnings for credentials from these countries were even better than Canadian credentials.
 First-generation immigrants with degrees from non-traditional source countries generally had
poorer education-occupation match rate and deficits in earnings compared to those educated
in Canada. Immigrants who received their highest education from Ukraine, Poland, Pakistan,
Russia and China did particularly poorly, with large negative gaps in both outcomes.
 The variation patterns of the two labour market outcomes across country of study were
similar. In general, the countries showing a better education-match rate also showed better
returns to degrees even after controlling for the difference in education-occupation match,
however, there were exceptions to this similarity.
 First-generation immigrants, especially male immigrants, with degrees from the
Philippines showed a much lower education-occupation match rate compared to those
with Canadian degrees, but showed similar earnings after controlling for the difference in
education-occupation match.
Field of study and education-occupation match and earnings

 PSE workers showed varied labour market outcomes by field of study.
 For first-generation immigrants, among the 19 main fields of study, degrees in the fields of
computer and information, engineering, some pure sciences such as mathematics and
statistics, physical sciences, biology and biomedical sciences, and degrees in health
professions were associated with a better than average education-occupation match rate and
higher earnings, while degrees in agriculture, humanities and arts tended to be associated with
poorer education-occupation and lower earnings.
 In general, postsecondary field matches that were associated with poorer education-
occupation matches also showed lower earnings after controlling for education-occupation
match status, but there were exceptions. For first-generation immigrants, personal and
culinary service and family and consumer sciences, ranked in the middle for education-
occupation match rate, but their earnings were ranked near the bottom among the 19
postsecondary fields.
 The relative success across the 19 postsecondary fields for first-generation immigrants was
different from the Canadian born. The pattern of differences across fields for 1.5-generation
immigrants resembled more that of the Canadian born than that of the first generation.
 Foreign credentials in computer and information field showed the top performance for
first-generation immigrants, but ranked in the middle or upper range for the 1.5-
generation and Canadian-born workers for the two labour market outcomes.
 Degrees in legal services showed a rather low education-occupation match rate and a
large earnings deficit compared to degrees in computer and information, engineering and
pure science for first-generation immigrants; but for the Canadian born and 1.5
generation, degrees in these field were associated with better outcomes than most selected
fields.
4
Transferability of credentials from different countries varied across main fields of study
 We selected six top fields of study to further observe how differences in the two labour
market outcomes by country of study vary across these six fields. We conducted separate
regression analyses for each of the six fields. The six selected postsecondary fields are
business (business, management, marketing and related support services), engineering,
computer and information (computer and information sciences and support services), health
professions (health professions and related clinical sciences), education, and social sciences.
 Regression results show that among first-generation immigrants, negative gaps in education-
occupation match rate associated with foreign degrees compared to Canadian degrees were
generally larger for degrees in education, business and engineering than for computer and
information and health professions and social sciences.
 In the field of education, education-occupation match rates for degrees from most
selected countries including degrees from the UK for both genders and from the US for
males showed significant negative gaps from Canadian degrees. For degrees from some
source countries, the magnitude of the gaps for this field was larger than for other fields.
For example, immigrants with education degrees from Taiwan, South Korea, India, the
Philippines, Pakistan, Russia, Ukraine and Poland faced rather big challenges in finding a
job commensurate with their education level
 Immigrants with foreign degrees in the field of computer and information outperformed
their counterparts with degrees in other fields: only degrees from a few selected countries
of study showed significant negative gaps from Canadian degrees and the magnitudes of
the gaps were also smaller for this field than for other selected fields.
 Earnings deficit for degrees from non-traditional source countries in business, education, and
social sciences were larger than for degrees in computer and information and health
professions among first-generation immigrants.
 Some internationally-trained professionals with degrees in computer and information
registered higher earnings than Canadian degree holders. In this field, first-generation
immigrants with degrees from Romania (both genders) and from Hong Kong (males)
registered significantly higher earnings than their Canadian-educated counterparts,
although degrees from these countries showed deficits for some other fields.
Furthermore, compared to Canadian degrees, except for Pakistan, there was no
significant penalty to computer and information degrees from other main countries of
education.
 Male immigrants with engineering degrees from India exhibited a similarly positive
perspective in terms of higher earnings than their immigrant counterparts with Canadian
engineering degrees, while Indian degrees in business were penalized.
 As expected, individuals working in an occupation commensurate with their educational level
earned significantly more than their counterparts working in an “unmatched” situation. For
all postsecondary graduates, the premiums were close to 35% (30 log points) for both
immigrant groups and the Canadian-born. An education-occupation match seemed to be
more important in getting individuals higher earnings in some fields of study such as
computer and information and health professions, shown by higher premiums of the match
variable for persons with such degrees compared to their counterparts in other fields
5
Part One
I. Introduction
Recently, economic immigration policy in Canada has moved towards specific skills or
occupations. Although the current immigrant selection system does not consider field of study,
new policies such as Bill C-501 currently do favour certain occupations which are closely related
to field of study when selecting skilled immigrants.
Census 2006 data shows that in 2006 the proportion of recent immigrants with a university
degree (43%) was twice as high as among the Canadian-born population (20%). Among very
recent immigrants who had been in Canada for less than 5 years, more than half (51%) had a
bachelor’s degree or above, more than double the share among the Canadian population (Xue
and Xu 2010). Despite the higher level of educational attainment, literature shows that recent
immigrants face more barriers in the Canadian labour market than earlier cohorts and the native-
born, reflected by higher unemployment rates and lower earnings (Frenette and Morissette 2003;
Picot, Hou and Coulombe 2007; Galarneau and Morissette 2004). Among various explanations of
these deteriorating outcomes, the concentration of recent immigrants in certain occupations or in
certain fields coupled with specific economic conditions has played a key role. For example, Picot
and Hou (2009) found that much of the deterioration noticed was concentrated among entering
immigrants who intended to practice in the IT or engineering occupations, which coincided with
the IT downturn after 2000.
Using a proxy of location of study by the source country variable in the 2001 Census, research
has suggested that returns to or transferability of foreign education vary across both countries of
origin and fields of study, (Sweetman 2004; McBride and Sweetman 2004). Furthermore, the
descriptive study based on the 2006 Census, shows that variations in labour market outcomes
across countries of study are not universal for immigrants in different fields of study (Plante
2010; Xue and Xu 2010).
The current study examines the transferability of postsecondary educational credentials across
countries of study and fields of study in the Canadian labour market, using a more accurate
indicator of location of study from the 2006 Census and multivariate regression models.
Specifically, the study examines the relationship between two labour market outcomes—
employment earnings and education-occupation match—and location of the highest education
and field of study among the first and 1.5 generations of immigrants and Canadian-born workers.
The paper is organized as follows: The next section briefly reviews the literature. A description of
the data and methods follows in section III. Descriptive analysis and sample information are
presented in section IV. The paper then discusses the results from multivariate analyses. A
discussion of the results concludes the study.
1 In order to improve the immigration program’s responsiveness to Canada’s labour-market needs, on June 18, 2008,
Parliament approved Bill C-50 which made changes to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act removing the
obligation to process all applications CIC receives, and authorizing the Minister of Immigration and Citizenship to
issue instructions regarding which applications are eligible for processing, based on the Government of Canada’s
goals for immigration. The instructions outline a set of eligibility criteria that apply to all federal skilled worker
applications received on or after February 27, 2008. Currently 29 occupations under high-demand areas such as
health, skilled trades and resource extraction are on the eligibility list for processing.
6
II. Literature review
Although over-qualification is widespread among Canadian workers, several studies show that
recent immigrants who have been in Canada for 10 years or less had an even higher incidence of
over-education (Li, Gervais and Duval 2006; Galarneau and Morissette 2008). Evidence from the
Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) shows that more than half of recent immigrants
with a university degree worked in a job requiring only high school education at some point
during the period 1993 to 2001 (Li, Gervais and Duval 2006). Internationally trained immigrants
often have to encounter additional obstacles to accessing certain jobs such as regulated
occupations (Boyd and Schellenberg 2007; Zietsma 2010).
Among the various explanations for the subpar economic outcomes of recent immigrants, some
key factors at play are associated with educational characteristics of immigrants.2 Research
suggests lower returns to foreign education are due to changes in source countries over the last
two decades. While the returns to education from different countries have not declined over
time, the share of immigrants coming from countries with lower returns has increased. In
addition, the relative decline of economic outcomes of recent immigrants is partly explained by
the “IT bust” – an economic downturn that occurred at the same time that Canada continued to
receive a large number of Skilled Worker Principal Applicants who were trained in engineering or
computer sciences and intended to work in IT professions (Picot and Hou 2009).
Research further indicates that transferability of foreign degrees varies across fields of study and
countries of study (Sweetman 2004; McBride and Sweetman 2004; Plante 2010; Plante 2011;
Ewoudou 2011; Xue and Xu 2010). Some university degrees obtained in foreign countries may
not be transferable into Canadian equivalents. The relative quality of education obtained in other
countries varies, as not all years of education and not all credentials can be considered equivalent
to Canadian education.
While there have been a few studies on immigrant education-occupation match for Canada, little
research focuses on differences in over-qualification or occupational outcomes across both fields
of study and countries of study, partly due to the lack of data on location of study. A couple of
studies use country of origin as an approximation, but this does not speak to the advantage of
Canadian degrees among immigrants. Research does show that Canadian education contributes
to higher earnings and higher education-occupation match rates for new immigrants (Plante
2010).
Galarneau and Morissette (2004) explore the Canadian 2001 Census data and find that highly
educated recent immigrants to Canada had a higher education-occupation mismatch rate
compared with their Canadian-born counterparts. Among recent immigrants with a university
degree who were employed between 1991 and 2001, at least one in four had a job usually
requiring no more than high school education. Their updated study based on the 2006 Census
(Galarneau and Morissette 2008) confirms the over-representation of underemployment among
university-educated recent immigrants for both genders. Their results also identify certain
important factors in explaining the increase in education-occupation mismatch rates during 1991
to 2006, which include country of origin and field of study.
Green, Kler and Leeves (2007) employ a similar measure to investigate the over-education of
immigrants to Australia. They compare an immigrant’s educational qualifications with the
minimum required qualifications of the actual jobs. The results of their study show that
2 See Picot and Sweetman (2005) for a review of most of these explanations.
7
immigrants with non-English speaking background had higher rates of education-to-occupation
mismatch than English speaking background immigrants and lower returns to required and
surplus education. There were also large variations in the incidence of education-occupation
mismatch by different visa categories.
Goldmann, Sweetman and Warman (2009) examined the relationship between source and host
country occupational matching, earning outcomes, and the return to foreign human capital, using
the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC). Their analysis found that there is a
positive relationship between years of foreign schooling and earnings. Immigrants who obtain a
match between the source and host country occupations have larger returns to foreign schooling.
However, even immigrants who obtain a successful match between their source country and host
country occupations do not get any return to their foreign work experience.
8
III. Data and methodology
This study uses the 20% sample microdata files from the Census of Population 2006. The
advantages of this Census is that it includes information on detailed fields of study and locations
of degree completion of postsecondary graduates, coverage of both immigrants and the Canadian
born, and rich information specific to the analyses of immigrant labour market outcomes,
including year of immigration, age at immigration, demographic and socio-economic
characteristics of individuals, and labour force status, industry and occupation variables.
For the first time in Canadian census history, detailed information relating to where the highest
postsecondary degree was obtained has been collected in the 2006 Census.3 Based on this newly
added question, location of study is broken down by province inside Canada, and abroad for
countries of study. Again for the first time in the 2006 Census, data on major field of study was
coded with the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2000, making it comparable to the
United States. The CIP groupings are independent of the level at which study was undertaken.
The CIP consists of 13 major categories or primary groupings, 12 of which are used in the
Census. The 12 primary groupings are further subdivided into 41 two-digit “series” that represent
the most general groupings of programs that are related by subject area.
This study takes advantage of the information available to examine how labour market outcomes
of postsecondary educated (PSE) graduates differ by field of study and location of study in the
Canadian labour market. Specifically, the study focuses on two labour market outcomes: first,
education-occupation match status, defined by whether a worker is employed in an occupation
with a skill level commensurate with his/her education level; second, the annual earnings, defined
as the sum of wage and salary income. The study applies multivariate analysis to examine the
effect of field of study and country of study on the two labour market outcomes while
controlling for an individual’s other observable characteristics.
For multivariate analysis, we conduct separate analysis for first-generation and 1.5-generation
immigrants and the Canadian-born of each gender, hence all comparisons are made within, rather
than across, generations and genders.
An immigrant is defined as a person who is, or has ever been, a landed immigrant in Canada.
First-generation immigrants are those who landed in Canada at or after the age of 20 and the 1.5-
generation immigrants are those who arrived in Canada before the age of 20. Although the study
focuses on first-generation immigrants, similar analyses are done for 1.5-generation immigrants
and for the Canadian-born population for comparison purposes.
The first outcome that we examine is education-occupation match status. The 2006 Census
collected job information for persons who worked at any time between January 1, 2005 and the
Census reference week.4 One of the job characteristics, occupation, describes the kind of work
performed by individuals. The occupation data are classified according to the National
Occupational Classification 2006 (NOC 2006),5 which identifies four occupational skill level
categories (A, B, C and D) based mainly on the amount and type of education and training
required to enter and perform the duties of an occupation. Skill level A occupations usually
3 Statistics Canada refers to this variable as “Location of study”. This variable indicates the province, territory (in
Canada) or country (outside Canada) where the highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained. It is only
reported for individuals who had completed a certificate, diploma or degree above the secondary (high) school level.
4 2006 Census reference week is between May 7 and 13, 2006.
5 National Occupational Classification 2006 (NOC 2006) has a similar structure to that of the National Occupational
Classification for Statistics 2006 (NOC-S 2006). It has 520 unit groups, 140 minor groups and 26 major groups.
9
require a university degree (bachelor’s, master’s or doctorate), while skill level B occupations
usually require a college education or apprenticeship training. Skill level C occupations usually
require secondary school and/or occupation-specific training. The lowest skill level D
corresponds to occupations where only on-the-job training is necessary. Management
occupations (NOC-0) are not assigned to a skill level category, on the basis that factors other
than education and training, such as previous experience, ownership of real property and capital,
inherent decision-making skills and organizational capabilities, are usually the most significant
determinants for employment in management occupations. In the present study, management
occupations are considered equivalent to skilled occupations which normally require some
postsecondary education. We dichotomize the education-occupation match status as: match or
not match. As all individuals under analysis are postsecondary educated, one’s occupation is
deemed as matching his/her educational level if he/she worked in a management job or in a job
which requires similar or higher education levels as indicated in the NOC 2006; otherwise we
deem it as “not match”. Therefore, the education-occupation match status examined by this
study only measures the matching between skill level and educational level and does not measure
whether an occupation is related to the field of study.
For the second outcome, annual earnings, all values of annual earnings exceeding $500,000 are
top-coded to this value and all observations with annual earnings less than $500 are dropped.
About one percent of persons are limited by these restrictions. Since the distribution of annual
earnings is positively skewed, for regression estimation, we use the natural logarithm of annual
earnings as the dependent variable to normalize the distribution.
Two regressors of our main interest are field of study and country of study. Based on the 41 two-
digit “series” of CIP, field of study is coded with 20 categories including 19 top fields of study
which are selected based on those of the recent immigrant population and “other fields”. For
location of study, the variable distinguishes 17 categories: 15 top countries of study outside of
Canada which are selected based on those of the recent immigrant population plus Canada and
“other countries”.
Our regression models also control for individuals’ other observable social and demographic
characteristics, with information drawn from the literature (Badets and Howatson-Leo 1999;
Bloom, Grenier and Gunderson 1994; Chiswick, Lee and Miller 2005; Pendakur and Pendakur
1998; Reitz 2001; Wanner 2000). For the analysis of both outcomes, we control for education
level, population group, CMA of residence, age, years since landing, knowledge of official
language, marital status, and whether or not attending school. For earnings outcome analysis, we
also include additional variables—full-time/part-time work status, industry and education-
occupation match status—in regression models. Besides, we also run a separate set of additional
regression models for earnings outcome which exclude education-occupation match for
comparison.
The samples of analysis for the two dependent variables are slightly different. For education-
occupation match outcome, the sample of regression models contains PSE individuals aged 25 to
64 who had worked in a non self-employed job at any time since January 1, 2005, regardless of
whether they were in the labour force in the 2006 Census reference week. Immigrants who
landed in 2006 are excluded from the analysis since they had been in Canada for only a few
months and may not have had time to establish their careers. For the earnings outcome, we
further restrict our sample of analysis to those who had positive earnings in 2005. Variable
coding and sample descriptive statistics are presented in Appendix tables A1 and A2.
10
IV. Descriptive analysis
Tables 1 and 2 present the unadjusted education-occupation match rates and earnings by
immigrant status, gender and field of study for the six main fields of study and for all fields
combined. In 2005-2006, there were large disparities in these two labour market outcomes along
the three dimensions. Patterns were similar for the two outcomes.
Overall, first-generation immigrants showed substantial negative gaps in both education-
occupation match rate and earnings compared with 1.5-generation immigrants and the Canadian
born for both genders and for all selected fields of study. Gender gaps prevailed in all three
generational groups and six fields of study. Males outperformed females for both outcomes.
For education-occupation match, the Canadian-born had similar or slightly better outcomes
compared to the 1.5-generation for both genders. For earnings, 1.5-generation male immigrants
were similar to the Canadian-born males, while the 1.5-generation females slightly outperformed
their Canadian-born counterparts.
Despite gaps in both outcomes for all selected fields of study among first-generation immigrants,
those who obtained postsecondary degrees in computer and information showed much smaller
gaps for both genders. In contrast, engineering, social sciences and education were associated
with larger-than-average gaps for first-generation immigrants.
Table 1: Education-Occupation Match Rates and Rate Ratios Relative to the

