RF Timber Pro Manual en

Version
April 2013
Add-on Module
RF-TIMBER Pro
Design of Timber Members According
to DIN 1052, EN 1995, and SIA 265
Program
Description
All rights, including those of translations, are reserved.

No portion of this book may be reproduced – mechanically, electroni-
cally, or by any other means, including photocopying – without written
permission of INGENIEUR-SOFTWARE DLUBAL GMBH.
© Ing.-Software Dlubal
Am Zellweg 2 D-93464 Tiefenbach
Tel.: +49 9673 9203-0
Fax: +49 9673 9203-51
E-mail: info@dlubal.com
Web: www.dlubal.com
Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Contents
Contents Page Contents Page
1. Introduction 5 4.9 Parts List by Member 51
1.1 Add-on Module RF-TIMBER Pro 5 4.10 Parts List by Set of Members 52
1.2 RF-TIMBER Pro - Team 6 5. Results Evaluation 53

1.3 Using the Manual 7 5.1 Results in the RFEM Model 54
1.4 Open the Add-on Module RF-TIMBER Pro 7 5.2 Results on Cross-Section 56
2. Input Data 9 5.3 Result diagrams 59
2.1 General Data 9 5.4 Filter for Results 60
2.1.1 Resistance 11 6. Printout 62

2.1.2 Serviceability Limit State 12 6.1 Printout Report 62
2.1.3 Fire Resistance 13 6.2 Graphic Printout 62
2.1.4 Standard / National Annex (NA) 14 7. General Functions 64
2.2 Materials 17 7.1 Design Cases 64
2.3 Cross-Sections 20 7.2 Cross-Section Optimization 66
2.4 Load Duration and Service Class 24 7.3 Units and Decimal Places 68
2.5 Effective Lengths - Members 26 7.4 Data Exchange 69
2.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members 29 7.4.1 Material Export to RFEM 69
2.7 Tapered Members 30 7.4.2 Export of Effective Length to RFEM 69
2.8 Curved Members 32 7.4.3 Export of Results 69
2.9 Serviceability Data 33 8. Examples 71
2.10 Fire Resistance - Members 34 8.1 Wood Column 71
2.11 Fire Resistance - Sets of Members 35 8.1.1 System and Loads 71
3. Calculation 36 8.1.2 Calculation with RFEM 71
3.1 Detail Settings 36 8.1.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro 72
3.1.1 Resistance 36 8.1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Design 72
3.1.2 Stability 38 8.1.3.2 Serviceability Limit State Design 76
3.1.3 Serviceability 39 8.2 Built-up Cross-Section 79
3.1.4 Fire Resistance 40 8.2.1 System and Loads 79
3.1.5 Other 41 8.2.2 Calculation with RFEM 82
3.2 Start Calculation 42 8.2.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro 84
4. Results 43 8.2.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Design 84
4.1 Design by Load Case 44 8.2.3.2 Serviceability Limit State Design 88
4.2 Design by Cross-Section 45 8.3 Single Tapered Beam 91
4.3 Design by Set of Members 46 8.3.1 System and Loads 91
4.4 Design by Member 47 8.3.2 Calculation with RFEM 91
4.5 Design by x-Location 47 8.3.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro 92
4.6 Governing Internal Forces by Member 48 8.4 Curved Beam 95
4.7 Governing Internal Forces by Set of 8.4.1 System and Loads 95
Members 49
8.4.2 Calculation with RFEM 96
4.8 Member Slendernesses 50

3
Contents
Contents Page Contents Page
8.4.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro 97

A Literature 102
B Index 103
4 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

1 Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Add-on Module RF-TIMBER Pro
Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1:2010-12 + A1:2008) regulates the draft, design, and construction of
timber structures in the member states of the European Union. With the RFEM add-on module
RF-TIMBER Pro, DLUBAL offers you a powerful tool for the design of timber structures that are
modeled by beam elements. Country-specific regulations are taken into account by the differ-
ent National Annexes (NAs) in this module. In addition to the program's parameters, you can
define your own limit values or create new National Annexes. In addition to this, RF-TIMBER
Pro allows for the design according to DIN 1052:2008 and SIA 265:2003.
RF-TIMBER Pro performs all ultimate limit state designs, stability analyses, and deformation
analyses provided by the standards. The stability analysis is carried out according to the equiv-
alent member method or the second-order analysis. When the equivalent member method is
applied, the program considers intended axial compression in the direction of grain, bending
without compression force, bending and compression, shear from shear force as well as bend-
ing and tension. In addition to this, the fire resistance design according to DIN 4102-4,
EN 1995-1-2, or SIA 265 is possible.
In timber construction, the serviceability limit state represents an important design. In this
connection, you can assign load cases, load combinations, and result combinations individual-
ly to various design situations. The limit deformations are preset by the National Annex, and
can be adjusted, if necessary. In addition to this, it is possible to specify reference lengths and
precambers that will be considered accordingly in the design.
If necessary, you can optimize the cross-section and export the modified cross-section to
RFEM. Separate design cases allow for a separate design of large systems or analysis of vari-
ants.
RF-TIMBER Pro is one of the add-on modules integrated in the RFEM environment. Thus, the
design-relevant input data is preset when you open the module. Subsequent to the design,
you can use the graphical RFEM user interface to evaluate the results. Last but not least, you
can document the checks from the analysis of internal forces to the design in the global
printout report.
We hope you will enjoy working with RF-TIMBER Pro.
Your DLUBAL Team