Canadian-born for the Selected Main Fields of Study, by Gender
and Immigrant Status
Match rate Relative ratio
First 1.5 Canadian First 1.5 Canadian
Selected fields of study generation generation born generation generation born
Males
Business, management, marketing and
related support services 0.56 0.67 0.69 0.80 0.97 1
Engineering 0.56 0.78 0.82 0.68 0.94 1
Computer and information sciences
and support services 0.68 0.73 0.77 0.88 0.95 1
Health professions and related clinical
sciences 0.60 0.78 0.77 0.78 1.01 1
Education 0.58 0.83 0.83 0.70 1.01 1
Social Sciences 0.48 0.59 0.59 0.81 0.99 1
All fields 0.58 0.70 0.70 0.83 1.00 1
Females
related support services 0.42 0.54 0.55 0.76 0.97 1
Engineering 0.46 0.74 0.79 0.58 0.94 1
and support services 0.53 0.58 0.59 0.90 0.97 1
sciences 0.49 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.94 1
Education 0.50 0.77 0.80 0.62 0.96 1
Social Sciences 0.39 0.48 0.52 0.74 0.91 1
All fields 0.45 0.59 0.62 0.73 0.95 1
Source: Census 2006.
11
Table 2: Average Annual Earnings and Earnings Ratios Relative to the
Canadian-born for the Selected Main Fields of Study, by Gender
Average annual earnings
(2005 dollars) Relative earnings ratio
1st 1.5- Canadian- 1st 1.5- Canadian-
Selected fields of study generation generation born generation generation born
Males
related support services 33,353 47,542 53,730 0.62 0.89 1
Engineering 37,710 53,899 65,673 0.57 0.82 1
and support services 36,135 39,172 43,057 0.84 0.91 1
sciences 39,588 54,702 50,538 0.78 1.08 1
Education 32,034 46,361 44,859 0.71 1.03 1
Social Sciences 31,571 46,651 49,934 0.63 0.93 1
All fields 35,269 44,246 45,246 0.78 0.98 1
Fem ales
related support services 23,457 30,767 29,349 0.80 1.05 1
Engineering 24,100 38,570 45,773 0.53 0.84 1
and support services 25,188 31,649 29,402 0.86 1.08 1
sciences 27,132 31,701 30,838 0.88 1.03 1
Education 21,854 35,011 33,723 0.65 1.04 1
Social Sciences 22,181 31,944 33,685 0.66 0.95 1
All fields 23,083 30,142 29,292 0.79 1.03 1
So urce: Census 2006.
Descriptive statistics of samples are presented in Appendix tables A1 and A2. They reveal
substantial differences in factors that may influence the two labour market outcomes across
groups. Among the factors most pertinent to our analysis, we observe that educational attainment
was higher for immigrants, especially for first-generation immigrants, than for the Canadian born.
The makeup of countries of study was rather different across the three generational groups.
Nearly one third of first-generation immigrants were educated in Canada while over 90 percent
of 1.5-generation immigrants and 98% of the Canadian born obtained their highest degrees from
Canada. The leading countries of study of first-generation immigrants were consistent with the
current top source countries of immigration, such as India, China and the Philippines.
The make-up of field of study varies between immigrant groups and the Canadian-born.
Immigrants, especially first-generation immigrants were more likely to have degrees in
engineering and computer science, and less likely to have degrees in education than the Canadian-
born. For example, among male workers, 24% of first-generation immigrants had degrees in
engineering, compared to 10% for the 1.5 generation and 5% for the Canadian born. Immigrants,
especially first-generation males, were more concentrated in the top postsecondary fields of study
than their Canadian-born counterparts. Among Canadian-born male workers with postsecondary
education, 36% had degrees in the selected 6 main fields, while 57% of the first-generation and
47% of the 1.5-generation male immigrants had obtained degrees in these fields. Furthermore,
over 80% of male immigrants and 90% of female immigrants had degrees in the top 20 major
fields, much higher than the percentage of the Canadian-born in the top 20 fields. Albeit with a
12
more diverse distribution of major fields, the 1.5 generation pursued paths similar to the first
generation, showing much higher proportions in computer sciences, engineering and social
sciences, and lower proportions in the field of education than the Canadian-born.
Immigrants were more likely than Canadian-born workers to be employed in industries of
manufacturing, professional, scientific and technical services, administrative and support, waste
management and remediation services, accommodation and food services. Construction and
public administration, in contrast, were two industries where immigrants were under-represented.
First-generation immigrants worked fewer weeks in 2005 and had higher proportions in part-time
employment, compared with the Canadian-born and the 1.5-generation.
Looking at other demographic characteristics, first-generation immigrants were older, more likely
to be married, to be a member of a visible minority, and to live in Census Metropolitan Areas
(CMAs). The 1.5-generation showed similar characteristics to the first generation, except for a
lower proportion getting married.
13
V. Regression analysis
Regression analysis for the two outcome variables are conducted separately for six groups of
workers: first-generation immigrants, 1.5-generation immigrants, and the Canadian-born for males
and females to examine the overall effects of country of study and field of study. In addition, we
also run separate models for workers who studied in each of the six specific fields to examine
whether, in each of these fields, workers who had degrees from particular countries perform better
than those with degrees from other countries. These six fields are business, management, marketing
and related support services, engineering, computer and information sciences and support services,
health professions and related clinical sciences, education and social sciences. We use probit models
for binary outcome variable education-occupation match (hereafter sometimes referred to as
match) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions for log of annual earnings.
Results of models of pooled sample including all postsecondary fields

Tables 3 and 4 present the results from regressions for the two outcomes respectively. Only the
effects of location of study and field of study are listed in the tables. Please see appendix B.0 and
C.0 for the lists of independent variables and the coefficients of all variables included in the
regressions.
For the education-occupation match outcome, we apply probit models to estimate the effect of the
regressors. To ease the interpretation, we transformed the coefficients of probit models into
marginal predicted probabilities (difference in predicted probability or rate as compared to the
reference group).
For the earnings outcome, log of earnings is regressed against independent variables using OLS
models. We run two sets of analysis: one set includes the education-occupation match variable as an
independent variable (results in Table 4 and Appendix C.0a) and the other set excludes this variable
(results in Appendix C.0b). The estimated earnings difference across fields of study and country of
study due to variation in education-occupation match is eliminated in the regression models that
include education-occupation match variable. The estimated earnings differences in these models
are expected to be lower than the estimated earnings difference if this variable were not included.
Our regression results show that the estimated overall patterns of earnings differences across
country of study and field of study are similar between models including the education-occupation
match variable and models excluding this variable, but the estimated coefficients of country of
study and field of study tend to be modestly smaller in the models including the education-
occupation match variable than in the models excluding this variable. The ability of immigrants to
obtain a job matching their education level varies according to the field of study and the country
from which immigrants obtained their degrees. These differences explain only a small part of the
earnings difference across fields of study and countries of study. This may be partly because the
measure of education-occupation match used in this study only shows whether a worker obtained a
job with a skill level requiring a certain level of education, and does not measure whether
immigrants work in an occupation relating to their fields of study. For skill level, only five
categories of skill levels are differentiated. Earnings differences within each skill level could be
large, especially between different occupational groups which are not captured by this measure.
The discussion on earnings difference which follows below is based on the “pure” effects of
country of study and field of study from the models including the education-occupation match
variable (Table 4).
14
Table 3: Probit Model Estimations of Marginal Probabilities of Education-
occupation Match, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
generation generation born generation generation born
Location of study for first generation
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.159*** -0.164***
India -0.178*** -0.175***
Philippines -0.215*** -0.093***
United States 0.002 0.020**
Pakistan -0.216*** -0.176***
United Kingdom 0.044*** 0.027***
Romania -0.174*** -0.125***
Russian Federation -0.198*** -0.157***
South Korea -0.057** -0.101***
France 0.012 -0.007
Iran -0.07*** -0.108***
Ukraine -0.246*** -0.190***
Hong Kong -0.028** -0.022*
Taiw an -0.064*** -0.072***
Poland -0.263*** -0.192***
Other countries -0.103*** -0.104***
Location of study for 1.5 generation
Canada (ref.)
United States -0.01 -0.072***
United Kingdom -0.023 0.019
Country of birth -0.120*** -0.135***
Location of study for Canadian Born
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.034*** -0.026***
Field of study
Business, management, marketing and related
support services (ref.)
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related
sciences -0.145*** -0.097*** -0.089*** -0.094*** -0.067** -0.072***
Computer and information sciences and support
services 0.115*** 0.091*** 0.089*** 0.099*** 0.056*** 0.047***
Personal and culinary services 0.059*** 0.056*** -0.028*** 0.017* 0.03*** -0.031***
Education -0.015 0.128*** 0.137*** 0.068*** 0.161*** 0.194***
Engineering 0.039*** 0.114*** 0.132*** 0.065*** 0.163*** 0.157***
Engineering technologies/technicians 0.031*** 0.044*** 0.069*** -0.014 0.088*** 0.101***
Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and
linguistics -0.065*** -0.124*** -0.044*** -0.011 -0.059*** -0.044***
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences -0.073*** -0.124*** -0.084*** 0.043*** 0.081*** 0.082***
Legal professions and studies -0.071*** 0.134*** 0.133*** 0.017 0.133*** 0.124***
English language and literature/letters -0.100*** -0.017 -0.096*** -0.05*** -0.104*** -0.083***
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and
humanities -0.181*** -0.146*** -0.138*** -0.09*** -0.118*** -0.098***
Biological and biomedical sciences -0.051*** -0.041** -0.077*** 0.027** -0.065*** -0.092***
Mathematics and statistics 0.047*** -0.004 0.064*** 0.096*** 0.011 0.074***
Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies -0.053*** -0.035** -0.046*** -0.005 -0.037* -0.051***
Physical sciences -0.004 0.019 0.036*** 0.069*** 0.058** 0.061***
Social sciences -0.095*** -0.077*** -0.093*** -0.047*** -0.12*** -0.108***
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 0.002 0.039*** 0.028*** -0.112*** -0.108* -0.043***
Visual and performing arts -0.054*** -0.041*** -0.065*** -0.005 -0.022* -0.021***
Health professions and related clinical sciences -0.008 0.055*** 0.046*** 0.073*** 0.084*** 0.115***
Other fields -0.025*** -0.003 -0.007*** 0.011 -0.016* 0.009***
Num ber of observations 144,493 62,756 655,181 133,046 59,851 658,900
Legend: * p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01.
So urce: 2006 Census.
15
Table 4: OLS Regression Estimations of the Log of Annual Earnings, by
Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.168*** -0.151***
India -0.032*** -0.078***
Philippines -0.036** -0.011
United States 0.066*** 0.081***
Pakistan -0.199*** -0.243***
Romania -0.092*** -0.042***
South Korea -0.17*** -0.102**
France 0.056*** 0.055***
Iran -0.088*** -0.073**
Ukraine -0.261*** -0.188***
Hong Kong -0.061*** -0.026
Taiw an -0.229*** -0.296***
Poland -0.112*** -0.111***
Canada (ref.)
United States -0.037 -0.052**
United Kingdom -0.003 -0.066**
Country of birth -0.151*** -0.121***
Other countries -0.074** -0.057*
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0 -0.037***
Field of study
Business, management, marketing and related support
services (ref.)
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences -0.119*** -0.154*** -0.195*** -0.078*** -0.171*** -0.081***
Computer and information sciences and support services
0.053*** -0.062*** -0.099*** 0.052*** 0.013 -0.004
Personal and culinary services -0.155*** -0.228*** -0.231*** -0.172*** -0.214*** -0.203***
Education -0.05*** -0.078*** -0.1*** -0.056*** -0.01 -0.013***
Engineering 0.069*** 0.028** 0.035*** 0.053*** 0.029 0.113***
Engineering technologies/technicians 0.012 -0.038*** -0.046*** -0.011 0.033 0.037***
Aboriginal and foreign languages, literatures and linguistics -0.085*** -0.118** -0.236*** -0.069*** -0.11*** -0.105***
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences -0.076** -0.124** -0.215*** -0.177*** -0.175*** -0.18***
Legal professions and studies -0.044* 0.183*** 0.18*** -0.016 0.021 0.044***
English language and literature/letters -0.041 -0.121*** -0.219*** -0.043** -0.127*** -0.131***
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities -0.102*** -0.115*** -0.117*** -0.072*** -0.075*** -0.071***
Biological and biomedical sciences -0.017 -0.096*** -0.164*** -0.019 -0.109*** -0.077***
Mathematics and statistics -0.01 -0.082** -0.039*** 0.034 -0.03 0.041***
Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies -0.011 -0.087*** -0.055*** -0.001 -0.074*** -0.024***
Physical sciences -0.013 -0.088*** -0.112*** 0.003 0 -0.045***
Social sciences -0.068*** -0.065*** -0.092*** -0.051*** -0.081*** -0.056***
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 0.008 -0.064*** -0.086*** -0.004 -0.105 0.075***
Visual and performing arts -0.194*** -0.23*** -0.26*** -0.094*** -0.148*** -0.12***
Health professions and related clinical sciences 0.028** 0.061*** -0.009 0.089*** 0.084*** 0.107***
Other fields -0.027*** -0.086*** -0.098*** -0.047*** -0.083*** -0.048***
Education-occupation m atch
Not match
Match 0.299*** 0.279*** 0.279*** 0.292*** 0.282*** 0.293***
Num ber of observations 858.313 361.021 4,007.513 999.046 446.095 5,358.402
No te: The estimatio ns are fro m mo dels including educatio n-jo b match variable.
Legend: * p<0.1; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01.
16
Part Two
Effect of Country of Study
After controlling for all other variables, we still observe rather large differences in both
education-occupation match rates and log of earnings across countries of study.
Education-occupation match
Among first-generation immigrants, those with degrees from the UK, US, and France showed a
similar or slightly better education-occupation match for both genders than holders of Canadian
degrees, while those with degrees from all other countries showed poorer match. In particular,
those with degrees from Poland, Ukraine, Pakistan and the Philippines (the latter only for males)
had the poorest match. The predicted match rates for degrees from these countries were more
than 20 percentage points lower than holders of Canadian degrees in the case of males and nearly
20 percentage points lower in the case of females.
For the 1.5-generation, the predicted education-occupation match rate for those with degrees
from the UK were not significantly different compared to holders of Canadian degrees for both
genders; degrees from the US also showed a similar match for males, but showed disadvantage
for females. Degrees from “country of birth” or “other countries” showed disadvantages. For the
Canadian-born of both genders, a slightly better match was observed for Canadian degrees
compared to degrees from abroad.
Log of earnings
The overall pattern of earnings difference across countries of study is similar to the pattern of
education-occupation match difference even after controlling for the effect of education-
occupation match status.
For first-generation immigrants, relative to those who had attained their highest degrees from
Canada, those with degrees from the US, UK, and France yield a premium for both genders,
while those with foreign degrees from other countries had a deficit. The only exceptions to this
disadvantage of foreign degree holders were female immigrants with degrees from the Philippines
and Hong Kong. Earnings of female immigrants with these degrees were not significantly
different from those of Canadian degree holders. Immigrants of both genders with degrees from
China, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, Taiwan and Poland showed larger deficits.
The observed advantage of a US or UK degree over degrees from Canada for the first
generation, however, does not appear among 1.5-generation immigrants: the returns of degrees
from these two countries were not significantly different than the returns of Canadian degrees for
males and showed a disadvantage for females. Canadian education showed a premium over
degrees from “countries of birth” and “other countries”.
Canadian degrees yielded significant premiums in earnings over foreign degrees for Canadian-
born females, but not for Canadian-born males, contrasting with their advantage in education-
occupation match.
Field of study
Substantial disparities in predicted education-occupation match rate and earnings across
postsecondary fields were observed for both the first and 1.5 generation of immigrants and for
17
the Canadian-born. The pattern of difference across fields of study varied across the three
generations and between the two outcomes examined.
We chose business, management, marketing and related support services — a popular
postsecondary field–as the reference group for comparison. Hereafter in the discussion, for
succinctness, we will refer to this field as “business.” For the same reason, we will refer to
“computer and information” sciences and support services as computer and information, and to
health professions and related clinical sciences as “health professions.”
For first-generation males there was about 30 percentage points of difference in predicted
education-job match rates across fields. Degrees in computer and information had the highest
match — 11.5 percentage points higher than business degrees. Personal and culinary services,
mathematics and statistics, engineering and engineering technology/technicians also showed an
advantage over the business field. The business field, “the reference group” ranked at the 6th
place among the 20 selected fields. Liberal arts and related, agriculture and related sciences, and
English language and literature/letters, on the other hand, showed the poorest match, at least 10
percentage points lower than the business field. The predicted match rate for six most popular
fields of study among first-generation males — engineering, business, computer and information,
engineering technologies, mechanic and repair technologies and health – were all better than the
average for the 20 fields.
For first-generation females, the predicted education-occupation match rates differed by a total
of 22 percentage points across fields. Among the 20 selected fields, degrees in computer showed
the best match, followed by mathematics and statistics, health professions, physical sciences,
education and engineering. Business and engineering technologies were among the better
performing fields for males, but ranked at middle range for females. For first-generation females,
mechanics and repair technologies/technician showed the poorest match. Similar to male
immigrants, female immigrants who studied agriculture and liberal arts also had a rather poorer
match, ranked as the second and third lowest. Those who studied English language and
literature/letters and social sciences also showed a poorer match.
Although there were some similarities in across-field disparities between the 1.5 generation and
the first generation, important differences also existed. For 1.5-generation immigrants of both
genders, engineering, computer and information still ranked among the top positions and had
better match rates than most fields. However, unlike the first generation, 1.5-generation
immigrants who studied in a regulated occupation such as education and legal professions for
both genders, and health professions for females, had the best match among all selected fields.
Also, unlike the first generation, mathematics and statistics only ranked at the middle range for
the 1.5th generation, instead of among the top fields in the case of the first generation. The
business field was in the middle range of match in the 20 selected fields for both genders; degrees
in humanity, social sciences and agricultural tended to show poor match. In general, the pattern
of differences across fields for 1.5-generation immigrants resembles the Canadian born than that
of the first generation.
For the Canadian born of both genders, regulated occupations—education, legal professions and
studies, engineering and health—and computer field showed the best match rate. Similar to the
case for the two immigrants groups, those who studied in social science, humanities and
agricultural had the lowest match.
18
Log of earnings
For first-generation immigrants of both genders, field of study is also an important predictor of
earnings. Compared to those with a business degree, those with degrees in computer and
information, engineering, and health professions showed premiums. Business degrees along with
engineering technology, pure sciences and multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary showed relatively
higher earnings than other fields. In contrast, those who had degrees in arts and humanities,
social sciences, agriculture-related sciences and personal and culinary services earned significantly
less than those with degrees in other fields.
The coefficients for 1.5-generation immigrants suggest differences in earnings across fields of
study as well. For males, degrees in legal professions, health professions and engineering earned
more than business degrees, ranking at the top. Business degrees also showed relatively high
earnings, with premiums compared to all other fields. For 1.5-generation females, only degrees in
health professions showed premiums compared to business degrees. Legal professions, computer
and information, education and physical science were not significantly different from business
degrees and were among the better performing fields. For both genders, degree holders in art,
humanities, personal and culinary services, and agricultural-related field tended to earn the least.
The earnings variation across fields for Canadian-born males looks similar to the case for 1.5-
generation males, while for females, the Canadian born painted a picture somewhat different
from their 1.5-generation counterparts. For females, although a business degree showed a
premium compared to most fields, it showed a deficit compared to the top five fields—
engineering, health professions, legal professions and engineering technology, mathematics, and
mechanic and repair. The fields earning the least were similar for Canadian-born females and 1.5-
generation females.
Interestingly, the most rewarding field for first-generation females–engineering–did not show a
premium for 1.5-generation immigrant females. For first-generation females, the returns to pure
sciences such as biological and physical sciences, again, appeared not significantly different than
that to business degrees, which were significantly lower for both the 1.5-generation and
Canadian-born female workers.
Another interesting pattern when comparing first-generation immigrants with 1.5-generation
immigrants and the Canadian-born is that first-generation immigrants did not have significant
deficits for having degrees in engineering technologies, biological sciences and physical sciences,
while these fields were obviously disadvantaged in terms of lower returns for the 1.5-generation
and the Canadian-born males, relative to business field.
Results show that the premium of a match between the education level and occupational skill
level is quite stable across immigrant groups and the Canadian born, with the first-generation
showing the largest returns.
Analysis for the six selected fields

Below we discuss regression results of the education-occupation match and log of annual
earnings for each of the six major fields of study separately. The purpose of running separate
models for each of these fields is to identify the unique effects of variables, especially the effects
of location of study, on education-occupation match and earnings in each of these fields. Tables
4-9 show the estimates from multivariate models run separately for workers with degrees in each
of the six postsecondary fields. We only include the effects of the country of study in tables 5.1-
19
10.2. Tables B1-B6 in Appendix B and tables C1-C6 in Appendix C provide the complete results
for these models. For log of earnings, the discussion that follows is based on the estimates from
models including education-occupation match variable.
Degrees in business (business, management, marketing and related

support services)
Business was the most popular field of study for both immigrants and the Canadian born. Tables
5.1 and 5.2 show the regression estimates of location of study on education-occupation match
and log of earnings respectively for the business field.
For first-generation males, Canadian degrees showed a significant advantage compared to degrees
from all other countries except the UK, France and Taiwan, which showed better or similar
education-occupation match compared to Canada. Business degrees earned from Poland were
associated with the poorest match rate, nearly 40 percentage points lower than for Canadian
degrees. Degrees from Ukraine, Romania, the Philippines, Pakistan and India were also
associated with match rates of at least 20 percentage points lower. The difference in predicted
match rates across countries of study for first-generation females was similar to that for males:
Canadian degrees showed advantages compared to degrees from most other countries of study,
with the exceptions of the US, the UK, and France.
For the 1.5 generation, compared to Canadian degrees, degrees from the UK showed advantages
in the case of males, but showed similar results for females. Degrees from the US showed a
similar result for males, but a disadvantage for females; degrees from immigrants’ country of birth
and “other countries” showed poorer match for both genders.
For the Canadian born, Canadian degrees showed a modestly better match compared to degrees
from outside Canada.
Log of annual earnings

As shown in table 5.2, a large earnings difference was observed across countries of study for
business degree holders after controlling for the difference in education-occupation match status
and other socio-demographic factors. For the first generation of both genders, compared to
Canadian degrees, degrees from most selected countries showed a deficit, degrees from Russia,
P.R. China, Romania, Poland, Pakistan, Taiwan and Ukraine showed a large deficit. Degrees from
the UK yielded large premiums, while degrees from the US, France, South Korea and the
Philippines showed similar earnings.
Differences across countries of study in education-occupation match and earnings showed largely
similar patterns for first-generation immigrants, but with notable exceptions. Compared to
Canadian degrees, degrees from Taiwan showed a similar education-occupation match, but
showed a large disadvantage in earnings, while degrees from the Philippines showed a large
disadvantage in education-occupation match, but had similar or only modestly lower earnings
relative after controlling for education-occupation match status.
For 1.5-generation immigrants in this field, a US or UK degree did not bring significant
advantages over a Canadian degree while those with credentials from other foreign countries
were penalized significantly in earnings. Interestingly, for the Canadian-born population, a
20
Canadian degree in business yielded a significant deficit relative to foreign degrees for males. This
may relate to the fact that the most chosen foreign country of study for the Canadian-born is the
United States.
Being employed in an occupation matched with their educational level gave both immigrants and
the Canadian-born premiums, with the 1.5-generation enjoying the largest returns.
Table 5.1: Probit Model Estimations of Marginal Probabilities of Education-

Occupation Match in the Field of Business, Management, Marketing
and Related Support Services, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Marginal effect (dy/dx) for m ales Marginal effect (dy/dx) for fem ales
Location of study: generation generation born generation generation born
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.13*** -0.159***
India -0.22*** -0.18***
Philippines -0.278*** -0.178***
United States -0.035** 0.02
Pakistan -0.244*** -0.188***
United Kingdom 0.032* 0.003
Romania -0.294*** -0.115***
Russian Federation -0.135** -0.078**
South Korea -0.099* -0.109*
France -0.039 0.003
Iran -0.135*** -0.124***
Ukraine -0.328*** -0.202***
Hong Kong -0.051* -0.06***
Taiw an -0.071 -0.079***
Poland -0.381*** -0.221***
Canada (ref.)
United States 0.009 -0.152***
United Kingdom 0.106** 0.026
Country of birth -0.225*** -0.089***
Other countries -0.163*** -0.105**
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.047*** -0.063***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
21
Table 5.2: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings in the Field of
Business, Management, Marketing and Related Support Services, by
Males Fem ales
Location of study: generation generation born generation generation born
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.289*** -0.18***
India -0.129*** -0.098***
Philippines -0.056 -0.071***
United States 0.034 0.131***
Pakistan -0.276*** -0.183***
United Kingdom 0.152*** 0.03
Romania -0.288*** -0.117***
South Korea -0.031 -0.132
France -0.02 0.043
Iran -0.107 -0.195**
Ukraine -0.246** -0.155***
Hong Kong -0.08** -0.058**
Taiw an -0.265*** -0.289***
Poland -0.282*** -0.211***
Canada (ref.)
United States 0.033 -0.108
Country of birth -0.193*** -0.086***
Other countries -0.029 -0.126**
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.054*** -0.029
Not match
Match 0.29*** 0.307*** 0.306*** 0.235*** 0.263*** 0.23***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
Degrees in Engineering
The 2006 Census shows that engineering was a popular field of study among immigrants,
especially among first-generation male immigrants.
As shown in table 6.1, for first-generation engineering degree holders of both genders, the
advantage of Canadian degrees in finding jobs matching their education level was evident
compared to degrees from most other countries. Degrees from Poland, Ukraine and the
Philippines were most disadvantaged. However, degrees from the UK, the US, France and Hong
Kong for both genders and from South Korea for males, and degrees from India for females
showed similar or just slightly lower match compared to Canadian degrees.
22
For 1.5-generation male engineering degree holders, Canadian degrees showed significant
advantages compared to degrees from the UK, “country of birth” and “other countries”, but
were not significantly different from degrees from the US. For females, Canadian degrees in this
field showed a significantly better match than degrees from “country of birth”, but did not show
significant difference from degrees from the US, the UK and “other countries”. For the Canadian
born, Canadian degrees had a superior match rate than degrees from abroad for both males and
females.

For first-generation immigrants, engineering degrees from the US and the UK for both genders
and degrees from France for males yielded a rather large premium compared to Canadian degrees
(Table 6.1). Degrees from India also indicated a positive story for males. However, the advantage
of the Indian engineering degrees did not appear for females. First-generation immigrants with
engineering degrees from most other countries earned significantly less than those with Canadian
degrees.
For 1.5 generation immigrants, Canadian degree holders earned significantly more than those
with degrees from their countries of birth for both genders, for females, Canadian degrees also
showed a premium compared to degrees from the UK.
For Canadian-born males, an engineering degree obtained from abroad yielded a modest
premium over a Canadian equivalent, while for Canadian-born females, Canadian degree showed
an obvious premium.
Working in an occupation with skill level commensurate with educational level yielded premiums
for both immigrants and the Canadian-born, while immigrants generally had higher returns to an
education-occupation match than the Canadian-born.
23
Table 6.1: Probit Model Estimations Marginal Probabilities of Education-
Occupation Match in the Field of Engineering, by Gender and
Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.214*** -0.237***
India -0.16*** -0.022
Philippines -0.275*** -0.272***
United States -0.054*** -0.034
Pakistan -0.254*** -0.14
United Kingdom 0.02 -0.074
Romania -0.222*** -0.195***
South Korea -0.066 -0.314***
France -0.014 -0.02
Iran -0.087*** -0.136**
Ukraine -0.319*** -0.344***
Hong Kong -0.079** -0.039
Taiw an -0.147*** -0.24***
Poland -0.388*** -0.291***
Canada (ref.)
United States -0.067 -0.201
United Kingdom -0.17*** 0.077
Country of birth -0.256*** -0.237**
Other countries -0.226*** -0.01
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.054*** -0.135**
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
24
Engineering, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.09*** -0.168***
India 0.047** 0.091
Philippines -0.008 -0.037
United States 0.103*** 0.163**
Pakistan -0.129*** 0.145
United Kingdom 0.168*** 0.211**
Romania -0.073*** -0.066
France 0.124*** 0.031
Iran -0.057 0.029
Ukraine -0.215*** -0.243***
Hong Kong 0.082 -0.154
Taiw an -0.224*** -0.523***
Poland -0.126*** -0.193***
Other countries -0.03* -0.138***
Canada (ref.)
United Kingdom -0.094 -0.467***
Country of birth -0.177*** -0.38***
Other countries 0.079 -0.083
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.078*** -0.102*
Not match
Match 0.288*** 0.327*** 0.282*** 0.312*** 0.384*** 0.277***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
Degrees in computer and information (computer and information

sciences and support services)
Regression analysis for the pooled sample including all fields of study shows that computer and
information degrees had the highest predicted education-occupation match rate. Regression
analysis conducted for this field shows that for first-generation immigrants, the disadvantage in
education-occupation match of foreign degrees over Canadian degrees was not as ubiquitous as
in the fields of business and engineering. Besides degrees from the UK, the US, and France
which showed better or similar predicted match rates to Canadian degrees, degrees from most
other selected countries were not significantly different from Canadian degrees. In the case of
females, degrees from Romania also showed a large advantage over Canadian degrees. For both
genders, we only observed negative gaps for degrees from Poland, Pakistan, India, and China.
For females, degrees from Russia and South Korea also showed poorer match rates.
25
For 1.5-generation males, Canadian degrees only showed significant advantages over degrees
from immigrant “country of birth”. For females, Canadian degrees also showed a better outcome
than degrees from the US and “other countries”. For the Canadian born of both genders,
Canadian degrees showed better education-occupation match outcomes compared to degrees
earned outside of Canada.

Regression analysis based on the pooled sample including all fields of study also showed that
computer and information sciences present a promising earnings outcome for immigrants.
Within this field, first-generation immigrants with foreign degrees exhibited a more positive story
than their counterparts with degrees in other selected fields. Most selected main countries of
study did not showed significant disadvantage compared to Canadian degrees. Male immigrants
with computer sciences degrees from the UK, Hong Kong, South Korea, France, Romania, and
India showed significantly higher earnings than the Canadian degree holders. The only main
country of study associated with significantly lower earnings was Pakistan for male immigrants.
For female immigrants in this field, besides the US, the UK and France, Romania was also
associated with higher earnings when compared to those educated in Canada. Only degrees from
Iran were associated with large and significantly lower earnings. Degrees from China also showed
a significant negative earning gap, but the difference was relatively small.
Among 1.5-generation immigrants, males with degrees in computer and information from the
UK showed significant advantages in earnings over Canadian degree holders. However, there was
no significant difference in returns by country of study for female 1.5-generation immigrants.
Canadian degrees in computer sciences did not show significant advantages among the Canadian-
born either.
Having the occupation matched with educational level gives first-generation immigrants larger
premiums than the 1.5-generation and the Canadian-born. Compared to immigrant engineering
degree holders, matching the occupation skill level with their educational level gives immigrants
in computer sciences slightly higher premiums relative to those in mismatched occupations.
26
Occupation Match in the Field of Computer and Information
Sciences and Support Services, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.059** -0.143***
India -0.142*** -0.164***
Pakistan -0.153*** -0.107
United Kingdom 0.075*** -0.021
Romania -0.041 0.101*
Russian Federation -0.013 -0.199***
South Korea -0.136 -0.297***
France 0.099*** 0.149**
Iran -0.012 0.131
Ukraine -0.101 -0.227***
Hong Kong 0.028 0.042
Taiw an 0.016 0.029
Poland -0.186** -0.378***
Other countries 0.037** -0.066***
Canada (ref.)
Country of birth -0.131** -0.181***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.07** -0.11**
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
27
Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services, by
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.051 -0.075*
India 0.071* -0.083
Philippines 0.019 0.13
Pakistan -0.105** -0.072
Romania 0.1** 0.13**
Russian Federation -0.076 -0.025
South Korea -0.023 0.021
France 0.164*** 0.204***
Iran 0.027 -0.284*
Ukraine -0.068 0.002
Hong Kong 0.181*** 0.078
Taiw an 0.213 -0.247
Poland 0.082 0.172
Other countries 0.065** 0.046
Canada (ref.)
Country of birth -0.103 -0.199*
Other countries 0.084 0.155
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.05 0
Not match (ref.)
Match 0.347*** 0.287*** 0.267*** 0.33*** 0.283*** 0.295***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
Degrees in health professions (health professions and related clinical sciences)

Degrees in health professions usually lead to regulated occupations such as physicians, nurses,
dentists etc. The advantage of Canadian degrees in this field in the two labour market outcomes
for first-generation immigrants, especially for females, was less prevalent than in some other
selected fields.
For first-generation immigrant males, degrees from the UK showed a better match than
Canadian ones (Table 8.1). Degrees from the US, France, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong and
Taiwan were not significantly different from Canadian degrees. Degrees from other selected
countries showed negative gaps. The picture for first-generation females was quite different. Only
degrees from Russia, Romania and China showed significantly poorer results than Canadian
degrees and the gaps relative to Canadian degrees tended to be smaller than in the case of males.
28
Health degrees from the UK, the US, France, Hong Kong showed better results relative to
Canadian ones.
For 1.5-generation immigrants, males and females also showed a somewhat different picture. For
males, Canadian degrees showed an advantage over degrees from “country of birth” and “other
countries”, but faced disadvantages compared to the degrees from the US. Canadian degrees and
degrees from the UK showed a similar match. For 1.5-generation females, Canadian degrees
showed advantage relative to degrees from the US and “countries of birth” but showed no
significant difference from degrees from the UK and “other countries”. For the Canadian born,
Canadian degrees showed a modestly better match than degrees obtained from outside of Canada
for both genders.
Log of earnings
Compared to Canadian degrees, degrees from the UK were associated with a premium for both
male and female first-generation immigrants. The countries of study associated with deficits
include China, Pakistan, Russia and Ukraine for males and China, Pakistan, Russia, Iran and
Taiwan for females. No significant difference in earnings was observed between degrees from
other selected countries and Canadian degrees. For the 1.5-generation immigrants, degrees in
health professions from the US and the UK were not significantly different from Canadian
degrees. Degrees from “country of birth” and “other countries” were associated with significant
deficits compared with Canadian degrees. This advantage of Canadian degrees in health
professions was also significant for the Canadian-born graduates.
An occupation-education match gives postsecondary educated individuals large premiums, with
the first-generation immigrants having larger returns than the 1.5-generation and the Canadian-
born.
29
Occupation Match in the Field of Health Professions and Related
Clinical Sciences, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.154*** -0.155***
India -0.194*** -0.032
Philippines -0.112** 0.014
Pakistan -0.225*** -0.049
Romania -0.275*** -0.085**
France 0.035 0.081*
Iran -0.066 0.045
Ukraine -0.292*** -0.055
Hong Kong 0.074 0.155***
Taiw an -0.058 0.024
Poland -0.170*** -0.032
Other countries -0.084*** 0.024**
Canada (ref.)
United States 0.098*** -0.100**
Country of birth -0.193*** -0.131***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.051** -0.048***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
30
Health Professions, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.203*** -0.127***
India -0.051 -0.003
Philippines -0.024 0.032
United States 0.068 0.036
Pakistan -0.176** -0.135**
Romania 0 -0.003
Russian Federation -0.205* -0.16**
France 0.218* 0.074
Iran 0.014 -0.158**
Ukraine -0.373*** -0.131*
Hong Kong 0.048 -0.001
Taiw an -0.095 -0.297***
Poland -0.018 0
Canada (ref.)
United States -0.108 0.039
Country of birth -0.234*** -0.193***
Other countries -0.238 -0.013
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.192*** -0.042**
Not match (ref.)
Match 0.419*** 0.275*** 0.387*** 0.423*** 0.398*** 0.417***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
Degrees in education
2006 Census results show that education was predominantly a domain of female postsecondary
graduates for both immigrants and the Canadian-born. Foreign degrees in this field showed
rather poor transferability in the Canadian labour market, especially in finding a job
commensurate with their education level (Tables 9.1 and 9.2).
For first-generation immigrants with education degrees, poorer education-occupation match were
observed for degrees from all selected countries including the US and UK compared to Canadian
degrees. The disadvantage of foreign degrees was also rather large. In the case of males, only
degrees from France and Hong Kong were not significantly different from the Canadian degrees.
In the case of females, only degrees from Iran were not significantly different from Canadian
degrees.
31
For the 1.5 generation, for both genders, Canadian degrees showed an advantage over degrees
from “countries of birth” for both genders and did not significantly differ from degrees from the
US and the UK. For the Canadian-born, no significant difference was observed between degrees
earned in Canada and degrees earned abroad.

First-generation immigrants, especially female immigrants, foreign degrees in education tend to
show earnings deficit compared to Canadian degrees in education. Male immigrants with
education degrees from Romania, Russia, and Poland had a significant deficit relative to their
counterparts with Canadian degrees in the same field. Female immigrants with degrees in this
field from India, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Iran, Ukraine, Taiwan, and Poland were all subject to
a penalty in earnings. Effects of degrees from a few countries were negative, but not significant
for males. This may be due to the small sample size of male immigrants with education degree
from those countries.
For 1.5-generation immigrants, Canadian degrees showed large significant advantage over degrees
from “countries of birth” for males, and degrees from “other countries” for females. The
advantage of Canadian degrees compared to degrees from “other countries” in the field of
education was significant for the Canadian-born females, but not significant for the Canadian-
born males.
Having an occupation matched with the educational level yielded premiums for both immigrants
and the Canadian-born population, while the Canadian-born females had the largest returns to
occupation-education match.
32
Occupation Match in the Field of Education, by Gender and
Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.215** -0.306***
India -0.402*** -0.279***
Philippines -0.459*** -0.355***
United States -0.104** -0.103***
Pakistan -0.388*** -0.288***
United Kingdom -0.148** -0.086***
Romania -0.295*** -0.231***
South Korea 0.385*** -0.359***
France 0.145 -0.110*
Iran -0.234 -0.11
Ukraine -0.382*** -0.32***
Hong Kong 0.02 -0.153***
Taiw an -0.515*** -0.205***
Poland -0.413*** -0.367***
Canada (ref.)
United Kingdom -0.04 -0.043
Country of birth -0.327*** -0.206***
Other countries -0.064 -0.131*
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.007 -0.013
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
33
Education, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.14 -0.068
India 0.091 -0.106**
Pakistan -0.091 -0.356***
Romania -0.317* -0.188**
Russian Federation -0.292** -0.198***
France 0.177 -0.107
Iran -0.367 -0.214**
Ukraine -0.052 -0.297***
Hong Kong -0.232 -0.045
Taiw an 0.15 -0.418**
Poland -0.195* -0.259***
Other countries -0.01 -0.112***
Canada (ref.)
Country of birth -0.348* 0.021
Other countries 0.118 -0.278**
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.023 -0.078***
Not match (ref.)
Match 0.24*** 0.199*** 0.222*** 0.241*** 0.244*** 0.276***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
Degree in social sciences

For first-generation immigrants in this field, Canadian degrees showed significant advantages in
finding a job commensurate with the educational level compared to degrees from China, India,
the Philippines, Pakistan, Romania, Ukraine and Poland. None of the selected countries of study
showed a significantly better match than Canadian degrees.
For the 1.5-generation immigrants, among males, no significant difference was observed between
Canadian degrees and degrees from all other countries analysed
Among females, Canadian degrees only showed significant advantages compared to degrees from
the “country of birth”. For the Canadian-born, education-occupation match was not significantly
different between Canadian degrees and degrees from abroad.
34
Log of earnings
For first-generation immigrants who studied social sciences, degrees from some countries, such
as China, Pakistan, Romania, Russian Federation and Iran were associated with lower returns,
compared to degrees earned in Canada. None of the selected countries of study showed a
premium over Canadian degrees for first-generation immigrants. The premium of Canadian
degrees in social sciences over foreign degrees (except ones from the UK and US) was also
significant for the 1.5-generation immigrants. However, among the Canadian-born workers,
Canadian degrees were either not significantly rewarding (for females) or related to deficits (for
males).
Being employed in an occupation matched with their education level was associated with
significant premiums for both immigrants and the Canadian-born.