5
1 Introduction
1.2 RF-TIMBER Pro - Team

The following people were involved in the development of RF-TIMBER Pro:
Program coordination
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Bastian Kuhn
Ing. Milan Vanĕček
Programming
Ing. Tomáš Drtina Ing. Jiří Patrak
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal
Cross-section and material database

Ing. Ph.D. Jan Rybín Ing. Jiří Kubíček
Mgr. Petr Oulehle
Program design, dialog figures, and icons

Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal Ing. Jan Miléř
MgA. Robert Kolouch
Program supervision
Ing. Jiří Hanzálek Ing. Ondřej Švorc
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Bastian Kuhn Ing. Milan Vanĕček
Localization, manual
Ing. Fabio Borriello Ing. Roberto Lombino
Ing. Dmitry Bystrov Eng.º Nilton Lopes
Eng.º Rafael Duarte Mgr. Ing. Hana Macková
Ing. Jana Duníková Ing. Téc. Ind. José Martínez
Ing. Lara Freyer MA SKT Anton Mitleider
Alessandra Grosso Dipl.-Ü. Gundel Pietzcker
Bc. Chelsea Jennings Mgr. Petra Pokorná
Jan Jeřábek Ing. Zoja Rendlová
Ing. Ladislav Kábrt Dipl.-Ing. Jing Sun
Ing. Aleksandra Kociołek Ing. Marcela Svitáková
Mgr. Michaela Kryšková Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl
Dipl.-Ing. Tingting Ling Ing. Marcin Wardyn
Technical support and quality management

M.Eng. Cosme Asseya Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Bastian Kuhn
Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Markus Baumgärtel Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ulrich Lex
Dipl.-Ing. Moritz Bertram Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Sandy Matula
M.Sc. Sonja von Bloh Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Steffen Clauß M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Andreas Niemeier
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Faulstich Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Gerhard Rehm
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) René Flori M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Rustler
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Stefan Frenzel M.Sc. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Frank Sonntag
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Fröhlich Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Stautner
Dipl.-Ing. Wieland Götzler Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Lukas Sühnel
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Andreas Hörold Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Paul Kieloch

1 Introduction
1.3 Using the Manual

Topics like installation, graphical user interface, results evaluation, and printout are described
in detail in the manual of the main program RFEM. The present manual focuses on typical fea-
tures of the add-on module RF-TIMBER Pro.
The description in this manual follows the sequence of the module's input and results windows
as well as their structure. The text of the manual shows the described buttons in square brack-
ets, for example [View mode]. At the same time, they are depicted on the left. Expressions ap-
pearing in dialog boxes, tables, and menus are set in italics to clarify the explanations.
At the end of the manual, you find the index. However, if you don’t find what you are looking
for, please check our website www.dlubal.com where you can go through our FAQ pages by
selecting particular criteria.
1.4 Open the Add-on Module RF-TIMBER Pro

RFEM provides the following options to start the add-on module RF-TIMBER Pro.
Menu
To start the program in the RFEM menu bar, click
Add-on Modules → Design - Timber → RF-TIMBER Pro.
Figure 1.1: Menu: Add-on Modules → Design - Timber → RF-TIMBER Pro

7
1 Introduction
Navigator
Alternatively, you can start the add-on module in the Data navigator by clicking the entry
Add-on Modules → RF-TIMBER Pro.
Figure 1.2: Data navigator: Add-on Modules → RF-TIMBER Pro
Panel
If the RF-TIMBER Pro results are already available in the RFEM model, you can start the design
module by using the panel:
Select the relevant RF-TIMBER Pro design case in the load case list of the menu bar. To display
the design criterion on the members graphically, click [Show results].
When the results display is activated, the panel appears showing the [RF-TIMBER Pro] button
which you can use to open the add-on module.
Figure 1.3: Panel button [RF-TIMBER Pro]

2 Input Data
2. Input Data
When you start the add-on module, a new window appears. A navigator is shown on the left,
managing the available windows. The drop-down list above the navigator contains the design
cases that are already available (see chapter 7.1, page 64).
The design relevant data is to be defined in several input windows. When you start RF-TIMBER
Pro for the first time, the following parameters are imported automatically:
• Members and sets of members
• Load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and super combinations
• Materials
• Cross-sections
• Effective lengths
• Internal forces (in background, if calculated)
By clicking an entry in the navigator, you open the respective window. To select the previous
or next window, use the buttons shown on the left. You can also use the function keys [F2] and
[F3] to select the previous or next window.
Click the [OK] button to save the input. Thus, you exit RF-TIMBER Pro and return to the main
program. When you click [Cancel], you exit the module but without saving the data.
2.1 General Data

In the 1.1 General Data window, you select the members, sets of members, and actions that
you want to design. The tabs are managing the load cases, load combinations, and result
combinations for the different designs.
Figure 2.1: Window 1.1 General Data

9
2 Input Data
Design of
Figure 2.2: Design of members and sets of members
It is possible to design Members as well as Sets of Members. If you want to design only selected
objects, clear the All check box. Thus, the input fields become available in which you can enter
the number of the relevant members or sets of members. The list of the preset numbers can be
selected quickly by double click and overwritten by entering the data manually. Click the []
button to select objects in the RFEM work window graphically.
When you design a set of members, the program determines the extreme values of the de-
signs of all members contained in the set of members and takes into account the boundary
conditions of connected members for the stability analysis. The results are shown in the results
windows 2.3 Designs by Set of Members, 3.2 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members , and 4.2
Parts List by Set of Members.
To define a new set of members, click [New]. The dialog box for the specification of the param-
eters of set of members appears.
Standard / National Annex (NA)

In the selection field on the top right, you specify the Standard whose parameters you want to
use for the design and the limit values of the deformation. You can select from:
• EN 1995-1-1:2004-11
• DIN 1052:2008-12
• SIA 265:2003
If you design according to EN 1995-1-1, you have also to specify the National Annex
Figure 2.3: National Annex for EN 1995-1
Click the [Edit] button to open a dialog box where you can check and adjust, if necessary, the
parameters of the currently selected Standard or NA. This dialog box is described in chapter
2.1.4 on page 14.
Comment
Figure 2.4: User-defined comment
In this input field, you can enter user-defined notes describing, for example, the currently
selected design case.

2 Input Data
2.1.1 Resistance
Figure 2.5: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Ultimate Limit State
Existing Load Cases

This column lists all load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and dynamic combi-
nations created in RFEM.
Click the [] button to transfer selected entries to the list Selected for Design on the right. You
can also double-click the items. To transfer the complete list to the right, click the [] button.
A multiple selection of load cases is possible by means of the common Windows function, i. e.
clicking the load case while pressing the [Ctrl] key. In this way, you can transfer several load
cases simultaneously.
If load cases or combinations are marked by an asterisk (*), like load case 5 in Figure 2.5, they
cannot be calculated. Those load cases are cases without load data or pure imperfection cases.
A corresponding warning appears when you transfer these cases.
Several filter options are available below the list. These options allow you to easily assign en-
tries sorted by load cases, load combinations, and action categories. The buttons are reserved
for the following functions:
Selects all load cases in the list
Inverts the selection of load cases
Table 2.1: Buttons in the tab Ultimate Limit State
Selected for Design

The column on the right lists the load cases, load combinations, and result combinations se-
lected for design. To remove selected entries from the list, click [] or double-click the entries.
To transfer the entire list to the left, click [].
The load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be assigned to the following
design situations:
• Fundamental
• Accidental

11
2 Input Data
This classification controls the factor γM that is included in the determination of the resistance
Rd for the cross-section design and stability analysis (see Figure 2.10, page 15).
You can change the design situation by using the list. This list becomes available if you click
[] at the end of the input field.
Figure 2.6: Assigning design situation
A multiple selection is possible by pressing the [Ctrl] key, thus allowing for the change of sev-
eral entries.
The design of an enveloping max/min result combination is faster than if you design all auto-
matically imported load cases and load combinations. In designing a result combination, how-
ever, it is difficult to discern the influence of the included effects.
2.1.2 Serviceability Limit State
Figure 2.7: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Serviceability Limit State
Existing Load Cases and Combinations

This section lists all load cases, load combinations, and result combinations created in RFEM.
Selected for Design