Occupation Match in the Field of Social Sciences, by Gender and
Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.104** -0.07*
India -0.242*** -0.219***
Philippines -0.163* -0.193***
Pakistan -0.187*** -0.170***
Romania -0.174*** -0.125***
Russian Federation -0.270*** -0.064
France 0.022 -0.072
Iran -0.061 -0.192***
Ukraine -0.268*** -0.188***
Hong Kong 0.014 -0.033
Taiw an 0.019 0.005
Poland -0.200*** -0.202***
Canada (ref.)
United Kingdom 0.011 0.01
Country of birth -0.082 -0.222***
In Canada (ref.)
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
35
Table 10.2: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings in the Field of Social
Sciences, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.188** -0.195***
India -0.032 -0.083
Pakistan -0.278*** -0.231***
United Kingdom 0.201*** 0.046
Romania -0.229*** -0.241***
South Korea -0.345* -0.115
France -0.066 0.044
Iran -0.328** -0.323***
Ukraine -0.217 -0.365***
Hong Kong -0.042 -0.017
Taiw an -0.238 -0.303**
Poland -0.16* -0.225***
Other countries -0.101** -0.122***
Canada (ref.)
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.084*** 0.006
Not match (ref.)
Match 0.262*** 0.266*** 0.273*** 0.277*** 0.244*** 0.264***
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
36
Conclusion
This study is the third part of a three-part project using the 2006 Census micro-data to examine
interplaying associations between labour market outcomes and educational characteristics among
PSE immigrants. In the first part of this project we looked at statistical variations in country of
highest educational attainment and field of study among PSE immigrants. We found that, in
2006, immigrants were more likely than the Canadian-born to have a bachelor’s degree or
university certificate or diploma above the bachelor level as their highest educational attainment.
Moreover, there were some noticeable differences in distribution across fields of study among
immigrants and the Canadian born (e.g., there were a larger proportion of immigrants who
studied engineering compared to the Canadian-born).
Given the fact that more than half of PSE immigrants were found to have attained their highest
level of education in their “country of birth”, in the second part of our project, we explored
occupational skill level outcomes in relation to highest level of educational attainment, field of
study, and location of study (including a focus on selected major fields of study). The main focus
is the immediately observable ‘transferability’ of foreign degrees by field of study and country of
highest postsecondary degrees. We found that regardless of which major field immigrants had
studied in, those with a Canadian postsecondary degree had a better chance to work in an
occupation commensurate with their educational level and field, especially when compared to
immigrants who completed their education in the main source countries of China, India, the
Philippines, and Pakistan. The advantage of a Canadian postsecondary degree was more apparent
in the fields of business, social sciences, and education than in the field of computer and
information, engineering, and health professions. The first two parts of the project provided
descriptive analysis.
In this third part of the project, we use multivariate analyses to tease out the independent effects
of country of study and field of study on occupational outcomes and earnings, controlling for
socio-demographic factors (e.g., education level, English and French language ability, city of
residence, visible minority status, etc.). The goal is to examine the “transferability” of foreign
postsecondary degrees in the Canadian labour market by field of study and country of highest
postsecondary degree.
Consistent with the findings from our previous descriptive analysis (Xue and Xu, 2010), using the
same dataset, but multivariate analysis, we found that after controlling for individuals’ other
observable characteristics, in 2005-2006 the probability of finding an occupation with skill level
commensurate with one’s educational level and earnings differed substantially between
immigrants who earned their postsecondary degrees from different countries and studied in
different fields. We also observed that the relative success for credentials from different countries
varied considerably by field of study, especially for first-generation immigrants.
First-generation immigrants with foreign credentials from the UK, the US and France where
education systems are similar to Canada generally outperformed immigrants with similar
characteristics but who obtained credentials from other countries. The predicted education-
occupation match rates and the earnings for degrees from such countries were generally
equivalent to, if not higher than credentials obtained from within Canada.
In contrast, credentials from a number of non-traditional source countries, namely degrees in
most main fields of study obtained from Pakistan, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Romania, Iran and
China, were generally associated with lower education-occupation match rates and lower earnings
37
relative to the Canadian equivalents. Pakistani postsecondary degrees, for example, were
significantly penalized in five of the six top fields.
Further, the transferability of credentials from different countries was not identical among the
main fields of study. Among first-generation immigrants, compared to Canadian credentials, gaps
in match rates for foreign credentials were generally smaller for degrees in computer and
information, social sciences and health professions than for the fields of education, business and
engineering. In the field of education, degrees from most countries, even including degrees from
the UK (for both genders) and the US (for males) showed significant negative gaps compared to
Canadian degrees. For education degrees from some non-traditional source countries, the
magnitude of gaps was rather large. For degrees in computer and information, only a few
countries showed significant negative gaps and the magnitude of the gaps was also smaller than
for other selected fields.
After controlling for the difference in education-occupation match status, with some exceptions,
immigrants with degrees from most of the non-traditional source countries analyzed tended to
show negative earning gaps compared to their equivalents of Canadian degree holders. The gap
varied by field of study. Degrees in computer and information stood out for better earnings
outcomes. Except for Pakistan, there was no significant earnings penalty to computer
information degrees from other main countries of study relative to Canadian computer and
information credentials. First-generation males with degrees in computer and information from
Romania and Hong Kong registered significantly higher earnings than their Canadian-educated
counterparts. First-generation females in this field with Romanian degrees also exhibited higher
earnings when compared to those educated in Canada. Besides degrees in computer and
information, for first-generation males, engineering degrees from India also exhibited a similarly
positive perspective in terms of higher earnings than their immigrant counterparts with Canadian
engineering degrees.
As expected, individuals working in an occupation commensurate with their educational level
earned significantly more than their counterparts working in an “unmatched” situation. For all
postsecondary graduates, the premiums were close to 35% (30 log points) for both immigrant
groups and the Canadian-born. Particularly, working in a “matched” occupation gave first-
generation immigrants larger premiums relative to the Canadian-born. Field-wise, an education-
occupation match seemed to be more important in getting individuals higher earnings in some
fields of study such as computer and information and health professions. The premiums of the
match variable for persons with such degrees were higher compared to their counterparts in
other fields.
The relative success across fields of study for first-generation immigrants was different from the
Canadian born. The pattern of differences across fields for 1.5-generation immigrants resembled
more that of the Canadian born than that of the first generation. For example, for both labour
market outcomes, foreign credentials in computer and information showed the top performance
for first generation immigrants, but ranked at upper middle range for 1.5-generation and
Canadian-born workers.
First-generation immigrants with degrees in education faced challenges in finding jobs
commensurate with their education levels; however, for the 1.5 generation and Canadian born,
the education field generally led to a superior match rate.
First-generation immigrants with credentials in legal services showed a rather low education-
occupation match rate and a large earnings deficit compared to those with degrees in computer
38
and information, engineering and pure science degrees, but the Canadian born and 1.5-generation
immigrants with this degree outperformed those with degrees in most other fields.
Since we conducted separate analyses for first-generation and 1.5-generation immigrants and the
Canadian born of each gender, hence all comparisons made in this study are within, rather than
across generations and genders.
Our results suggest that while Canadian education is proven to be an important predictor of the
labour market success of immigrants, transferability of foreign degrees does vary significantly by
field of study and country of study. Regardless of the fields of study, we find that immigrants
who successfully “matched” their education level and occupational skill level obtained much
higher earnings. Some internationally-trained professionals in computer and information field
registered superior outcomes in terms of a better match rate and higher earnings than other
immigrants in 2005-2006. These finding may be related to the recent economic recovery of the
IT sector from the downturn after 2001. However, as the current research only uses a single
year’s data, it is difficult to extend this result to a longer economic period. The lack of
immigration category information in the Census data also dampens our results. Data combining
educational characteristics and immigration category would be very valuable for further research.
39
References
Badets, J. and Howatson-Leo, L. (1999) “Recent Immigrants in the Workforce.” Canadian Social
Trends. Spring: 16-23.
Bloom, D. E., G. Grenier, and M. Gunderson (1995) ‘The changing labour market position of
Canadian Immigrants,’ Canadian Journal of Economics 28, 987-1005
Boyd, M. and G. Schellenberg (2007), “Re-accreditation and the Occupations of Immigrant Doctors
and Engineers”, Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 11-008, Winter
2007, no. 84.
Chiswick, B. R., Y. L. Lee, and P. W. Miller (2005): “Immigrant Earnings: A Longitudinal Analysis,”
Review of Income and Wealth, 51(4), 485–503.
Feng H. (2010) Entry Earnings of Canada’s Immigrants over the Past Quarter Century: the Roles of
Changing Characteristics and Returns to Skills, Canadian Labour Market and Skills Researcher
Network, Working Paper No. 63.
Frenette, M. and R. Morrisette, (2003), “Will they ever converge? Earnings of immigrant and
Canadian-born workers over the last two decades”, Analytical Studies Research Paper
Series, Catelogue no. 11F0019MIE2003215, Statistics Canada, Ottawa.
Galarneau, D. and R. Morissette (2008). “Immigrants’ Education and Required Job Skills”,
Perspectives on Labour and Income, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 75-001-X, December
2008, Vol. 9, No. 12.
Galarneau, D. and R. Morissette (2004), “Immigrants: Settling for Less?” Perspectives on Labour and
Income, Statistics Canada Catalogue no.75-001-X, Fall 2004, Vol.16, No.3.
Green, C., P. Kler and G. Leeves (2007), “Immigrant Overeducation: Evidence from Recent Arrivals
to Australia”, Economics of Education Review, 26: pp.420-432.
Grondin, C. (2007), “Knowledge of Official Languages among New Immigrants: How Important Is It in
the Labour Market?” Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 89-624-XIE.
McBride, S. and A. Sweetman (2004). “Postsecondary Field of Study and the Canadian Labour Market
Outcomes of Immigrants and Non-immigrants”, Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper
Series, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 11F0019MIE2004233.
Li, C., G. Gervais & A. Duval (2006). “The Dynamics of Overqualification: Canada’s Underemployed
University Graduates”, Statistics Canada, April 2006. Catalogue no. 11-621-MIE – No. 039
Pendakur, K. and R.Pendakur (1998). The Colour of Money: Earnings Differentials Across Ethnic
Groups in Canada , Canadian Journal of Economics 31(3), pp 518-548.
Picot, G, and Hou, F. (2009), “Immigrant Characteristics, the IT bust, and Their Effect on Entry
Earnings of Immigrants”, Statistics Canada, April 2009.
Picot, G., F. Hou and S. Coulombe (2007), “Chronic Low-Income and Low-Income Dynamics among
Recent Immigrants”, Analytical Studies Research Paper Series, No.294, Statistics Canada
Picot, G. and A. Sweetman (2005), “The Deteriorating Economic Welfare of Immigrants and Possible
Causes,” Analytical Studies Research Paper Series, No. 262, Statistics Canada.
Plante, J. (2010). “Characteristics and Labour Market Outcomes of Internationally-educated
Immigrants: Results from the 2006 Census”. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 81-595-M —
No. 084. www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-595-m/81-595-m2010084-eng.pdf
Plante, J. (2011). “Integration of Internationally-educated Immigrants into the Canadian Labour
Market: Determinants of Success”, Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 81-595-M — No. 094.
www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-595-m/81-595-m2011094-eng.pdf.
Ewoudou. J. (2011), “Location of Study and the Labour Market Success of Immigrants to Canada,
Statistics Canada , Catalogue no. 81-595-M — No. 093. www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-595-
m/81-595-m2011093-eng.pdf
Sweetman, A. (2004). “Immigrant Source Country Educational Quality and Canadian Labour Market
Outcomes”, Analytical Studies Research Paper Series, No. 234, Statistics Canada, Catalogue
no. 11F0019MIE, December 2004.
40
Reitz, J. (2001). “Immigrant Skill Utilization in the Canadian Labour Market: Implications of Human
Capital Research.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 2, no. 3: 347-78.
Wanner, R. A (2000). “Shifting Origins, Shifting Labour Markets: Trends in the Occupational
Attainment of Male Immigrants to Canada.” A paper prepared for presentation at the Fourth
National Metropolis Conference, Toronto, Ontario (March 22-25, 2000).
Xue, L. and L. Xu (2010). “An Educational Portrait and Employment Outcomes of Postsecondary
Educated Immigrants, 2006 Census”. Socio-economic Conference 2010 - Statistics Canada.
Xue, L. and Xu L. (2010). “An Educational Portrait of Postsecondary Educated Immigrants, 2006
Census”. Report prepared for Citizenship and Immigration Canada. September 2010.
www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/education.asp
Xue, L. and Xu L. (2010). “Employment Outcomes of Postsecondary Educated Immigrants, 2006
Census”. Report prepared for Citizenship and Immigration Canada. September 2010.
www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/employment.asp
Zietsma, D. (2010). “Immigrants Working in Regulated Occupations”. Perspectives on Labour and
Income, Statistics Canada Catalogue no.75-001-X, February 2010, Vol. 11, No. 2.
41
Appendix A:
Table A1: Sample Means for Education-occupation Match Outcome Models: All
Fields Combined, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Education-occupation m atch status (%)
Match 58.1 70.2 70.3 45.3 58.5 61.8
Not match (ref.) 41.9 29.8 29.6 54.7 41.5 38.2
Age 45.581 41.631 42.421 44.08 40.227 41.382
Age squared 21.713 18.504 19.061 20.358 17.255 18.163
Years since landing 14.112 32.095 13.826 30.46
Years since landing squared 3.129 11.883 2.954 10.773
Marital status (%)
Single 8.1 25.5 20 9.8 24.6 18.9
Divorced, separated or w idow ed 6.7 7.3 7.6 13.7 12.8 12.5
Married or in common-law (ref.) 85.1 67.1 72.4 76.5 62.7 68.6
CMA of residence (%)
Montreal 13.1 10.5 12.6 11.9 10.7 12.7
Toronto (ref.) 40.6 34.4 10.7 41.6 37.2 11
Vancouver 13.4 12.8 5.3 14.6 12.9 5.2
Ottaw a-Gatineau 3.8 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.4
Calgary 5 4.6 4.1 4.9 4.2 3.7
Edmonton 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.4
Other CMAs 14.3 19 26.2 13.5 17.6 27
Non CMA 6.3 10.8 32.9 6.4 10.3 32.6
Visible m inority group (%)
Chinese 15.2 12 0.9 16 11.8 0.8
South Asian 18.8 9.7 0.6 14.8 10.3 0.6
Black 7.1 6 0.6 8.5 9.3 0.8
Filipino 6.2 3.1 0.2 11.3 3.8 0.2
Latin American 4 2.8 0.1 4.2 3.1 0.1
Southeast Asian 1.9 3.2 0 1.7 3 0
Arab 4.6 1.9 0.1 2.6 1.6 0.1
West Asian 2.6 1 0 2.2 1 0
Korean 1.6 1.1 0.1 1.5 1.1 0.1
Japanese 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.2
Other visible minorities 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.1
Multiple visible minority 1.2 1.4 0.1 1.3 1.6 0.1
White (ref.) 36.1 56.8 94.3 34.6 52.3 93.7
Aboriginal 2.8 3.3
English (%)
English Spoken 95.6 98.8 87.8 94.8 98.3 86.4
English Not spoken (ref.) 4.4 1.2 12.2 5.2 1.7 13.6
French (%)
French spoken 18.5 19.9 37.9 17.3 22.4 39.1
French not spoken (ref.) 81.5 80 62.1 82.7 77.6 60.9
Highest educational attainm ent (%)
Trades or college diploma 44.8 59.9 67.8 49.9 58.6 63.5
Bachelor's degree 33.7 30 24.4 34.9 33.1 29.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or
optometry 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.5
Master's degree 15.4 7.2 6 11.7 6.6 5.9
Earned doctorate degree 4.5 1.6 1.1 1.9 0.9 0.7
Attending school (%)
Did not attend school 87.8 87.7 89.7 84 84.2 86.8
Attended school 12.2 12.3 10.3 16 15.8 13.2
43
Table A1: (Cont’d)
Males Fem ales
Location of study for first generation (%)
Canada (ref.) 29.1 32.2
P.R. China 6 6.4
India 7.9 7.2
Philippines 5.7 9.8
Pakistan 2.7 1.5
Romania 2.1 2
Russian Federation 1.6 1.6
South Korea 1.2 1.2
France 2.1 1.6
Iran 1.2 1.1
Ukraine 1 1.2
Hong Kong 1.3 1.6
Taiw an 0.6 0.8
Poland 2.3 2.5
Location of study for 1.5 generation (%)
Canada (ref.) 91.9 92.6
Country of Birth 3.7 3.6
Other Countries 1 1
Location of study for Canadian born (%)
In Canada (ref.) 97.9 98.3
Outside Canada 2.1 1.7
Field of study
services (ref.) 16.1 17 15.4 25.5 27.7 25.7
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences 1.8 1 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.9
services 6.6 8.2 4.6 4.2 4.4 2.4
Personal and culinary services 1.5 1.9 2 3 4.4 4.7
Education 2.1 2.8 4.2 8.2 8 11.8
Engineering 23.9 10 5.3 5.8 1.7 0.7
Engineering technologies/technicians 6.3 9.8 8.9 1 1 1
linguistics 0.6 0.3 0.2 1.9 1.2 0.7
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences 0.5 0.3 0.3 3.3 2.9 3
Legal professions and studies 1 1 1.2 1.5 2.7 2.7
English language and literature/letters 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.4 1.1
humanities 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.8 2.2 1.8
Biological and biomedical sciences 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.9 2 1.3
Mathematics and statistics 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.2
Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies 1.2 1.5 1 1.4 1.6 1.1
Physical sciences 2.9 1.5 1 1.7 0.7 0.3
Social sciences 3.6 4.7 3.8 4.4 4.7 3.2
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 6 8.2 11.8 0.2 0.2 0.3
Visual and performing arts 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.9 3.5 3
Health professions and related clinical sciences 4.6 4 3.3 18.6 17.7 21.1
Other fields 15.1 20.5 29.5 7.8 10.7 13
_w eight 5.143 5.141 5.146 5.130 4.919 4.929
Num ber of observation 144,493 62,756 655,181 133,046 59,851 658,900
44
Table A.2: Sample Means for Earnings Models: All Fields Combined, by Gender
Males Fem ales
Log of earnings 10.471 10.698 10.72 10.047 10.314 10.285
Age 45.587 41.637 42.326 44.245 40.258 41.345
Age squared 21.709 18.496 18.967 20.492 17.27 18.121
Years since landing 14.213 32.144 14.075 30.532
Years since landing squared 3.145 11.897 3.017 10.803
Weeks w orked 45.934 47.535 47.372 43.442 45.403 45.649
Marital status (%)
Married or in common-law (ref.) 85.5 67.7 72.9 76.4 62.8 68.7
Single 7.9 25.1 19.7 9.9 24.5 18.9
Divorced, separated or w idow ed 6.6 7.2 7.4 13.7 12.7 12.4
CMA of residence (%)
Montreal 12.7 10.3 12.6 11.5 10.6 12.8
Toronto (ref.) 40.8 34.2 10.7 41.7 37.1 11
Vancouver 13.3 12.8 5.3 14.5 12.8 5.2
Ottaw a-Gatineau 3.8 4.1 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.4
Calgary 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.9 4.3 3.7
Edmonton 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.4
Other CMAs 14.5 19.2 26.3 13.6 17.8 27.1
Non CMA 6.4 10.8 32.8 6.4 10.3 32.3
Visible m inority group (%)
Chinese 15 12 0.9 15.9 11.9 0.8
South Asian 19 9.6 0.6 14.6 10.3 0.6
Black 7 5.9 0.6 8.5 9.1 0.8
Filipino 6.4 3.1 0.2 11.7 3.9 0.2
Latin American 3.9 2.8 0.1 4.1 3.1 0.1
Southeast Asian 1.9 3.2 0 1.7 2.9 0
Arab 4.4 1.8 0.1 2.4 1.5 0.1
West Asian 2.4 1 0 2.1 1 0
Korean 1.4 1.1 0.1 1.4 1.1 0.1
Japanese 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.2
Other visible minority 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.1
Multiple visible minority 1.2 1.4 0.1 1.3 1.6 0.1
White (ref.) 36.4 57.1 94.5 34.9 52.6 93.9
Aboriginal 2.7 3.1
English (%)
English Spoken 95.9 98.8 87.8 95.2 98.3 86.4
English Not spoken (ref.) 4.1 1.2 12.2 4.8 1.7 13.6
French (%)
French spoken 18.1 19.8 37.9 17 22.2 39.1
French not spoken (ref.) 81.9 80.2 62.1 83 77.8 60.9
45
Table A.2: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Location of study for first generation (%)
Canada (ref.) 29.3 32.7
P.R. China 5.9 6.2
India 8 7.2
Philippines 6 10.2
Pakistan 2.6 1.3
Romania 2.1 2
Russian Federation 1.6 1.6
South Korea 1.1 1.1
France 2.1 1.6
Iran 1.1 1.1
Ukraine 1 1.2
Hong Kong 1.4 1.6
Taiw an 0.6 0.8
Poland 2.4 2.5
Other 23.1 20.2
Location of study for 1.5 generation (%)
Canada (ref.) 92 92.8
Country of Birth 3.5 3.5
Other Countries 1 0.9
Location of study for Canadian born (%)
In Canada (ref.) 97.9 98.3
Outside Canada 2.1 1.7
Field of study (%)
services (ref.) 16 17.1 15.6 25.7 27.9 25.8
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences 1.8 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.9
services 6.6 8.2 4.6 4.2 4.4 2.4
Personal and culinary services 1.5 1.8 2 3 4.2 4.5
Education 2.1 2.9 4.2 8.2 8.1 11.9
Engineering 24 10 5.3 5.8 1.7 0.7
Engineering technologies/technicians 6.4 9.8 9 1 1 1
linguistics 0.6 0.3 0.2 1.8 1.2 0.7
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences 0.5 0.3 0.3 3.3 2.8 3
Legal professions and studies 1 1 1.2 1.5 2.8 2.7
English language and literature/letters 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.4 1.1
humanities 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.7
Biological and biomedical sciences 1.4 1.7 2 1.9 1.1 1.3
Mathematics and statistics 1.2 0.9 0.7 1 0.5 0.3
Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1 1.1
Physical sciences 2.9 1.5 0.7 1.7 1 0.4
Social sciences 3.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 3.8 3.2
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 6.1 8.2 0.2 0.2 11.8 0.3
Visual and performing arts 1.7 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.2 3
Health professions and related clinical sciences 4.6 4 17.8 18.8 3.3 21.2
Other fields of study 15.1 20.6 10.8 7.8 29.4 13
46
Table A.2: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Variables generation generation born generation generation born
Industry (%)
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 0.7 0.7 2 0.5 0.4 0.9
Mining and oil and gas extraction 1.1 1.3 2.7 0.5 0.5 0.7
Utilities 1 1.3 2.1 0.3 0.5 0.6
Construction 5.4 6.9 9.7 1 1.2 1.4
Manufacturing 21.7 15.7 15.5 9.6 6 5.1
Wholesale trade 6.2 6.1 5.4 4.1 3.8 2.8
Retail trade 7.1 7 6.4 9.3 7.7 7.5
Transportation and w arehousing 6.4 5.7 5.7 2.3 2.7 2.2
Information and cultural industries 3.1 4.3 3.3 2.4 3.5 2.8
Finance and insurance 4.6 6 4.1 7.3 9.1 6.1
Real estate and rental and leasing 2.2 2.2 1.7 2 2.1 1.5
Professional, scientific and technical services 12 11.6 8.4 8.3 9.1 6.8
Management of companies and enterprises 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Administrative and support, w aste management and
remediation services 4.6 3.3 2.9 4.5 3.6 2.7
Educational services 6 6.7 7.5 9.5 12.9 16.4
Health care and social assistance 4.6 4.8 4.6 22.1 20.8 24.6
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.9 1.3 1.5 1 1.2 1.5
Accommodation and food services 4.4 3.3 2.1 5.7 3.6 3.2
Other services (except public administration) 4.1 4.3 4.4 5.4 4.6 4.4
Public administration 3.8 7.2 10 4 6.6 8.6
Highest educational attainm ent (%)
Trades or College diploma (ref.) 44.8 59.6 67.6 49.9 58.3 63.1
Bachelor's degree 33.7 30.3 24.6 34.9 33.4 29.8
optometry 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.5
Master's degree 15.3 7.3 6 11.7 6.6 6
Doctorate 4.6 1.6 1.1 1.9 0.9 0.7
Occupation-education m atched (%)
Not match (ref.) 41.6 29.5 29.3 54.2 41 37.6
Match 58.4 70.5 70.7 45.8 59 62.4
Part-tim e w ork
Part-time 6.3 6 5.2 21.2 18.8 20.1
Full time (ref.) 93.7 94 94.8 78.8 81.2 79.9
Attending school
Attended school 11.7 12 10 15.3 15.3 12.9
Did not attend school (ref.) 88.3 88 90 84.7 84.7 87.1
_w eight 5.142 5.143 4.937 5.140 5.137 4.943
Num ber of observation 133,755 59,330 624,466 121,415 56,003 623,561
47
Appendix B:
Table B.0: Probit Model Estimations of Marginal Probability of Education-
Occupation Match, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Age 0.003* 0.004 0.013*** 0.004** 0.014*** 0.012***
Age squared -0.007*** -0.003 -0.015*** -0.007*** -0.017*** -0.013***
Years since landing 0.013*** 0.008*** 0.01*** 0.005*** -
Years since landing squared -0.016*** -0.011*** -0.008*** -0.003* -
Marital status
Married or in common-law (ref.)
Single -0.051*** -0.103*** -0.113*** -0.008 -0.037*** -0.053***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.062*** -0.093*** -0.066*** -0.026*** -0.034*** -0.047***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.035*** -0.038*** -0.029*** -0.042*** -0.050*** -0.052***
Vancouver 0.002 -0.005 -0.008** -0.022*** -0.036*** -0.041***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.062*** 0.034*** 0.008** 0.043*** 0.017 -0.009**
Calgary 0.076*** 0.046*** 0.026*** 0 0.006 -0.021***
Edmonton 0.056*** 0.001 0.018*** 0.016* -0.015 -0.048***
Other CMAs 0.008* -0.017*** -0.041*** -0.033*** -0.045*** -0.064***
Non CMA 0.037*** -0.027*** -0.053*** -0.006 -0.048*** -0.081***
Visible m inority group
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.066*** -0.024*** 0.006 -0.020*** -0.011 -0.008
South Asian -0.121*** -0.056*** -0.023*** -0.113*** -0.043*** -0.032***
Black -0.207*** -0.129*** -0.112*** -0.142*** -0.069*** -0.086***
Filipino -0.242*** -0.128*** -0.042** -0.205*** -0.054*** 0.002
Latin American -0.165*** -0.097*** -0.086*** -0.135*** -0.065*** -0.058**
Southeast Asian -0.160*** -0.057*** 0.01 -0.106*** -0.012 -0.012
Arab -0.080*** -0.056*** -0.001 -0.03*** -0.009 -0.007
West Asian -0.100*** 0.023 0.049 -0.033** 0.019 -0.076
Korean -0.038 0.012 0.033 0.012 0.027 -0.014
Japanese -0.043 -0.051 0.023* -0.001 0.014 0.007
Other visible minorities -0.144*** -0.059** 0.003 -0.112*** -0.044* -0.080***
Multiple visible minority -0.110*** -0.013 -0.056** -0.097*** -0.026 -0.055**
Aboriginal people -- -- -0.064*** -0.028***
English
English not spoken (ref.)
English spoken 0.05*** 0.049** 0.05*** 0.050*** -0.008 0.006***
French
French not spoken (ref.)
French spoken 0.009 0.017** -0.003* 0.071*** 0.044*** 0.041***
Highest educational attainm ent
Trades or college diploma (ref.)
Bachelor's degree -0.081*** -0.041*** -0.037*** -0.018*** 0.067*** 0.077***
optometry 0.139*** 0.216*** 0.230*** 0.105*** 0.303*** 0.265***
Master's degree 0.080*** 0.119*** 0.131*** 0.144*** 0.264*** 0.243***
Earned doctorate degree 0.279*** 0.199*** 0.206*** 0.349*** 0.329*** 0.291***
Attending school
Did not attend school (ref)
Attended school -0.031*** -0.016** -0.005** 0.017*** 0.001 -0.003
48
Table B.0: Cont’d
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.159*** -0.164***
India -0.178*** -0.175***
Philippines -0.215*** -0.093***
Pakistan -0.216*** -0.176***
Romania -0.174*** -0.125***
South Korea -0.057** -0.101***
France 0.012 -0.007
Iran -0.07*** -0.108***
Ukraine -0.246*** -0.190***
Hong Kong -0.028** -0.022*
Taiw an -0.064*** -0.072***
Poland -0.263*** -0.192***
Canada (ref.)
Country of Birth -0.120*** -0.135***
Location of study of Canadian Born
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.034*** -0.026***
Field of study
services (ref.)
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences -0.145*** -0.097*** -0.089*** -0.094*** -0.067** -0.072***
Computer and information sciences and support services 0.115*** 0.091*** 0.089*** 0.099*** 0.056*** 0.047***
Personal and culinary services 0.059*** 0.056*** -0.028*** 0.017* 0.03*** -0.031***
Education -0.015 0.128*** 0.137*** 0.068*** 0.161*** 0.194***
Engineering 0.039*** 0.114*** 0.132*** 0.065*** 0.163*** 0.157***
Engineering technologies/technicians 0.031*** 0.044*** 0.069*** -0.014 0.088*** 0.101***
linguistics -0.065*** -0.124*** -0.044*** -0.011 -0.059*** -0.044***
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences -0.073*** -0.124*** -0.084*** 0.043*** 0.081*** 0.082***
Legal professions and studies -0.071*** 0.134*** 0.133*** 0.017 0.133*** 0.124***
English language and literature/letters -0.100*** -0.017 -0.096*** -0.05*** -0.104*** -0.083***
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities -0.181*** -0.146*** -0.138*** -0.09*** -0.118*** -0.098***
Biological and biomedical sciences -0.051*** -0.041** -0.077*** 0.027** -0.065*** -0.092***
Mathematics and statistics 0.047*** -0.004 0.064*** 0.096*** 0.011 0.074***
Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary studies -0.053*** -0.035** -0.046*** -0.005 -0.037* -0.051***
Physical sciences -0.004 0.019 0.036*** 0.069*** 0.058** 0.061***
Social sciences -0.095*** -0.077*** -0.093*** -0.047*** -0.12*** -0.108***
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 0.002 0.039*** 0.028*** -0.112*** -0.108* -0.043***
Visual and performing arts -0.054*** -0.041*** -0.065*** -0.005 -0.022* -0.021***
Health professions and related clinical sciences -0.008 0.055*** 0.046*** 0.073*** 0.084*** 0.115***
Other fields -0.025*** -0.003 -0.007*** 0.011 -0.016* 0.009***
Model inform ation
_cons 0.199** -0.107 -0.225*** -0..336*** -0.866*** -0.494***
Number of observations 144493 62756 655181 133046 59851 658900
Wald chi2 14965.3 3085.4 22930.9 10397.9 3188.6 30448.3
Pseudo R2 0.1037 0.055 0.0406 0.0736 0.0526 0.0481
Predicted probability 0.591 0.714 0.713 0.45 0 .593 0.627
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
49
Occupation Match in the Field of Business, Management, Marketing
and Related Support Services, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Age 0.011*** 0.010* 0.020*** 0.008** 0.020*** 0.02***
Age squared -0.014*** -0.008 -0.021*** -0.01*** -0.021*** -0.021***
Years since landing 0.011*** 0.006** - 0.009*** 0.008***
Years since landing squared -0.013*** -0.008** - -0.009*** -0.009**
Marital Status
Single -0.08*** -0.124*** -0.142*** -0.01 -0.030*** -0.058***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.03* -0.114*** -0.077*** -0.032*** -0.035** -0.043***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.065*** -0.045** -0.039*** -0.029** -0.065*** -0.071***
Vancouver 0.006 -0.013 -0.005 -0.011 -0.037** -0.019**
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.014 0.028 -0.007 -0.016 0.023 -0.021**
Calgary 0.041** 0.064*** 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.007
Edmonton -0.031 0.034 -0.017* 0.003 0.002 -0.057***
Other CMAs -0.022* -0.038** -0.053*** -0.056*** -0.058*** -0.084***
Non CMA; -0.040* -0.079*** -0.063*** -0.013 -0.033* -0.100***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.095*** 0.012 0.027* -0.012 -0.014 0.004
South Asian -0.099*** -0.017 0.048*** -0.095*** -0.042*** -0.04**
Black -0.202*** -0.108*** -0.086*** -0.135*** -0.100*** -0.083***
Filipino -0.216*** -0.045 0.034 -0.146*** -0.074*** -0.039
Latin American -0.195*** -0.058* -0.126** -0.155*** -0.088*** -0.107**
Southeast Asian -0.12*** -0.045 0.107** -0.078*** -0.037 -0.092
Arab -0.063*** -0.067* 0.02 -0.039* -0.005 -0.011
West Asian -0.048 0.026 0.082 -0.083*** -0.004 -0.028
Korean -0.019 0.04 0.083 -0.035 0.119** 0.099
Japanese -0.183*** -0.018 -0.06* -0.066* -0.073 0.026
Other visible minorities. -0.170*** -0.013 -0.056 -0.099*** -0.035 -0.116**
Multiple visible minority -0.101*** -0.022 -0.043 -0.053** -0.034 -0.064
Aboriginal -0.016 -0.028***
English
English spoken 0.046** 0.111** 0.049*** 0.055*** 0.027 0.018***
French
French spoken 0.005 0.015 0.008* 0.028** 0.004 0.022***
Bachelor's degree 0.021** 0.032*** 0.039*** -0.019*** 0.122*** 0.112***
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary
medicine or optometry 0.112 - 0.023 -0.146 0.162 -0.073
Master's degree 0.136*** 0.163*** 0.17*** 0.167*** 0.320*** 0.288***
Earned doctorate degree 0.316*** -0.065 0.161*** 0.351*** 0.202** 0.149***
50
Table B.1: Cont’d
Attending school
Did not attend school (ref)
Attended school -0.002 -0.005 0.004 0.032*** 0.023* 0.034***
Canada (ref)
P.R. China -0.13*** -0.159***
India -0.22*** -0.18***
Philippines -0.278*** -0.178***
United States -0.035** 0.02
Pakistan -0.244*** -0.188***
United Kingdom 0.032* 0.003
Romania -0.294*** -0.115***
Russian Federation -0.135** -0.078**
South Korea -0.099* -0.109*
France -0.039 0.003
Iran -0.135*** -0.124***
Ukraine -0.328*** -0.202***
Hong Kong -0.051* -0.06***
Taiw an -0.071 -0.079***
Poland -0.381*** -0.221***
Canada (ref)
United States 0.009 -0.152***
Country of birth -0.225*** -0.089***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.047*** -0.063***
Model inform ation
_cons -0.343 -0.673** -0.832*** -0.611** -1.401*** -0.923***
Wald chi squared 1957.4 531.8 3434 2317.8 625.8 3750
Pseudo R squared 0.0826 0.0508 0.0369 0.0624 0.0354 0.0216
Predicted probability 0.56 0.682 0.7 0.415 0.54 0.555
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
51
Occupation Match in the Field of Engineering (25-64) , by Gender and
Immigrant Status
Age -0.006 -0.016** 0.008*** -0.02** -0.014 0.007
Age squared 0.001 0.014* -0.01*** 0.013 0.019 -0.011
Years since landing 0.022*** 0.010*** 0.03*** 0.025***
Years since landing squared -0.034*** -0.011** -0.057*** -0.05***
Marital Status
Single -0.032** -0.096*** -0.082*** -0.016 -0.099** -0.04**
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.082*** -0.059* -0.035*** -0.015 0.001 -0.008
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.008 0.024 0.01 -0.063** -0.096 0.042*
Vancouver 0.017* 0.011 0.025** -0.017 0.029 0.073**
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.141*** 0.063*** 0.032*** 0.089*** -0.047 0.018
Calgary 0.138*** 0.059*** 0.059*** 0.054** -0.045 0.065***
Edmonton 0.048*** -0.013 0.023* 0.001 0.022 0.090***
Other CMAs 0.048*** -0.003 -0.002 -0.006 -0.098* 0.03
Non CMA 0.055*** 0.019 -0.036*** 0.01 -0.077 -0.011
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.086*** 0.012 0.031** -0.057 -0.025 -0.06
South Asian -0.113*** -0.073*** 0.023 -0.196*** -0.047 -0.014
Black -0.201*** -0.099*** -0.095** -0.136*** -0.09 -0.158*
Filipino -0.261*** -0.189*** -0.063 -0.149** -0.108 0.019
Latin American -0.097*** -0.109** -0.167 -0.042 -0.105 -0.18
Southeast Asian -0.19*** 0 0.045 -0.193*** -0.078 -0.119
Arab -0.09*** 0 -0.039 -0.033 -0.107 0.035
West Asian -0.069*** -0.022 -0.036 -0.011 0.091 -0.414
Korean -0.128** 0.001 0.065 0.034 0.187*** 0.078
Japanese 0.034 0.07 0.054* 0.206 -0.136 0.035
Other visible minorities -0.168*** 0.043 -0.076 -0.176* -0.079 -0.148
Multiple visible minority -0.195*** 0.023 0.053 -0.035 -0.053 0.086
Aboriginal -0.097*** -0.103*
English
English spoken 0.111*** 0.084 0.023** 0.15*** 0.359* 0.059*
French
French spoken 0.009 -0.004 0.005 0.058** 0.046 0.033**
Bachelor's degree -0.167*** -0.054*** -0.012** -0.055** 0.103** 0.034
medicine or optometry -0.242*** -0.191 -0.166* -0.102 -0.286 -0.055
Master's degree 0.025** 0.060*** 0.052*** 0.121*** 0.159*** 0.107***
Earned doctorate degree 0.230*** 0.079** 0.036** 0.263*** @ 0.162***
52
Table B.2: Cont’d
Attending school