Load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be added or removed (see chap-
ter 2.1.1).
It is possible to assign different limit values for the deflection to the individual load cases, load
combinations, and result combinations. The following design situations for EN 1990 are avail-
able for selection:
• (2) winst characteristic combination (without creep component)
• (3) wfin quasi-permanent combination (with creep component)
• (3) wfin - wc quasi-permanent combination with precamber

2 Input Data
You can change the design situation by using the drop-down list that you can open by clicking
[] at the end of the input field (see Figure 2.7).
The limit values of the deformations are specified in the National Annex. These values can be
changed for the design situation after clicking [Edit parameters of Standard or National Annex]
in the dialog box National Annex Settings (see Figure 2.10, page 15) or Standard.
The 1.9 Serviceability Data window manages the reference lengths that are governing for the
serviceability limit state design (see chapter 2.9, page 33).
2.1.3 Fire Resistance
Figure 2.8: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Fire Resistance
Existing Load Cases and Combinations

This dialog box section lists all load cases, load combinations, and result combinations created
in RFEM.
Selected for Design

Load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be added or removed (see chap-
ter 2.1.1). Select all actions determined according to EN 1995-1-2 [5] in this section.
The fire resistance design is performed by means of a reduced cross-section. The general speci-
fications for the fire resistance design are managed in the dialog box National Annex Settings
(see Figure 2.10, page 15) in the dialog box Details, tab Fire Resistance (see Figure 3.4, page 40).
Fire resistance design is not possible for compound cross-sections: Since the neutral axis is
shifted by the cross-section reduction, the stiffness of the cross-section must be recalculated in
each calculation of charring. In addition to this, this change of stiffness would have to be taken
into account in the structural analysis in RFEM by recalculating it.

13
2 Input Data
2.1.4 Standard / National Annex (NA)

The drop-down lists in the 1.1 General Data window allow you to select the Standard or the NA
for EN 1995-1-1 whose parameters are to be applied to the design and the limit values of the
deformation.
Figure 2.9: Select National Annex
Use the [Edit] button to check the preset parameters. If necessary, you can adjust the settings
(see the following figure).
To create a user-defined National Annex, click [New].
By clicking it you open the dialog box National Annex Settings containing three tabs (see the
following pages).

2 Input Data
General
Figure 2.10: Dialog box National Annex Settings, tab General
In the dialog box sections, you can check or, if necessary, adjust, the Partial Factors, Limit Values
of Deformations, and Modification Factors kmod for the different services classes.
In addition, it is possible to change the Maximum Cut-to-Grain Angle α.
The Data for Fire Resistance section manages the parameters Charring rate βn and Increased
charring d0 for the different types of timber necessary for the determination of the ideal re-
maining cross-section. The Factor kfi is used for the determination of the 20 %-fractile of the
strength and stiffness from the 5 %-fractile.
The buttons in the National Annex Settings dialog box are reserved for the following functions:
Button Function
Resets the program's default settings
Imports user-defined standard settings
Saves the current settings as default
Deletes a user-defined National Annex
Table 2.2: Buttons in the dialog box National Annex Settings

15
2 Input Data
Other Settings
In the second tab of the National Annex Settings dialog box, you find different factors signifi-
cant for the design. They can be adjusted by using the option User-defined.
Figure 2.11: Dialog box National Annex Settings, tab Other Settings
Used Standards
The third tab of the National Annex Settings dialog box informs you about the Standards ac-
cording to which the design will be performed.
Figure 2.12: Dialog box National Annex Settings, tab Used Standards

2 Input Data
2.2 Materials
The window is subdivided into two parts. In the upper part, all materials created in RFEM are
listed. The Material Properties section below displays the properties of the current material, that
is the table row currently selected in the upper table.
Figure 2.13: Window 1.2 Materials
Materials that will not be used in the design appear gray in color. Materials that are not allowed
are highlighted in red. Modified materials are displayed in blue.
The material properties required for the determination of internal forces are described in chap-
ter 4.3 of the RFEM manual (Main Properties). The properties of the materials needed for the
design are also saved in the global material library. These values are preset (Additional Proper-
ties).
To change the units and decimal places of material properties and stresses, select
Settings → Units and Decimal Places (see chapter 7.3, page 68).
Material Description
The materials defined in RFEM are preset but it is always possible to modify them. To do this,
click the material in column A, thus selecting the field. Next, click the [] button or press [F7] in
order to open the material list.
Figure 2.14: List of materials

17
2 Input Data
In accordance with the design concept of the timber standards, the list includes only materials
of the "Timber" category.
Subsequent to the selection, the program updates the design-relevant Material Properties.
If you modify the Material Description and this manually specified entry is listed in the material
library, RF-TIMBER Pro will also import the corresponding material properties.
It is principally not possible to edit the material properties in RF-TIMBER Pro.
Material Library
There are many materials preset in the database. To open it, click
Edit → Material Library
or use the button shown on the left.
Figure 2.15: Dialog box Material Library
In the Filter dialog box section, the material category group Timber is preset. Select the timber
grade that you want to use for the design in the Material to Select list. The corresponding prop-
erties can be checked in the dialog box section below.
Click [OK] or use [↵] to import the selected material to window 1.2 of RF-TIMBER Pro.
Chapter 4.3 of the RFEM manual describes how materials can be filtered, added, or rearranged.