Did not attend school (ref.)
Attended school -0.071*** -0.07*** -0.028*** -0.03* -0.043 0.003
Canada
P.R. China -0.214*** -0.237***
India -0.16*** -0.022
Philippines -0.275*** -0.272***
United States -0.054*** -0.034
Pakistan -0.254*** -0.14
Romania -0.222*** -0.195***
South Korea -0.066 -0.314***
France -0.014 -0.02
Iran -0.087*** -0.136**
Ukraine -0.319*** -0.344***
Hong Kong -0.079** -0.039
Taiw an -0.147*** -0.24***
Poland -0.388*** -0.291***
Canada (ref.)
United Kingdom -0.17*** 0.077
Country of birth -0.256*** -0.237**
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.054*** -0.135**
Model inform ation
_cons 0.877*** 1.528** 0.421** 1.170*** -0.353 0.059
Wald chi squared 4516.3 532.4 514.6 849.6 66 110.6
Pseudo R squared 0.1356 0.0559 0.0211 0.1043 0.0729 0.0299
Predicted probability 0.574 0.79 0.829 0. 457 0.753 0.794
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
53
Occupation Match in the Field of Computer and Information Sciences
and Support Services, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Age 0.002 0.021** 0.018*** 0.003 0.018 0.019***
Age squared -0.008 -0.026** -0.025*** -0.006 -0.021 -0.024***
Years since landing 0.019*** 0.009** 0.024*** 0.005
Years since landing squared -0.034*** -0.014** -0.05*** -0.007
Marital Status
Single -0.048*** -0.080*** -0.117*** 0.006 -0.029 -0.061***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.124*** -0.099*** -0.095*** -0.014 -0.046 -0.09***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.067*** -0.032 -0.059*** -0.032 -0.035 -0.046**
Vancouver -0.055*** 0 -0.009 -0.053** 0.01 -0.022
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.059*** 0.069** 0.011 0.063* 0.167*** 0.077***
Calgary 0.021 0.078** -0.015 -0.07* -0.02 0.01
Edmonton 0.034 -0.037 -0.018 0.078 0.021 -0.065**
Other CMAs -0.023 -0.017 -0.055*** -0.042 0.004 -0.058***
Non CMA 0.053 -0.08* -0.131*** -0.06 -0.028 -0.138***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.07*** -0.093*** -0.021 -0.05* 0.046 0.024
South Asian -0.141*** -0.122*** -0.098*** -0.208*** -0.052 -0.137***
Black -0.247*** -0.155*** -0.111*** -0.209*** -0.117*** -0.166***
Filipino -0.271*** -0.138*** -0.095** -0.291*** -0.075 0.136*
Latin American -0.212*** -0.162*** -0.063 -0.163*** -0.011 -0.348***
Southeast Asian -0.136*** -0.132*** 0.055 -0.113** -0.043 0.015
Arab -0.164*** -0.123** -0.088 -0.048 -0.011 0.009
West Asian -0.126*** 0.014 0.034 -0.107* 0.144* -0.028
Korean -0.059 -0.008 0.051 0.165* 0.047 0.067
Japanese -0.203 0.141 0.054 -0.06 -0.138*
Other visible minorities -0.121 -0.201** 0.041 -0.208*** -0.022 -0.297**
Multiple visible minority -0.115** -0.059 -0.11 -0.215*** 0.188*** -0.157
Aboriginal -0.089*** -0.081***
English
English spoken 0.085*** 0.076 0.043*** -0.009 -0.029 -0.015
French
French spoken 0.035* 0.006 0.056*** -0.011 0.12*** 0.091***
Bachelor's degree 0.028** 0.02 0.042*** 0.129*** 0.155*** 0.148***
medicine or optometry 0.096 0.183*** -0.105
Master's degree 0.146*** 0.118*** 0.123*** 0.27*** 0.261*** 0.225***
Earned doctorate degree 0.233*** 0.121 0.192*** 0.383*** 0.238** 0.12
54
Table B.3: Cont’d
Attending school
Attended school -0.046*** -0.032 -0.002 0.001 0.007 0.024*
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.059** -0.143***
India -0.142*** -0.164***
Pakistan -0.153*** -0.107
United Kingdom 0.075*** -0.021
Romania -0.041 0.101*
Russian Federation -0.013 -0.199***
South Korea -0.136 -0.297***
France 0.099*** 0.149**
Iran -0.012 0.131
Ukraine -0.101 -0.227***
Hong Kong 0.028 0.042
Taiw an 0.016 0.029
Poland -0.186** -0.378***
Other countries 0.037** -0.066***
Canada (ref.)
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.07** -0.11**
Model inform ation
_cons 0.298 -0.864* -0.255 -0.166* -0.911 -0.500**
Wald chi squared 705 201 933.5 597.7 157.2 682.3
Pseudo R squared 0.0744 0.0447 0.0373 0.0913 0.0568 0.0409
Predicted probability 0.693 0 .741 0 .776 0.535 0.583 0.598
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
55
Occupation Match in the Field of Health Professions and Related
Clinical Sciences, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Age 0.006 0.015 0.011*** 0.001 0.020*** 0.013***
Age squared -0.012 -0.016 -0.013*** -0.006 -0.025*** -0.011***
Years since landing 0.012*** 0.006 0.008*** 0.006**
Years since landing squared -0.006 -0.006 0.007* -0.001
Marital Status
Single 0.004 -0.06** -0.129*** -0.023* -0.026* -0.055***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.118*** -0.118*** -0.09*** -0.047*** -0.055*** -0.070***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.038 0.042 -0.006 -0.058*** 0.015 -0.015*
Vancouver -0.017 -0.005 0.017 -0.044*** -0.043** -0.039***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.033 -0.06 0.004 -0.026 -0.005 -0.009
Calgary 0.012 0.062* 0.015 -0.007 0.041 -0.004
Edmonton 0.133*** 0.008 0.045*** 0.044** 0.075*** -0.006
Other CMAs 0.037* -0.007 0 -0.023** -0.023 -0.019***
Non CMA 0.165*** -0.048 0.005 -0.003 -0.023 -0.049***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.033 0.023 0.079*** -0.005 0.019 0.019
South Asian -0.141*** 0.004 -0.028 -0.085*** -0.046** -0.038*
Black -0.221*** -0.149*** -0.085** -0.112*** -0.054*** -0.066***
Filipino -0.310*** -0.111** 0.042 -0.177*** -0.028 0.011
Latin American -0.206*** -0.064 -0.05 -0.205*** -0.114*** -0.016
Southeast Asian -0.153*** -0.017 0.102 -0.093*** 0.006 -0.054
Arab -0.011 -0.058 0.075 -0.034 -0.184*** 0.006
West Asian -0.188*** 0.044 -0.087 -0.048 0.079 -0.158
Korean 0.102 0.111*** 0.123** 0.076 0.055 0.096
Japanese 0.188* 0.108*** 0.053 0.077 0.051
Other visible minorities -0.106 0.04 0.064 -0.137*** 0.008 -0.006
Multiple visible minority -0.197*** 0.043 0.108 -0.17*** 0.026 0.014
Aboriginal -0.069*** -0.083***
English
English spoken 0.111*** 0.062 -0.003 0.08*** 0.017 -0.005
French
French spoken -0.011 0.05* 0.017** 0.102*** 0.055*** 0.056***
Bachelor's degree 0.012 0.082*** 0.082*** 0.14*** 0.233*** 0.225***
medicine or optometry 0.152*** 0.216*** 0.229*** 0.128*** 0.305*** 0.26***
Master's degree 0.128*** 0.13*** 0.135*** 0.209*** 0.265*** 0.24***
56
Table B.4: Cont’d
Attending school
Attended school -0.076*** -0.016 -0.028*** 0.019* -0.015 -0.008*
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.154*** -0.155***
India -0.194*** -0.032
Philippines -0.112** 0.014
Pakistan -0.225*** -0.049
Romania -0.275*** -0.085**
France 0.035 0.081*
Iran -0.066 0.045
Ukraine -0.292*** -0.055
Hong Kong 0.074 0.155***
Taiw an -0.058 0.024
Poland -0.170*** -0.032
Other countries -0.084*** 0.024**
Canada (ref.)
United States 0.098*** -0.100**
Country of birth -0.193*** -0.131***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.051** -0.048***
Model inform ation
_cons -0.195 -1.354* -0.158 -0.389* -1.310*** -0.535***
Wald chi squared 929.2 306.4 1403.2 1704.6 813.6 6256.5
Pseudo R squared 0.1446 0.1622 0.0874 0.069 0.0797 0.0528
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
57
Occupation Match in the Field of Education, by Gender and Immigrant
Status
Age 0.01 0.019 0.024*** 0.013** -0.008 0.003**
Age squared -0.015 -0.028** -0.031*** -0.014** 0.007 -0.006***
Years since landing 0.016*** 0.012** 0.01*** 0.009**
Years since landing squared -0.021** -0.013 -0.014** -0.01*
Marital Status
Single -0.068 -0.039 -0.081*** -0.012 -0.028 -0.043***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.06 -0.092** -0.026** 0.001 -0.025 -0.022***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.032 -0.041 -0.043*** -0.057** -0.126*** -0.096***
Vancouver -0.080** -0.078* -0.05*** -0.062*** -0.041 -0.094***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.017 -0.087 -0.047** 0.013 -0.023 -0.066***
Calgary -0.03 -0.102 -0.098*** -0.067** -0.103** -0.132***
Edmonton -0.033 -0.177*** -0.121*** -0.09*** -0.221*** -0.163***
Other CMAs -0.043 -0.08** -0.053*** -0.061*** -0.062*** -0.099***
Non CMA 0.041 -0.072** -0.030*** -0.055** -0.08*** -0.070***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.166*** -0.02 0.01 -0.085*** -0.05 -0.032
South Asian -0.21*** -0.127** -0.012 -0.124*** -0.054* -0.036
Black -0.152*** -0.08 -0.062 -0.092*** 0.002 -0.032
Filipino -0.251** 0.059 -0.034 -0.235*** -0.147** 0.028
Latin American -0.209*** -0.12 -0.002 -0.144*** -0.04 -0.019
Southeast Asian -0.262*** -0.082 -0.203 -0.171*** -0.008 -0.015
Arab 0.065 0.002 -0.01 -0.016 -0.07 -0.006
West Asian -0.024 -0.335 -0.193*** -0.217 -0.163
Korean -0.591*** -0.041 0.089 0.134 -0.059 0.012
Japanese -0.104 -0.176 -0.012 0.033 0.166*** -0.003
Other visible minorities -0.203** -0.104 -0.11 -0.061 -0.033 0.097*
Multiple visible minority -0.172 0.088 0.036 -0.066 -0.114 -0.114
Aboriginal -0.043*** -0.002
English
English spoken 0.081 -0.094** 0.008 0.037 -0.13*** -0.015***
French
French spoken 0.005 0.018 0.004 0.118*** 0.072*** 0.042***
Bachelor's degree -0.012 0.099*** 0.074*** -0.076*** 0.179*** 0.193***
medicine or optometry 0.226 0.002 0.095 -0.058 0.024 -0.026
Master's degree 0.108*** 0.121*** 0.118*** 0.073*** 0.189*** 0.172***
Earned doctorate degree 0.295*** 0.136*** 0.186*** 0.09* 0.155***
58
Table B.5: Cont’d
Attending school
Attended school 0.058* -0.001 -0.046*** 0.052*** -0.041* -0.03***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.215** -0.306***
India -0.402*** -0.279***
Philippines -0.459*** -0.355***
United States -0.104** -0.103***
Pakistan -0.388*** -0.288***
United Kingdom -0.148** -0.086***
Romania -0.295*** -0.231***
South Korea 0.385*** -0.359***
France 0.145 -0.11*
Iran -0.234 -0.11
Ukraine -0.382*** -0.32***
Hong Kong 0.02 -0.153***
Taiw an -0.515*** -0.205***
Poland -0.413*** -0.367***
Canada (ref.)
Country of birth -0.327*** -0.206***
Other countries -0.064 -0.131*
In Canada (ref.)
Model inform ation
_cons -.0.102 -0.643 -0.830** -0.226 1.170** 0.632***
Wald chi squared 575.9 139.1 859.9 1597.4 311.5 3986.9
Pseudo R squared 0.2014 0.0904 0.0439 0.1471 0.0793 0.0661
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
59
Occupation Match in the Field of Social Sciences (25-64), by Gender
Age 0.024*** 0.017 0.014*** 0.016** 0.022* 0.015***
Age squared -0.029*** -0.014 -0.012*** -0.022** -0.027* -0.013***
Years since landing 0.006* 0.009 0.011*** 0
Years since landing squared -0.001 -0.015* -0.008 0.006
Marital Status
Single -0.015 -0.135*** -0.114*** 0.017 -0.034 -0.025**
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.086*** -0.169*** -0.047*** 0 -0.035 -0.007
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.022 -0.092** -0.153*** -0.016 -0.198*** -0.175***
Vancouver 0.028 -0.072** -0.078*** 0.015 -0.017 -0.101***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.123*** 0.051 0.005 0.105*** 0.025 -0.014
Calgary 0.001 -0.07 -0.057*** 0.014 -0.041 -0.143***
Edmonton 0.064 -0.117 -0.049** 0.02 -0.09 -0.101***
Other CMAs -0.033 -0.06* -0.13*** 0.008 -0.079** -0.113***
Non CMA 0.076* -0.126*** -0.13*** -0.07** -0.149*** -0.134***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.054 0.005 0.057** -0.098*** -0.086** -0.013
South Asian -0.162*** -0.05 0.011 -0.135*** -0.006 -0.059
Black -0.178*** -0.055 -0.127*** -0.099*** -0.061 -0.131***
Filipino -0.274*** -0.022 0.06 -0.173*** 0.05 -0.005
Latin American -0.155*** -0.066 0.104 -0.059 -0.107* 0.088
Southeast Asian -0.125* -0.225** -0.169 -0.086 0.045 0.044
Arab -0.101** 0.03 0.03 -0.054 0.079 -0.204**
West Asian -0.154*** 0.172** -0.11 -0.009 0.065 -0.076
Korean -0.001 0.147** -0.022 -0.033 0.105 -0.083
Japanese -0.005 -0.247 -0.035 0.218*** -0.063 -0.041
Other visible minorities -0.064 0.09 0.154 0.191 -0.141 -0.147
Multiple visible minority 0.006 0.044 0.075 -0.113* -0.102 -0.085
Aboriginal 0.036 -0.013
English
English spoken 0.106** 0.17 0.01 0.031 -0.2 -0.044**
French
French spoken 0.011 0.025 0.055*** 0.037 0.06** 0.052***
Bachelor's degree -0.136*** -0.151*** -0.154*** -0.135*** -0.179*** -0.157***
medicine or optometry -0.117 -0.096 0.073 0.011 -0.07
Master's degree 0.013 0.149*** 0.116*** 0.009 0.19*** 0.157***
60
Table B.6: Cont’d
Attending school
Attended school -0.063** -0.019 -0.022* 0.045** -0.03 -0.023**
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.104** -0.07*
India -0.242*** -0.219***
Philippines -0.163* -0.193***
Pakistan -0.187*** -0.170***
Romania -0.174*** -0.125***
Russian Federation -0.270*** -0.064
France 0.022 -0.072
Iran -0.061 -0.192***
Ukraine -0.268*** -0.188***
Hong Kong 0.014 -0.033
Taiw an 0.019 0.005
Poland -0.200*** -0.202***
Canada (ref.)
Country of birth -0.082 -0.222***
In Canada (ref.)
Model inform ation
_cons -1.094** -1.147* -0.219 -0.767* -0.247 -0.315
Wald chi squared 709 266.7 1596.7 597.5 217.3 1236.2
Pseudo R squared 0.1349 0.0897 0.0675 0.1019 0.0733 0.0602
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
61
Appendix C:
Table C.0a: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings, by Gender and
Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.027*** 0.069*** 0.076*** 0.026*** 0.064*** 0.066***
Age squared -0.033*** -0.073*** -0.079*** -0.03*** -0.067*** -0.067***
Years since landing squared -0.056*** -0.01*** -0.053*** -0.011***
Marital status
Single -0.1*** -0.172*** -0.19*** 0.047*** -0.025*** -0.015***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.046*** -0.107*** -0.109*** 0.017** -0.048*** -0.031***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.175*** -0.158*** -0.131*** -0.203*** -0.166*** -0.148***
Vancouver -0.028*** -0.024** -0.076*** -0.021*** -0.053*** -0.085***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.008 -0.014 -0.079*** -0.074*** -0.07*** -0.068***
Calgary 0.059*** 0.008 -0.021*** -0.021* -0.038** -0.07***
Edmonton 0.047*** -0.027 -0.049*** -0.072*** -0.075*** -0.126***
Other CMAs -0.041*** -0.057*** -0.161*** -0.081*** -0.12*** -0.189***
Non CMA -0.065*** -0.105*** -0.197*** -0.119*** -0.178*** -0.24***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.201*** -0.087*** -0.084*** -0.042*** -0.009 0.007
South Asian -0.156*** -0.047*** -0.12*** -0.092*** 0.004 -0.031***
Black -0.143*** -0.111*** -0.135*** -0.029*** -0.048*** -0.083***
Filipino -0.124*** -0.073*** -0.123*** -0.047*** 0.021 -0.005
Latin American -0.124*** -0.079*** -0.111*** -0.11*** -0.04** -0.072**
Southeast Asian -0.212*** -0.088*** -0.202*** -0.125*** -0.05*** -0.066
Arab -0.191*** -0.061** -0.113*** -0.117*** -0.045 -0.022
West Asian -0.279*** -0.119*** -0.093 -0.164*** 0.005 -0.087
Korean -0.263*** -0.168*** -0.074** -0.097** -0.052 -0.014
Japanese 0.064 -0.041 0.029* -0.028 -0.09 0.037*
Other visible minorities -0.129*** -0.032 -0.04 -0.037 -0.118*** -0.074**
Multiple visible minority -0.095*** -0.059** -0.099*** -0.039** -0.053** -0.008
Aboriginal people -0.138*** -0.097***
English
English spoken 0.136*** 0.08*** 0.084*** 0.121*** 0.141*** 0.092***
French
French spoken 0.006 -0.008 -0.04*** 0.04*** 0.031*** -0.002
62
Table C.0a: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (ref.)
Mining and oil and gas extraction 0.658*** 0.728*** 0.654*** 0.591*** 0.624*** 0.683***
Utilities 0.523*** 0.533*** 0.489*** 0.506*** 0.491*** 0.653***
Construction 0.114*** 0.224*** 0.172*** 0.236*** 0.123* 0.264***
Manufacturing 0.295*** 0.418*** 0.312*** 0.263*** 0.23*** 0.389***
Wholesale trade 0.228*** 0.361*** 0.27*** 0.272*** 0.257*** 0.399***
Retail trade -0.027 0.121** 0.016* 0.026 0.009 0.076***
Transportation and w arehousing 0.107*** 0.28*** 0.246*** 0.304*** 0.278*** 0.36***
Information and cultural industries 0.312*** 0.355*** 0.24*** 0.305*** 0.283*** 0.389***
Finance and insurance 0.294*** 0.435*** 0.353*** 0.363*** 0.294*** 0.421***
Real estate and rental and leasing 0.021 0.161*** 0.084*** 0.147*** 0.169*** 0.255***
Professional, scientific and technical services 0.24*** 0.288*** 0.179*** 0.294*** 0.214*** 0.297***
Management of companies and enterprises 0.365*** 0.435*** 0.413*** 0.438*** 0.293*** 0.457***
remediation services -0.013 0.06 -0.044*** 0.057 0.054 0.123***
Educational services 0.099*** 0.138*** 0.071*** 0.179*** 0.112** 0.278***
Health care and social assistance 0.321*** 0.246*** 0.113*** 0.314*** 0.209*** 0.314***
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.065 0.111* -0.009 0.075* -0.042 0.116***
Accommodation and food services -0.16*** -0.092* -0.178*** -0.048 -0.152*** -0.044***
Other services (except public administration) -0.085** 0.001 -0.047*** -0.008 -0.061 0.033**
Public administration 0.306*** 0.406*** 0.305*** 0.396*** 0.34*** 0.468***
Trades or College diploma (ref.)
Bachelor's degree 0.182*** 0.212*** 0.223*** 0.203*** 0.3*** 0.31***
optometry 0.461*** 0.704*** 0.787*** 0.371*** 0.62*** 0.644***
Master's degree 0.225*** 0.298*** 0.303*** 0.258*** 0.396*** 0.389***
Doctorate 0.424*** 0.43*** 0.449*** 0.448*** 0.486*** 0.485***
Occupation-education m atched
Not match
Match 0.299*** 0.279*** 0.279*** 0.292*** 0.282*** 0.293***
Weeks w orked 0.033*** 0.03*** 0.029*** 0.032*** 0.03*** 0.031***
Part-time -0.707*** -0.753*** -0.78*** -0.58*** -0.632*** -0.605***
Attending school
Did not attend school
Attended school -0.099*** -0.083*** -0.097*** -0.061*** -0.065*** -0.074***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.168*** -0.151***
India -0.032*** -0.078***
Philippines -0.036** -0.011
United States 0.066*** 0.081***
Pakistan -0.199*** -0.243***
Romania -0.092*** -0.042***
Russia -0.217*** -0.212***
South Korea -0.17*** -0.102**
France 0.056*** 0.055***
Iran -0.088*** -0.073**
Ukraine -0.261*** -0.188***
Hong Kong -0.061*** -0.026
Taiw an -0.229*** -0.296***
Poland -0.112*** -0.111***
63
Table C.0a: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
Country of Birth -0.151*** -0.121***
Other countries -0.074** -0.057*
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0 0.037***
Field of study
sciences -0.119*** -0.154*** -0.195*** -0.078*** -0.171*** -0.081***
services 0.053*** -0.062*** -0.099*** 0.052*** 0.013 -0.004
Education -0.05*** -0.078*** -0.1*** -0.056*** -0.01 -0.013***
Engineering 0.069*** 0.028** 0.035*** 0.053*** 0.029 0.113***
Engineering technologies/technicians 0.012 -0.038*** -0.046*** -0.011 0.033 0.037***
linguistics -0.085*** -0.118** -0.236*** -0.069*** -0.11*** -0.105***
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences -0.076** -0.124** -0.215*** -0.177*** -0.175*** -0.18***
Legal professions and studies -0.044* 0.183*** 0.18*** -0.016 0.021 0.044***
English language and literature/letters -0.041 -0.121*** -0.219*** -0.043** -0.127*** -0.131***