2 Input Data
Material Properties
In the lower section of window 1.2, the characteristic strength values for bending fm,k , tension
parallel ft,0,k , tension perpendicular ft,90,k , compression parallel fc,0,k , compression perpendicular
fc,90,k, as well as for shear and torsion fv,k are specified.
The design values of the material strengths are, as shown for example in EN 1995-1-1, Eq. (2.14),
to be determined with the modification factors kmod and the partial safety factors γM.
Xk
X d = k mod ⋅
γM
Equation 2.1: Reduction of characteristic strength by modification factors and partial safety factors
The factors can be adjusted in the National Annex Settings dialog box (see Figure 2.10, page 15).
Special Settings
For small cross-sections, it is statistically assumed that timber of higher quality is distributed
over the cross-section. This can be considered by increasing the strengths for the tension
check (related to the cross-section width) and the bending stress check (related to the cross-
section depth) according to EN 1995-1-1 clause 3.2. The factor is given as:
 150  0.2 
 
k h = min b   for solid wood with b ≤ 150 mm
 1.3 
 
 600 0.1
   for glulam b ≤ 600 mm
k h = min b  
 1.1 
 
Equation 2.2: Factor kh for increasing the strength
RF-TIMBER Pro recognizes which material is provided. If you select this option, the program in-
creases the strengths automatically.
According to the German National Annex to EN 1995-1, you can increase the bending strength
of the lamellas by 20 % if it is subject to edgewise bending.

19
2 Input Data
2.3 Cross-Sections
This window lists all the cross-sections used for the design. In addition, the table allows for the
specification of optimization parameters.
Figure 2.16: Window 1.3 Cross-Sections
Cross-Section Description
The cross-sections defined in RFEM are preset together with the assigned material numbers.
The design is only possible for the parametric timber cross-section included in the library (see
the following figure).
You can also type the new cross-section description directly into the input field. If the entry is
recorded in the database, RF-TIMBER Pro also imports the cross-section properties.
A changed cross-section is indicated by a blue font.
If cross-sections set in RF-TIMBER Pro are different from the ones used in RFEM, both sections
are displayed in the graphic in the right part of the table. The designs will be performed with
the internal forces from RFEM for the cross-section selected in RF-TIMBER Pro.
To change a cross-section, click the entry in column B, thus selecting the field. To open the
cross-section table of the current input field, click [Cross-section library] or the [...] button in
the field or press the [F7] key.

2 Input Data
Figure 2.17: Timber cross-sections of the cross-section library
This dialog box allows you to select a different cross-section or a different cross-section table. If
you want to use a different cross-section category, click [Back to cross-section library], thus ac-
cessing the general cross-section library.
Chapter 4.13 of the RFEM manual describes how to select cross-sections from the library.
If the cross-section is a built-up cross-section, the slip in the joint due to fasteners can be taken
into account.
Figure 2.18: Taking into account the slip of a built-up cross-section

21
2 Input Data
The cross-section properties are computed according to the y-procedure. The following is
assumed:
• A single-span or a continuous beam with hinged supports is used.
• The cross-section values are constant over the member length (no tapered member).
• The loading is sinusoidal.
• Torsion of the cross-section is excluded.
• Lateral-torsional buckling is not analyzed.
Max. Design Ratio

This table column is displayed only after the calculation. It serves as a guide for your decision
whether or not to optimize the cross-section. By means of the displayed design ratios and col-
ored relation scales, you can see which cross-sections are less utilized and thus oversized, or
extremely stressed and thus undersized.
Optimize
Rectangular and circular cross-sections can undergo an optimization process: For the RFEM in-
ternal forces, the program searches for the cross-section from the same cross-section table
that comes as close as possible to a user-defined maximum design ratio. This user-defined de-
sign ratio can be specified in the Other tab of the Details dialog box (see Figure 3.5, page 41).
If you want to optimize a cross-section, select the corresponding check box in column D or E.
Recommendations for optimizing cross-sections can be found in chapter 7.2 on page 66.
Remark
This column shows remarks in the form of footers that are described in detail below the cross-
section list.
Info About Cross-Section