humanities -0.102*** -0.115*** -0.117*** -0.072*** -0.075*** -0.071***
Biological and biomedical sciences -0.017 -0.096*** -0.164*** -0.019 -0.109*** -0.077***
Mathematics and statistics -0.01 -0.082** -0.039*** 0.034 -0.03 0.041***
Physical sciences -0.013 -0.088*** -0.112*** 0.003 0 -0.045***
Social sciences -0.068*** -0.065*** -0.092*** -0.051*** -0.081*** -0.056***
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 0.008 -0.064*** -0.086*** -0.004 -0.105 0.075***
Health professions and related clinical sciences 0.028** 0.061*** -0.009 0.089*** 0.084*** 0.107***
Other fields of study -0.027*** -0.086*** -0.098*** -0.047*** -0.083*** -0.048***
Model inform ation
_cons 7.751*** 7.123*** 7.398*** 7.483*** 6.928*** 6.97***
F 858.313 361.021 4007.513 999.046 446.095 5358.402
r squared 0.468 0.444 0.458 0.526 0.505 0.527
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
64
Table C.0b: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings, by Gender and
Immigrant Status (without education-occupation match variable)
Males Fem ales
Age 0.028*** 0.069*** 0.078*** 0.026*** 0.067*** 0.067***
Age squared -0.035*** -0.073*** -0.081*** -0.03*** -0.071*** -0.069***
Years since landing squared -0.058*** -0.012*** -0.053*** -0.012***
Marital status
Single -0.112*** -0.194*** -0.214*** 0.044*** -0.036*** -0.03***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.057*** -0.127*** -0.122*** 0.01 -0.058*** -0.044***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.178*** -0.163*** -0.136*** -0.21*** -0.061*** -0.162***
Vancouver -0.027*** -0.025** -0.078*** -0.027*** -0.069*** -0.095***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.02* -0.005 -0.077*** -0.065*** -0.038** -0.073***
Calgary 0.069*** 0.016 -0.018*** -0.024** -0.077*** -0.076***
Edmonton 0.055*** -0.026 -0.047*** -0.072*** -0.133*** -0.139***
Other CMAs -0.037*** -0.059*** -0.168*** -0.09*** -0.187*** -0.207***
Non CMA -0.055*** -0.108*** -0.207*** -0.119*** -0.061*** -0.259***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.213*** -0.092*** -0.082*** -0.043*** -0.011 0.005
South Asian -0.178*** -0.055*** -0.121*** -0.119*** -0.005 -0.036***
Black -0.188*** -0.138*** -0.159*** -0.066*** -0.066*** -0.105***
Filipino -0.181*** -0.103*** -0.133*** -0.103*** 0.003 -0.007
Latin American -0.162*** -0.1*** -0.137*** -0.14*** -0.056*** -0.087***
Southeast Asian -0.244*** -0.102*** -0.203*** -0.147*** -0.053*** -0.071
Arab -0.203*** -0.069*** -0.11*** -0.122*** -0.048* -0.023
West Asian -0.298*** -0.111*** -0.079 -0.166*** 0.012 -0.094
Korean -0.262*** -0.16*** -0.064* -0.085** -0.043 -0.015
Japanese 0.062 -0.045 0.033* -0.019 -0.083 0.039*
Other visible minorities -0.161*** -0.045 -0.039 -0.069*** -0.132*** -0.092**
Multiple visible minority -0.118*** -0.059** -0.113*** -0.063*** -0.061** -0.021
Aboriginal people -0.152*** -0.106***
English
English spoken 0.148*** 0.094*** 0.099*** 0.131*** 0.141*** 0.096***
French
French spoken 0.006 -0.004 -0.039*** 0.055*** 0.041*** 0.009***
65
Table C.0b: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry
Utilities 0.589*** 0.571*** 0.527*** 0.537*** 0.517*** 0.647***
Construction 0.154*** 0.275*** 0.227*** 0.264*** 0.156** 0.286***
Manufacturing 0.287*** 0.429*** 0.317*** 0.234*** 0.218*** 0.365***
Wholesale trade 0.232*** 0.36*** 0.256*** 0.264*** 0.249*** 0.374***
Retail trade -0.032 0.112** 0.003 -0.004 -0.012 0.036***
Transportation and w arehousing 0.028 0.216*** 0.184*** 0.255*** 0.219*** 0.295***
Information and cultural industries 0.368*** 0.399*** 0.291*** 0.34*** 0.312*** 0.411***
Finance and insurance 0.351*** 0.484*** 0.407*** 0.387*** 0.322*** 0.438***
Real estate and rental and leasing 0.02 0.171*** 0.099*** 0.17*** 0.205*** 0.284***
Professional, scientific and technical services 0.334*** 0.362*** 0.25*** 0.357*** 0.271*** 0.348***
Management of companies and enterprises 0.434*** 0.507*** 0.468*** 0.493*** 0.327*** 0.492***
remediation services -0.071** 0.01 -0.098*** 0.007 0.005 0.07***
Educational services 0.187*** 0.219*** 0.15*** 0.274*** 0.195*** 0.348***
Health care and social assistance 0.353*** 0.274*** 0.135*** 0.341*** 0.248*** 0.353***
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.058 0.108* -0.009 0.072* -0.032 0.127***
Accommodation and food services -0.146*** -0.07 -0.168*** -0.066* -0.155*** -0.075***
Other services (except public administration) -0.037 0.057 0.014 0 -0.019 0.072***
Public administration 0.349*** 0.427*** 0.329*** 0.424*** 0.37*** 0.485***
Bachelor's degree 0.143*** 0.187*** 0.2*** 0.189*** 0.306*** 0.319***
optometry 0.473*** 0.741*** 0.832*** 0.385*** 0.69*** 0.701***
Master's degree 0.221*** 0.306*** 0.315*** 0.277*** 0.448*** 0.439***
Doctorate 0.447*** 0.445*** 0.469*** 0.495*** 0.543*** 0.543***
Occupation-education m atched
Not match
Match
Weeks w orked 0.034*** 0.031*** 0.03*** 0.032*** 0.031*** 0.032***
Part-time -0.737*** -0.799*** -0.817*** -0.605*** -0.665*** -0.637***
Attending school
Did not attend school
Attended school -0.104*** -0.083*** -0.095*** -0.057*** -0.065*** -0.073***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.203*** -0.188***
India -0.068*** -0.11***
Philippines -0.087*** -0.028**
United States 0.064*** 0.088***
Pakistan -0.238*** -0.274***
Romania -0.122*** -0.068***
Russia -0.258*** -0.246***
South Korea -0.178*** -0.112**
France 0.059*** 0.053***
Iran -0.101*** -0.094***
Ukraine -0.311*** -0.231***
Hong Kong -0.069*** -0.031*
Taiw an -0.237*** -0.312***
Poland -0.167*** -0.155***
66
Table C.0b: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Canada (ref.)
Country of Birth -0.177*** -0.146***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.006 0.042***
Field of study
sciences -0.145*** -0.171*** -0.211*** -0.098*** -0.183*** -0.092***
services 0.07*** -0.046*** -0.085*** 0.074*** 0.025* 0.009
Education -0.065*** -0.072*** -0.09*** -0.058*** -0.003 0.006
Engineering 0.076*** 0.053*** 0.066*** 0.068*** 0.07*** 0.159***
Engineering technologies/technicians 0.018* -0.032** -0.033*** -0.012 0.057* 0.066***
linguistics -0.105*** -0.147*** -0.254*** -0.081*** -0.13*** -0.121***
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences -0.093** -0.166*** -0.237*** -0.166*** -0.164*** -0.168***
Legal professions and studies -0.066** 0.21*** 0.202*** -0.02 0.043** 0.068***
English language and literature/letters -0.064** -0.135*** -0.249*** -0.062*** -0.159*** -0.157***
humanities -0.136*** -0.15*** -0.153*** -0.092*** -0.11*** -0.099***
Biological and biomedical sciences -0.035* -0.108*** -0.187*** -0.02 -0.132*** -0.109***
Mathematics and statistics -0.009 -0.09*** -0.034** 0.051** -0.031 0.052***
Physical sciences -0.017 -0.089*** -0.107*** 0.016 0.007 -0.035**
Social sciences -0.089*** -0.086*** -0.118*** -0.064*** -0.116*** -0.086***
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians 0.015 -0.053*** -0.076*** -0.02 -0.13* 0.075***
Health professions and related clinical sciences 0.03** 0.083*** 0.008 0.105*** 0.1*** 0.127***
Other fields of study -0.03*** -0.091*** -0.103*** -0.049*** -0.091*** -0.052***
Model inform ation
F 794 341.5 3663.79 922.16 412.38 4898.06
r squared 0.7149 0.67532 0.4387 0.69531 0.64864 0.5051
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
67
Table C.1: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings in the Field of
Business, Management, Marketing and Related Support Services, by
Gender and Immigration Status, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.038*** 0.074*** 0.093*** 0.032*** 0.067*** 0.066***
Age squared -0.045*** -0.079*** -0.096*** -0.035*** -0.071*** -0.068***
Years since landing 0.035*** 0.01** 0.031*** 0.013***
Years since landing squared -0.054*** -0.008 -0.051*** -0.014***
Marital Status
Single
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.103*** -0.173*** -0.228*** 0.056*** -0.014 -0.027***
Married or in common-law (ref.) -0.085*** -0.064** -0.153*** 0.011 -0.043** -0.03***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.172*** -0.194*** -0.179*** -0.186*** -0.169*** -0.182***
Vancouver -0.035** -0.063** -0.114*** -0.026** -0.054*** -0.075***
Ottaw a-Gatineau -0.001 -0.05 -0.13*** -0.112*** -0.083** -0.093***
Calgary 0.014 0.021 -0.035** -0.019 -0.07*** -0.105***
Edmonton -0.007 -0.074* -0.141*** -0.043* -0.105*** -0.165***
Other CMAs -0.129*** -0.095*** -0.228*** -0.085*** -0.151*** -0.25***
Non CMA; -0.224*** -0.128*** -0.304*** -0.147*** -0.213*** -0.329***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.298*** -0.137*** -0.101*** -0.071*** -0.037** -0.034*
South Asian -0.254*** -0.095*** -0.164*** -0.102*** -0.021 -0.06***
Black -0.236*** -0.136*** -0.12*** -0.087*** -0.082*** -0.098***
Filipino -0.216*** -0.108*** -0.242*** -0.048* 0.035 -0.088*
Latin American -0.245*** -0.102** -0.073 -0.165*** -0.029 -0.13*
Southeast Asian -0.321*** -0.154*** -0.201** -0.189*** -0.072** -0.06
Arab -0.315*** -0.044 -0.26*** -0.094*** -0.046 -0.055
West Asian -0.391*** -0.14** -0.172 -0.175*** -0.003 0.013
Korean -0.428*** -0.188** -0.055 -0.051 0.062 0.017
Japanese 0.089 -0.014 -0.038 0.021 -0.321** 0.139***
Other visible minorities. -0.103* -0.011 -0.079 -0.01 -0.163** -0.158***
Multiple visible minority -0.197*** -0.089* -0.185*** -0.085*** -0.135*** -0.012
Aboriginal -0.15*** -0.084***
English
English spoken 0.135*** 0.195*** 0.113*** 0.141*** 0.174*** 0.118***
French
French spoken 0.001 0.018 -0.041*** 0.044** 0.025 -0.006
Industry
Utilities 0.488*** 0.602*** 0.341*** 0.583*** 0.262** 0.506***
Construction -0.002 0.306 0.061* 0.389*** -0.041 0.139***
Manufacturing 0.155* 0.585*** 0.29*** 0.37*** 0.08 0.261***
Wholesale trade 0.111 0.539*** 0.269*** 0.369*** 0.085 0.25***
Retail trade -0.121 0.34* 0.032 0.144** -0.162* -0.044**
Transportation and w arehousing 0.036 0.441** 0.176*** 0.428*** 0.132 0.234***
Information and cultural industries 0.202** 0.504*** 0.248*** 0.436*** 0.152 0.325***
Finance and insurance 0.208** 0.595*** 0.319*** 0.483*** 0.151 0.311***
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.067 0.243 0.053 0.264*** 0.027 0.156***
Professional, scientific and technical services 0.071 0.427** 0.086** 0.36*** 0.077 0.18***
Management of companies and enterprises 0.269* 0.758*** 0.427*** 0.593*** 0.208 0.324***
68
Table C.1: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
Administrative and support, w aste management
and remediation services -0.115 0.244 -0.059 0.2*** -0.059 0.029
Educational services 0.013 0.19 0.003 0.252*** -0.072 0.127***
Health care and social assistance 0.075 0.326* 0.013 0.349*** -0.046 0.082***
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.036 0.357* -0.054 0.305*** -0.127 0.049*
Accommodation and food services -0.191** 0.118 -0.196*** 0.083 -0.288*** -0.13***
Other services (except public administration) -0.17* 0.143 -0.078** 0.173** -0.174* -0.007
Public administration 0.209** 0.535*** 0.162*** 0.5*** 0.191** 0.317***
Bachelor's 0.174*** 0.251*** 0.289*** 0.177*** 0.304*** 0.365***
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine
or optometry 0.29* -0.127*** 0.028 0.181 0.139 0.197**
Master's 0.286*** 0.465*** 0.456*** 0.298*** 0.521*** 0.581***
Doctorate 0.578*** 0.404* 0.498*** 0.339** 0.543*** 0.532***
Education-Occupation m atch status
Not match
Match 0.29*** 0.307*** 0.306*** 0.235*** 0.263*** 0.23***
Weeks w orked 0.035*** 0.03*** 0.031*** 0.032*** 0.031*** 0.032***
Part-time -0.673*** -0.687*** -0.786*** -0.637*** -0.685*** -0.681***
Attending school
Attended school -0.089*** -0.066*** -0.077*** -0.023* -0.049*** -0.014**
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.289*** -0.18***
India -0.129*** -0.098***
Philippines -0.056 -0.071***
US 0.034 0.131***
Pakistan -0.276*** -0.183***
UK 0.152*** 0.03
Romania -0.288*** -0.117***
France -0.02 0.043
Iran -0.107 -0.195**
Ukraine -0.246** -0.155***
Hong Kong -0.08** -0.058**
Taiw an -0.265*** -0.289***
Poland -0.282*** -0.211***
Country of birth -0.193*** -0.086***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.054*** -0.029
Model inform ation
_cons 7.668*** 6.705*** 7.004*** 7.306*** 7.008*** 7.153***
F 188.777 . 847.461 322.354 168.191 1870.484
r squared 0.468 0.416 0.435 0.528 0.509 0.537
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
69
Engineering, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.03*** 0.077*** 0.106*** 0.051*** 0.166*** 0.106***
Age squared -0.039*** -0.081*** -0.107*** -0.064*** -0.195*** -0.109***
Years since landing 0.043*** 0.017*** 0.05*** -0.013
Years since landing squared -0.066*** -0.021** -0.081*** 0.03
Marital Status
Single -0.116*** -0.158*** -0.187*** 0.05 -0.081 -0.047**
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.057*** -0.025 -0.117*** 0.05 0.071 -0.049
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.124*** -0.156*** -0.103*** -0.127*** 0.023 -0.122***
Vancouver -0.035** 0.009 -0.058*** -0.036 0.087 -0.042
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.075*** 0.065* 0.023 0.051 0.054 0.133***
Calgary 0.155*** 0.101** 0.079*** 0.006 0.052 0.082*
Edmonton 0.06*** 0.001 -0.06** -0.069 0.043 -0.037
Other CMAs 0.006 -0.067** -0.124*** -0.046* 0.175** -0.148***
Non CMA 0.027 -0.019 -0.172*** 0.022 -0.13 -0.158***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.201*** -0.089*** -0.096*** -0.061 0.052 0.102
South Asian -0.139*** -0.05 -0.074* -0.182*** 0.089 0.182***
Black -0.123*** -0.208*** -0.065 -0.071 -0.272** -0.213***
Filipino -0.106*** -0.023 -0.012 -0.101 -0.064 -0.183**
Latin American -0.069*** -0.07 -0.009 0.016 -0.005 0.112
Southeast Asian -0.217*** -0.081* -0.197 -0.267** -0.099 0.048
Arab -0.166*** -0.108* -0.111 -0.066 -0.119 -0.103
West Asian -0.241*** -0.12* -0.174 -0.137* -0.105 -0.071
Korean -0.344*** -0.127** -0.172 -0.193 -0.035 -0.071
Japanese 0.197 -0.134 0.105** 0.803*** -0.12 0.112
Other visible minority -0.011 0.026 0.148 -0.352* -0.25 -0.143
Multiple visible minority -0.098** -0.111* 0.118 -0.044 0.155* -0.314
Aboriginal -0.17*** -0.126
English
English spoken 0.153*** 0.12 0.106*** 0.14*** 0.023 0.052
French
French spoken 0.001 0.031 -0.033*** 0.054 0.045 -0.027
Industry
Mining and oil and gas extraction 0.681*** 0.423* 0.76*** 0.522*** 0.342 1.06***
Utilities 0.545*** 0.252 0.489*** 0.426** -0.083 0.78***
Construction 0.138 0.069 0.309*** 0.064 -0.239 0.562**
Manufacturing 0.309*** 0.216 0.45*** 0.284* -0.312 0.753***
Wholesale trade 0.25** 0.133 0.451*** 0.25 -0.262 0.761***
Retail trade -0.096 -0.235 0.028 -0.037 -0.55 0.316
Transportation and w arehousing 0.089 0.074 0.355*** 0.115 -0.241 0.619**
Information and cultural industries 0.355*** 0.161 0.394*** 0.39** -0.236 0.74***
Finance and insurance 0.225** 0.059 0.357*** 0.249 -0.285 0.565**
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.01 0.125 0.175*** 0.074 -0.232 0.434*
Professional, scientific and technical services 0.273*** 0.067 0.306*** 0.296* -0.359 0.613**
Management of companies and enterprises 0.468*** 0.117 0.592*** 0.044 -0.096 0.69**
70
Table C.2: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
and remediation services -0.01 -0.115 0.067 -0.079 -0.402 0.417
Educational services 0.002 -0.262 0.004 0.021 -0.983*** 0.225
Health care and social assistance 0.17 -0.079 0.199*** 0.139 -0.362 0.477*
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.051 -0.233 -0.061 0.067 -1.015*** 0.342
Accommodation and food services -0.282*** -0.458* -0.093 -0.152 -0.833** 0.16
Other services (except public administration) -0.065 -0.278 0.031 -0.096 -0.406 0.279
Public administration 0.292*** 0.079 0.313*** 0.287* -0.474 0.681***
Bachelor's 0.187*** 0.234*** 0.264*** 0.18*** 0.231*** 0.35***
or optometry 0.185* 0.389 0.205** 0.325 0.228 0.535
Master's 0.223*** 0.287*** 0.259*** 0.2*** 0.26*** 0.256***
Doctorate 0.383*** 0.371*** 0.439*** 0.362*** 0.318 0.53***
Education-Occupation m atch
Not match
Match 0.288*** 0.327*** 0.282*** 0.312*** 0.384*** 0.277***
Weeks w orked 0.034*** 0.032*** 0.03*** 0.034*** 0.032*** 0.032***
Part-time -0.707*** -0.708*** -0.786*** -0.574*** -0.835*** -0.671***
Attending school
Attended school -0.118*** -0.1*** -0.111*** -0.096*** -0.082 -0.142***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.09*** -0.168***
India 0.047** 0.091
United States 0.103*** 0.163**
Pakistan -0.129*** 0.145
Romania -0.073*** -0.066
France 0.124*** 0.031
Iran -0.057 0.029
Ukraine -0.215*** -0.243***
Hong Kong 0.082 -0.154
Taiw an -0.224*** -0.523***
Poland -0.126*** -0.193***
Other countries -0.03* -0.138***
United Kingdom -0.094 -0.467***
Country of birth -0.177*** -0.38***
Other countries 0.079 -0.083
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.078*** -0.102*
Model inform ation
_cons 7.578*** 6.864*** 6.547*** 6.978*** 5.923*** 5.883***
F 337.365 63.004 287.984 118.507 66.524 57.908
r squared 0.514 0.487 0.462 0.608 0.605 0.566
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
71
Computer Sciences, by Gender and Immigration status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.026*** 0.085*** 0.08*** 0.052*** 0.075*** 0.068***
Age squared -0.033*** -0.093*** -0.082*** -0.055*** -0.075*** -0.071***
Years since landing 0.044*** 0.007 0.032*** 0.005
Years since landing squared -0.08*** -0.005 -0.056*** -0.007
Marital Status
Single -0.11*** -0.172*** -0.163*** 0.083*** -0.022 -0.055***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.001 -0.117** -0.125*** 0.029 -0.049 -0.051***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.139*** -0.11** -0.11*** -0.169*** -0.184*** -0.12***
Vancouver -0.072*** -0.004 -0.048** -0.072* -0.064 -0.023
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.028 0.058 -0.004 0.005 -0.132 -0.024
Calgary 0.018 0.036 -0.078*** 0.01 -0.015 -0.04
Edmonton 0.002 -0.077 -0.077*** -0.085 -0.226*** -0.104***
Other CMAs -0.114*** -0.08** -0.179*** -0.066** -0.116*** -0.186***
Non CMA -0.159*** -0.259*** -0.203*** -0.128** -0.294*** -0.296***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.147*** -0.067** -0.036 0.065* -0.003 0.022
South Asian -0.08*** -0.024 0.014 -0.026 -0.025 -0.104**
Black -0.124*** -0.113*** -0.096*** -0.005 -0.119** -0.076*
Filipino -0.039 -0.084 -0.058 -0.086 0.011 -0.012
Latin American -0.055 -0.01 -0.095 0.008 0.066 -0.103
Southeast Asian -0.107* -0.086* -0.289*** -0.006 0.001 -0.417*
Arab -0.096** -0.08 -0.106 -0.105 0.005 -0.175**