In the Info About Cross-Section dialog box, you can check the cross-section properties and
stress points.
Figure 2.19: Dialog box Info About Cross-Section

2 Input Data
The right part of the dialog box shows the currently selected cross-section.
The buttons below the graphic are reserved for the following functions:
Button Function
Displays or hides the stress points
Displays or hides the numbers of stress points
Shows the details of the stress points (see Figure 2.20)
Displays or hides the dimensions of the cross-section
Displays or hides the principal axes of the cross-section
Resets the full view of the cross-section graphic
Prints the cross-section values and cross-section graphic
Table 2.3: Buttons of cross-section graphic
To show specific information on the stress points (centroidal distances, static moments etc.),
click [Details] and use the appearing dialog box.
Figure 2.20: Dialog box Stress Points
Member with tapered cross-section

For tapered members with different cross-sections at the member start and member end, the
module displays both cross-section numbers, in accordance with the definition in RFEM, in two
table rows.
RF-TIMBER Pro is also able to design tapered members if the same cross-section type is defined
for the start and the end cross-section. Additional specifications are required in window 1.7
(see chapter 2.7, page 30).

23
2 Input Data
2.4 Load Duration and Service Class

In window 1.4, you define the load duration and the service class of the members and sets of
members in order to consider different climatic conditions for design.
Figure 2.21: Window 1.4 Load Duration and Service Class
Load
All actions selected in the 1.1 General Data window are listed here. For combinations, the in-
cluded load cases are listed, too.
Description
The load case descriptions make the classification easier.
Load Type
This table column shows the load cases' types of action as defined while creating them in
RFEM. They are the basis for presettings in the subsequent table column.
Load Duration Class LDC

Loads and their superpositions must be assigned to the load duration classes for the designs.
The classification of actions is specified for example in [1] Table 4 or [4] Table 2.1.
For load cases and result combinations, the load duration can be changed by using the list
shown on the left: Click the cell in column C, thus selecting the field. The [] button becomes
available. For load combinations and Or result combinations, RF-TIMBER Pro performs the clas-
sification automatically taking into account the respective leading action or included load cas-
es.
The class of the load duration LDC is required for the determination of the modification factor
kmod. The factor is also considered for the material stiffness.

2 Input Data
If an automatic combination of actions was selected in RFEM, the classes of the load duration
are considered according to the specifications in RFEM. A new specification is therefore not re-
quired in RF-TIMBER Pro. However, you can adjust the classification of the load cases here.
Coefficient kmod
The impact of load duration and service class on the strength properties is taken into account
by means of the modification factor (see [4] Table 3.1).
The factors can be checked and, if necessary, adjusted in the National Annex Settings dialog
box (see Figure 2.10, page 15).
Service Class (SECL)

The classification into service classes makes it possible to assign strength parameters and to
calculate deformations by taking into account environmental conditions. The service classes
are, for example, specified in [4] clause 2.3.1.3.
By default, the program assigns all members and sets of members to the same service class. If
you want to classify objects into different service classes, activate the selection field Different.
To open the following dialog box, click [Assign].
Figure 2.22: Dialog box Assign Members/Sets of Members to Corresponding Service Classes
The buttons next to the input help you to select the right objects. They have the following
functions:
Button Function
Allows for the graphical selection of objects in the RFEM work window
Assigns all members/sets of members to a service class
Assigns all members/sets of members not yet assigned to a service class
Table 2.4: Buttons in the dialog box Assign Members/Sets of Members to Corresponding Service Classes

25
2 Input Data
2.5 Effective Lengths - Members

The appearance of the window depends on whether the stability analysis is carried out accord-
ing to the equivalent member method or according to second-order analysis. You specify the
method in the Stability tab of the Details dialog box (see Figure 3.2, page 38). The following re-
fers to the equivalent member method in which the parameters for buckling and lateral-tor-
sional buckling must be defined.
If the stability analysis is deactivated in the Stability tab of the Details dialog box, window 1.5
will not be shown.
The window is subdivided into two parts. The table in the upper part contains summarized in-
formation on the buckling length coefficients and the equivalent member lengths for local
buckling and lateral-torsional buckling of the members to be designed. The buckling lengths
defined in RFEM are already preset. The Settings table below shows further information on the
member that is selected in the table above.
A member can be graphically selected by clicking [] in order to show its row.
Changes are possible in the table above as well as in the Settings tree below.
Figure 2.23: Window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members for equivalent member method
In the table and the Settings tree, you can enter the effective lengths manually or graphically
after using the [...] button in the work window. This button becomes available when the cursor
is in the input field (see figure above).
The Settings tree manages the following parameters:
• Cross-Section
• Length of member
• Buckling Possible for member (corresponds to column A)
• Buckling about Axis y Possible (corresponds to columns B to D)
• Buckling about Axis z Possible (corresponds to columns E to G)
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling Possible (corresponds to columns H to J)

2 Input Data
You can specify for the current member whether a buckling or a lateral-torsional buckling de-
sign is to be performed. Furthermore, you can adjust the Effective Length Coefficient for the re-
spective directions. If a coefficient is modified, the equivalent member length is adjusted au-
tomatically, and vice versa.
The buckling length of a member can also be defined in a separate dialog box, which you can
open by clicking the button shown on the left. You find this button bellow the upper table part
on the right.
Figure 2.24: Dialog box Select Buckling Length Coefficient
For each direction, you can select one of the four Euler buckling modes or specify the buckling
length coefficient User-defined. If an eigenvalue analysis was carried out in the add-on module
RF-STABILITY, you can also define a Buckling Shape in order to determine the coefficient.
Buckling Possible
The stability analysis for flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling requires that the mem-
bers can resist compressive forces. Members for which this is not possible (for example tension
members, elastic foundation, rigid connections) are excluded from the RF-TIMBER Pro design
in the first place. The corresponding rows are unavailable and a note is indicated in the Com-
ment column.
The Buckling Possible check boxes in table column A and in the Settings tree offer a possibility
to control the stability analyses: They determine whether or not these analyses are carried out
for a member.
Buckling About Axis y or Axis z

With the check boxes in the Possible table columns, you decide if a member has a risk of buck-
ling about the axis y and/or z. These axes represent the local member axes, with axis y being
the major ("strong") and axis z the minor ("weak") member axis. The buckling length coeffi-
cients kcr,y and kcr,z for buckling about the major or the minor axis can be selected freely.
The position of the member axes can be checked in the cross-section graphic in the 1.3 Cross-
Sections window (see Figure 2.16, page 20). To go to the RFEM work window, click [View mode].
In the work window, the local member axes can be displayed by using the context menu of a
member or the Display navigator.

27
2 Input Data
Figure 2.25: Selection of member axis systems in the Display navigator of RFEM
If buckling is possible about one or even both member axes, you can enter the buckling length
coefficients as well as the buckling lengths in the columns C and D or F and G. The same is pos-
sible in the Settings tree.
You can also specify the buckling lengths graphically in the work window after clicking [...].
This button becomes available if the cursor is in a Lcr-input field (see Figure 2.23).
If you specify the buckling length coefficient kcr, the program determines the buckling length
Lcr by multiplying the member length L by the coefficient. The input fields kcr and Lcr are interac-
tive.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Possible

Table column H shows you for which members the program performs an analysis of lateral-
torsional buckling.
Lcr manually
The member length is preset as the equivalent member length relevant for the lateral-tor-
sional buckling. Having selected the check box in column I, you can specify the length for lat-
eral-torsional buckling Lcr in column J or after clicking […] define it graphically as distance of
the lateral supports. It can be useful to adjust a structural component if it consists of several
members between the supports.
Below the Settings table, you find the Set inputs for members No. check box. If it is selected, the
settings entered afterwards will be applied to the selected or even to All members. Members
can be selected by entering the member number or by selecting them graphically with the []
button. This option is useful when you want to assign the same boundary conditions to several
members. Please note that settings that have been already defined cannot be changed subse-
quently by using this function.
Comment
In the final table column, you can enter user-defined notes to describe, for example, the se-
lected equivalent member lengths.

2 Input Data
2.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members

This window appears only if at least one set of members has been specified for the design in
the 1.1 General Data window and the stability check has be activated in the dialog box Details,
tab Stability (see Figure 3.2, page 38).
Figure 2.26: Window 1.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members
The concept of this window is similar to the concept of the previous window 1.5 Effective
Lengths - Members. Here you can enter the effective lengths for buckling as well as for lateral-
torsional buckling about the two principal axes of the set of members as described in chapter
2.5. They determine the boundary conditions of the entire set of members that is treated as
equivalent member.
Please note that curved sets of members are excluded from the stability analysis: Analyses ac-
cording to the equivalent member method require for curved beams a definition of the buck-
ling length in the one-third division points. Moreover, the stability analyses of curved beams
are used only for single-span beams, for example according to [4] clause 6.3.3. Deeper analyses
are not necessary for statically indeterminate systems or models with several supports.