West Asian -0.055 -0.17 -0.734* -0.084 -0.269** 0.087*
Korean -0.061 -0.344*** 0.035 0.012 -0.086 0.237**
Japanese 0.114 0.015 0.027 0.132 -0.373*** 0.081
Other visible minority 0.132 -0.087 0.014 -0.045 -0.243** 0.226*
Multiple visible minority -0.05 -0.062 -0.017 0.073 -0.063 -0.046
Aboriginal -0.18*** -0.087***
English
English spoken 0.163*** -0.053 0.096*** 0.158** 0.154*** 0.119***
French
French spoken -0.003 0.001 -0.006 0.093** 0.123*** 0.048***
Industry
Mining and oil and gas extraction -0.132 -0.13 0.504*** 0.382** 1.09*** 0.535***
Utilities 0.141 -0.143 0.325*** 0.402** 1.201*** 0.628***
Construction -0.411*** -0.504** -0.008 0.168 0.785** 0.079
Manufacturing -0.14 -0.374 0.187** 0.187 0.742** 0.298***
Wholesale trade -0.122 -0.36 0.164** 0.21 0.818** 0.312***
Retail trade -0.38*** -0.593** -0.105 -0.093 0.54* -0.012
Transportation and w arehousing -0.34*** -0.377 0.121 0.27* 0.76** 0.215**
Information and cultural industries -0.012 -0.246 0.201*** 0.293* 0.946*** 0.356***
Finance and insurance -0.054 -0.212 0.225*** 0.314** 0.902*** 0.358***
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.429*** -0.667** -0.061 -0.05 0.684** 0.096
Professional, scientific and technical services -0.106 -0.324 0.146** 0.322** 0.864*** 0.347***
Management of companies and enterprises -0.232 -0.068 0.177* 0.434** 0.81** 0.309**
72
Table C.3: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
and remediation services -0.362*** -0.66*** -0.175** 0.049 0.648** 0.03
Educational services -0.193 -0.58** -0.028 0.077 0.683** 0.184**
Health care and social assistance -0.097 -0.461* 0.051 0.15 0.835*** 0.146*
Arts, entertainment and recreation -0.117 -0.571** 0.034 0.355** 0.517 0.076
Accommodation and food services -0.492*** -0.888*** -0.263*** -0.219 0.363 -0.172**
Other services (except public administration) -0.459*** -0.711*** -0.104 0.062 0.59* -0.021
Public administration -0.088 -0.28 0.189** 0.285* 0.999*** 0.434***
Bachelor's 0.23*** 0.206*** 0.246*** 0.204*** 0.269*** 0.321***
or optometry 0.709*** 0.733*** 0.471*** 0.746*** 0 -0.751
Master's 0.254*** 0.153** 0.266*** 0.19*** 0.27*** 0.281***
Doctorate 0.44*** 0.6*** 0.629*** 0.546*** 0.535** 0.673***
Not match
Match 0.347*** 0.287*** 0.267*** 0.33*** 0.283*** 0.295***
Weeks w orked 0.037*** 0.032*** 0.033*** 0.033*** 0.031*** 0.034***
Part-time -0.716*** -0.66*** -0.779*** -0.593*** -0.676*** -0.652***
Attending school
Attended school -0.04* -0.021 -0.044*** -0.071** 0.063 -0.041**
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.051 -0.075*
India 0.071* -0.083
Philippines 0.019 0.13
Pakistan -0.105** -0.072
Romania 0.1** 0.13**
Russian Federation -0.076 -0.025
France 0.164*** 0.204***
Iran 0.027 -0.284*
Ukraine -0.068 0.002
Hong Kong 0.181*** 0.078
Taiw an 0.213 -0.247
Poland 0.082 0.172
Other countries 0.065** 0.046
Country of birth -0.103 -0.199*
In Canada (ref.)
Model inform ation
_cons 7.777*** 7.49*** 7.024*** 6.795*** 6.173*** 6.9***
F 97.308 . 301.035 . . 226.962
r squared 0.539 0.482 0.516 0.578 0.526 0.572
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
73
Table C.4: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings in the Field of Health
Professions, by Gender and Immigrant status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.031** 0.089*** 0.08*** 0.035*** 0.073*** 0.059***
Age squared -0.033** -0.092*** -0.083*** -0.038*** -0.076*** -0.059***
Years since landing 0.036*** 0.012 0.027*** 0.002
Years since landing squared -0.059*** -0.01 -0.044*** -0.001
Marital Status
Single -0.023 -0.124*** -0.16*** 0.02 0.019 0
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.064 -0.104* -0.097*** -0.007 -0.038* -0.022***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.192*** -0.265*** -0.118*** -0.24*** -0.157*** -0.126***
Vancouver -0.117*** -0.106** -0.074** -0.004 -0.036 -0.04***
Ottaw a-Gatineau -0.01 -0.023 -0.034 -0.054* -0.038 -0.042***
Calgary -0.024 -0.093 -0.107*** -0.064** -0.002 -0.036***
Edmonton 0.073 -0.042 -0.057* -0.008 -0.004 -0.037***
Other CMAs -0.045 -0.02 -0.108*** -0.051*** -0.073*** -0.106***
Non CMA 0.087** -0.045 -0.147*** -0.073*** -0.119*** -0.14***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.188*** 0.1* -0.057 0.027 0.103*** 0.015
South Asian -0.031 0.07 -0.164*** -0.028 0.051* 0.021
Black -0.046 -0.018 -0.229*** 0.029* -0.015 -0.063**
Filipino -0.121** 0.111* -0.089 0.005 0.073** 0.05
Latin American -0.157** -0.132 -0.382 -0.088*** -0.018 -0.048
Southeast Asian -0.077 0.122 -0.246 -0.065 0.02 -0.292**
Arab -0.086 0.08 -0.203* -0.03 -0.194* 0.069
West Asian -0.382*** -0.007 -0.311*** -0.083* -0.111 -0.333
Korean -0.29* -0.039 -0.068 0.081 0.022 -0.022
Japanese -0.39** 0.307 -0.018 -0.042 0.072 0.042
Other visible minority -0.356** -0.171 0.216 -0.041 -0.099 -0.062
Multiple visible minority -0.084 -0.25** -0.21 0.06 0.067 -0.022
Aboriginal -0.288*** -0.128***
English
English spoken 0.202*** 0.04 0.109*** 0.128*** 0.081* 0.074***
French
French spoken -0.003 0.001 -0.006 0.093** 0.123*** 0.048***
Industry
Mining and oil and gas extraction 0.545** 0.344 0.62*** 0.661*** 0.724*** 0.678***
Utilities 0.51*** -0.256 0.544*** 0.608*** 0.798*** 0.787***
Construction -0.078 0.149 0.104 0.397*** 0.178 0.328***
Manufacturing 0.086 -0.152 0.346*** 0.369*** 0.343** 0.488***
Wholesale trade 0.131 -0.15 0.341*** 0.393*** 0.466*** 0.521***
Retail trade -0.018 -0.215 0.318*** 0.289*** 0.303** 0.305***
Transportation and w arehousing -0.244* -0.368 0.229** 0.454*** 0.368*** 0.44***
Information and cultural industries -0.125 -0.4 0.149 0.248** 0.318* 0.362***
Finance and insurance -0.361 0.134 0.208* 0.306*** 0.374*** 0.488***
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.288 -0.469 -0.102 0.221** 0.452*** 0.331***
Professional, scientific and technical services -0.079 -0.6** -0.004 0.291*** 0.284** 0.327***
Management of companies and enterprises -3.409*** -0.708 0.211 0.75** 0.309 0.515***
74
Table C.4: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
and remediation services -0.249** -0.314 0.031 0.153* 0.18 0.178***
Educational services -0.208 -0.507* 0.085 0.204** 0.249* 0.36***
Health care and social assistance 0.296** -0.09 0.276*** 0.582*** 0.505*** 0.564***
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.011 -0.687** -0.1 0.187* 0.053 0.106**
Accommodation and food services -0.191 -0.762*** -0.193* 0.007 0.005 0.006
Other services (except public administration) -0.265* -0.365 -0.156 0.172* 0.169 0.169***
Public administration 0.03 -0.003 0.403*** 0.517*** 0.551*** 0.579***
Bachelor's 0.313*** 0.374*** 0.336*** 0.231*** 0.312*** 0.323***
or optometry 0.425*** 0.64*** 0.731*** 0.316*** 0.529*** 0.603***
Master's 0.369*** 0.486*** 0.516*** 0.277*** 0.402*** 0.389***
Doctorate 0.608*** 0.713*** 0.646*** 0.392*** 0.471*** 0.589***
Not match
Match 0.419*** 0.275*** 0.387*** 0.423*** 0.398*** 0.417***
Weeks w orked 0.03*** 0.025*** 0.029*** 0.03*** 0.028*** 0.03***
Part-time -0.644*** -0.643*** -0.601*** -0.467*** -0.474*** -0.459***
Attending school
Attended school -0.148*** -0.265*** -0.196*** -0.105*** -0.089*** -0.091***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.203*** -0.127***
India -0.051 -0.003
Pakistan -0.176** -0.135**
Romania 0 -0.003
Russian Federation -0.205* -0.16**
France 0.218* 0.074
Iran 0.014 -0.158**
Ukraine -0.373*** -0.131*
Hong Kong 0.048 -0.001
Taiw an -0.095 -0.297***
Poland -0.018 0
United States -0.108 0.039
Country of birth -0.234*** -0.193***
In Canada (ref.)
Model inform ation
_cons 7.584*** 7.25*** 6.83*** 7.11*** 6.726*** 6.872***
F . 33.348 211.724 238.973 97.876 1436.954
r squared 0.508 0.504 0.493 0.509 0.467 0.511
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
75
Table C.5: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual earnings in the Field of
Education, by Gender and Immigrant Status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.018 0.121*** 0.115*** 0.013 0.083*** 0.087***
Age squared -0.022 -0.133*** -0.123*** -0.015 -0.089*** -0.09***
Years since landing 0.033*** -0.006 0.042*** 0.006
Years since landing squared -0.051*** 0.016 -0.072*** 0
Marital Status
Single 0.064 -0.144*** -0.116*** -0.014 -0.016 0.01
Divorced, separated or w idow ed 0.021 -0.08 -0.065*** 0.013 -0.036 -0.004
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.169*** -0.27*** -0.112*** -0.192*** -0.207*** -0.16***
Vancouver -0.069 -0.125** -0.13*** -0.01 -0.114*** -0.117***
Ottaw a-Gatineau 0.127* 0.065 -0.032 -0.192*** -0.004 -0.075***
Calgary 0.058 -0.239 0.038* -0.04 -0.066 -0.071***
Edmonton -0.043 -0.105 0 -0.121*** -0.107** -0.051***
Other CMAs -0.061 -0.119*** -0.1*** -0.094*** -0.124*** -0.131***
Non CMA -0.026 -0.147*** -0.136*** -0.112*** -0.14*** -0.154***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.254*** -0.174** 0.03 -0.163*** -0.059 0.01
South Asian -0.23*** -0.086 -0.07 -0.137*** 0.031 -0.053
Black -0.119** -0.111 -0.072 0.027 0.015 -0.148***
Filipino 0.095 -0.163 0.226 -0.131** 0.007 0.013
Latin American -0.208*** -0.199* 0.004 -0.19*** -0.044 -0.051
Southeast Asian -0.312*** -0.108 0.142 -0.11* -0.063 0.082
Arab -0.281*** -0.076 -0.091 -0.097* 0.119* -0.166**
West Asian -0.606*** 0.201 0.181* -0.071 -0.105 -0.153
Korean -0.619 -0.447** -0.24* -0.161 -0.301** 0.052
Japanese 0.08 -0.245 0.111* -0.165 -0.425 0.031
Other visible minority -0.151 -0.01 -0.132 0.039 -0.347 -0.359*
Multiple visible minority 0.103 0.148** -0.143* 0.003 -0.072 0.127**
Aboriginal -0.082*** -0.075***
English
English spoken 0.046 -0.137 0.046*** 0.02 0.221*** 0.018**
French
French spoken 0.003 -0.015 0 0 0.044** 0.007
Industry
Mining and oil and gas extraction -0.312 0.87* 0.929*** 0.376* 0.534** 0.733***
Utilities -0.118 0.468 0.653*** 0.417** 0.334 0.778***
Construction -0.184 0.014 0.306*** 0.272* 0.141 0.51***
Manufacturing -0.059 0.129 0.501*** 0.106 -0.049 0.578***
Wholesale trade -0.127 0.007 0.502*** 0.161 0.144 0.592***
Retail trade -0.31 -0.179 0.203** -0.119 -0.263 0.174***
Transportation and w arehousing -0.302 0.183 0.422*** 0.213* -0.01 0.535***
Information and cultural industries -0.183 -0.217 0.454*** 0.165 0.154 0.512***
Finance and insurance 0.123 0.399 0.562*** 0.262*** 0.139 0.553***
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.37 0.007 0.253** 0.211* -0.206 0.457***
Professional, scientific and technical services -0.482** -0.11 0.259** 0.131 -0.034 0.49***
Management of companies and enterprises -0.059 0 0.508 0.479** -0.534* 0.408
and remediation services -0.297 -0.428 0.062 -0.079 -0.205 0.277***
76
Table C.5: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
Educational services -0.058 0.152 0.473*** 0.205** 0.078 0.613***
Health care and social assistance -0.115 -0.275 0.271*** 0.111 -0.107 0.395***
Arts, entertainment and recreation -0.281 -0.343 0.17 -0.19 -0.357 0.249***
Accommodation and food services -0.543** -1.109** -0.056 -0.056 -0.293 0.136**
Other services (except public administration) -0.339 -0.308 0.33*** -0.094 -0.162 0.235***
Public administration -0.084 0.162 0.504*** 0.229** 0.13 0.616***
Bachelor's 0.132*** 0.03 0.067*** 0.156*** 0.235*** 0.214***
or optometry -0.579 -0.179 0.275** 0.336** 0.651*** 0.207*
Master's 0.111** 0.135** 0.205*** 0.305*** 0.415*** 0.374***
Doctorate 0.346*** 0.207* 0.33*** 0.467*** 0.471*** 0.392***
Not match
Match 0.24*** 0.199*** 0.222*** 0.241*** 0.244*** 0.276***
Weeks w orked 0.031*** 0.028*** 0.029*** 0.031*** 0.029*** 0.028***
Part-time -0.652*** -0.875*** -0.864*** -0.61*** -0.685*** -0.658***
Attending school
Attended school -0.058 -0.099* -0.034*** -0.037 -0.106*** -0.025***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.14 -0.068
India 0.091 -0.106**
Pakistan -0.091 -0.356***
Romania -0.317* -0.188**
France 0.177 -0.107
Iran -0.367 -0.214**
Ukraine -0.052 -0.297***
Hong Kong -0.232 -0.045
Taiw an 0.15 -0.418**
Poland -0.195* -0.259***
Country of birth -0.348* 0.021
Other countries 0.118 -0.278**
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada -0.023 -0.078***
Model inform ation
_cons 8.434*** 6.894*** 6.248*** 7.969*** 6.747*** 6.355***
F 31.682 20.735 255.664 117.895 78.743 869.059
r squared 0.51 0.532 0.557 0.522 0.578 0.555
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
77
Table C.6: OLS Regressions of the Log of Annual Earnings in the Field of Social
Sciences, by Gender and Immigration Status
Males Fem ales
Age 0.009 0.049*** 0.087*** 0.03** 0.101*** 0.079***
Age squared -0.016 -0.046** -0.089*** -0.035** -0.111*** -0.081***
Years since landing 0.038*** 0.012 0.037*** -0.002
Years since landing squared -0.06*** -0.016 -0.06*** 0.009
Marital Status
Single -0.121*** -0.253*** -0.234*** 0.063** -0.06** -0.063***
Divorced, separated or w idow ed -0.032 -0.229*** -0.099*** 0.067* -0.157*** -0.07***
CMA of residence
Toronto (ref.)
Montreal -0.254*** -0.336*** -0.216*** -0.241*** -0.167*** -0.226***
Vancouver -0.04 -0.049 -0.104*** -0.051 -0.098** -0.039*
Ottaw a-Gatineau -0.076 -0.173*** -0.121*** -0.057 -0.098 -0.078***
Calgary -0.002 0.101* -0.029 -0.037 0.091 -0.116***
Edmonton -0.005 -0.093 -0.11*** -0.068 -0.17* -0.168***
Other CMAs -0.152*** -0.118*** -0.212*** -0.115*** -0.118*** -0.206***
Non CMA -0.239*** -0.133** -0.257*** -0.142** -0.207*** -0.251***
White (ref.)
Chinese -0.324*** -0.135*** -0.065* -0.116** -0.059 0.017
South Asian -0.235*** -0.138** -0.155*** -0.169*** 0.027 0.01
Black -0.15*** -0.174*** -0.03 -0.188*** -0.047 -0.09**
Filipino -0.125 -0.119 0.026 -0.006 -0.1 -0.012
Latin American -0.162** -0.05 -0.129* -0.099 -0.094 -0.053
Southeast Asian -0.187* -0.087 -0.388 -0.276*** -0.077 0.236*
Arab -0.214*** 0.056 0.028 -0.153** -0.028 0.093
West Asian -0.153* -0.349*** 0.52*** -0.163* 0.172 0.081
Korean -0.226* -0.153* -0.023 -0.344 -0.018 0.087
Japanese 0.018 -0.124 -0.034 0.091 0.006 0.119*
Other visible minority -0.378*** -0.283 0.067 0.075 0.061 0.057
Multiple visible minority -0.173* -0.051 -0.349** -0.275*** -0.106 -0.167
Aboriginal -0.119** -0.085***
English
English spoken -0.056 0.223 0.126*** 0.143** 0.319* 0.01
French
French spoken -0.023 0.025 -0.02* 0.099*** -0.031 0.005
Industry
Mining and oil and gas extraction 0.598** 0.589*** 0.536*** 0.584*** 0.2 0.788***
Utilities 0.361 0.122 0.376*** 0.39** 0.021 0.656***
Construction -0.089 -0.145 0.075 0.126 -0.167 0.293***
Manufacturing 0.101 0.209 0.281*** 0.073 0.081 0.442***
Wholesale trade 0.181 0.21 0.275*** 0.031 -0.003 0.416***
Retail trade -0.223* -0.278 -0.017 -0.2 -0.24 0.07
Transportation and w arehousing -0.141 0.003 0.176*** 0.076 0.118 0.438***
Information and cultural industries 0.077 0.037 0.251*** 0.093 0.019 0.376***
Finance and insurance 0.142 0.16 0.414*** 0.158 0.062 0.468***
Real estate and rental and leasing -0.204 0.161 0.177*** -0.021 -0.009 0.345***
Professional, scientific and technical services -0.036 -0.083 0.142** 0.081 -0.067 0.315***
Management of companies and enterprises 0.294* -0.222 0.275* 0.435** 0.047 0.379
and remediation services -0.382*** -0.14 0.017 -0.147 -0.14 0.209**
78
Table C.6: Cont’d
Males Fem ales
Industry (cont'd)
Educational services -0.008 -0.076 0.021 -0.101 -0.129 0.219**
Health care and social assistance -0.021 -0.066 0.025 0.049 -0.054 0.262***
Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.041 -0.02 0.038 -0.043 -0.091 0.138
Accommodation and food services -0.308** -0.45** -0.243*** -0.241 -0.211 0.018
Other services (except public administration) -0.266** -0.163 0.052 -0.017 -0.076 0.176*
Public administration 0.156 0.205 0.311*** 0.18 0.153 0.515***
Bachelor's 0.113*** 0.106*** 0.149*** 0.186*** 0.188*** 0.175***
or optometry 0.328*** -1.504*** 0.079 0.518** 0.5*** 0.178
Master's 0.143*** 0.104* 0.179*** 0.183*** 0.319*** 0.221***
Doctorate 0.442*** 0.319*** 0.4*** 0.364*** 0.326*** 0.444***
Not match
Match 0.262*** 0.266*** 0.273*** 0.277*** 0.244*** 0.264***
Weeks w orked 0.032*** 0.029*** 0.032*** 0.032*** 0.031*** 0.03***
Part-time -0.595*** -0.753*** -0.803*** -0.701*** -0.77*** -0.735***
Attending school
Attended school -0.058 -0.099* -0.034*** -0.037 -0.106*** -0.025***
Canada (ref.)
P.R. China -0.14 -0.068
India 0.091 -0.106**
Pakistan -0.091 -0.356***
Romania -0.317* -0.188**
France 0.177 -0.107
Iran -0.367 -0.214**
Ukraine -0.052 -0.297***
Hong Kong -0.232 -0.045
Taiw an 0.15 -0.418**
Poland -0.195* -0.259***
In Canada (ref.)
Outside Canada 0.084*** 0.006
Model inform ation
_cons 8.66*** 7.728*** 7.038*** 7.639*** 6.479*** 6.935***
F 48.045 . 256.252 76.63 . 248.832
r squared 0.457 0.479 0.486 0.565 0.539 0.537
Legend: * p<.1; ** p<.05; *** p<.01.
79

R27 2012 ForeignCredentials Eng

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

R27 2012 ForeignCredentials Eng

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Transferability of Foreign

Credentials in the Canadian

Ref. No.: R27-2012

Part One ............................................................................................................... 6

II. Literature review ............................................................................................. 7

III. Data and methodology ....................................................................................... 9

IV. Descriptive analysis ......................................................................................... 11

V. Regression analysis ......................................................................................... 14

Part Two ............................................................................................................. 17

Country of study and education-occupation match and earnings

Field of study and education-occupation match and earnings

Table 1: Education-Occupation Match Rates and Rate Ratios Relative to the

Results of models of pooled sample including all postsecondary fields

Analysis for the six selected fields

Degrees in business (business, management, marketing and related

Log of annual earnings

Table 5.1: Probit Model Estimations of Marginal Probabilities of Education-

Log of annual earnings

Degrees in computer and information (computer and information

Log of annual earnings

Degrees in health professions (health professions and related clinical sciences)

Log of annual earnings

Degree in social sciences

Table 10.1: Probit Model Estimations of Marginal Probabilities of Education-

Você também pode gostar