29
2 Input Data
2.7 Tapered Members

This window is only available if you have selected at least one member with different cross-
sections on both member ends for the design in the 1.1 General Data window. The window
manages criteria like, for example, cut-to-grain-angle of variable cross-sections.
Figure 2.27: Window 1.7 Tapered Members
Cross-Section
The first two columns list the cross-sections that are defined at the Member Start and Member
End.
Length
The length of the tapered member is also displayed for checking reasons.
Cut-to-Grain Angle α
RF-TIMBER Pro determines the cut-to-grain angle on the basis of the geometric conditions. The
equations used in the program are valid only for a cutting angle (taper angle) of α ≤ 24° (in
EN 1995-1-1 [4] and SIA 265 [6]) or α ≤ 10° (in DIN 1052 [1]).
The limit values given in column E can be checked and, if necessary, adjusted in the National
Annex Settings dialog box (see Figure 2.10, page 15).
Grain Parallel to Edge

In table column F, you specify the member edge to which the timber's grain direction is run-
ning parallel. The "top" or "bottom" edge is clearly determined by means of the orientation of
the local member axis z (see Figure 2.25, page 28).
In most cases, the grain runs parallel to the edge that is located in the direction of the +z-axis
(„bottom“). This means that the beam is cut at the top side.

2 Input Data
Figure 2.28: Grain parallel to edge in direction +z
If the grain is parallel to the –z-axis ("top"), then the tapered member is cut at the bottom side.
This case is an exception, because the cutting of a grain is avoided in the bending tension area.
Figure 2.29: Grain parallel to edge in direction –z
With Ridge
If the check box is selected, the program performs the design for the maximum tension stress-
es perpendicular to the grain in the ridge cross-section, for example according to [1] condition
(85) or [4] condition (6.50), and for shear from shear force.

31
2 Input Data
2.8 Curved Members

This window is only available when you have selected at least one member with a curved
shaped for the design in the 1.1 General Data window. Curved members can be defined, for
example, by using the line types "spline" or "arc."
According to SIA 265 [6], the design of curved members is not possible.
Figure 2.30: Window 1.8 Curved Members
Member
The numbers of all members aligned to curved lines are listed.
Laminate
If a glulam material is used, you have to specify the thickness t of the lamellas in this column.
Transverse Tension
If you select the check box in column D, RF-TIMBER Pro performs a check of transverse tension.
The reference height h0 and the factor kdis are preset according to the selected standard. How-
ever, you can adjust them.
For EN 1995-1-1, the columns G and H for the adjustment of the length l and volume V are ac-
cessible after selecting the check box Manuel.

2 Input Data
2.9 Serviceability Data

This input window controls several settings for the serviceability limit state design. It is only
available if you have set the relevant entries in the Serviceability Limit State tab of window 1.1
(see chapter 2.1.2, page 12).
Figure 2.31: Window 1.9 Serviceability Data
In column A, you decide whether you want to apply the deformation to single members, lists
of members, or sets of members.
In column B, you specify the numbers of the members or sets of members that you want to de-
sign. You can click the [...] button to select them graphically in the RFEM work window. The
Reference Length will be entered automatically in column D, presetting the lengths of the se-
lected members, sets of members, or member lists. You can adjust the values after selecting
the Manually check box in column C.
Column E defines the governing direction for the deformation analysis. You can select from the
directions of the local member axes y and z (or u and v for unsymmetrical cross-sections).
Column F allows you to consider a Precamber wc.
The Beam Type is of vital importance for the correct application of limit deformations. In col-
umn G, you can select the girder to be a beam or a cantilever or specify which end is unsup-
ported.
The settings specified in the Serviceability tab of the Details dialog box determine whether the
deformations are related to the undeformed initial structure or to the shifted ends of members
or sets of members (see Figure 3.3, page 39).

33
2 Input Data
2.10 Fire Resistance - Members

This input window manages the fire resistance parameters for members. It is only available if
you have specified the relevant entries in the Fire Resistance tab of window 1.1 (see chapter
2.1.3, page 13).
Figure 2.32: Window 1.10 Fire Resistance - Members
Column A contains the members that are taken into account by the fire resistance design. The
members can be graphically selected in the RFEM work window after clicking the [...] button.
In column B you specify if there is a Exp. to Fire on Four Sides. If the cross-section is not exposed
to fire on all sides, clear the selection of the check-box. Thus, the following columns become
available, in which you can specify the sides exposed to fire. The ideal remaining cross-section
is computed from these specifications.
The general parameters for the fire resistance design are managed in the Fire Resistance Design
tab of the Details dialog box (see Figure 3.4, page 40).

2 Input Data
2.11 Fire Resistance - Sets of Members

The final input window manages the fire resistance parameters of sets of members. It is dis-
played only if you have selected at least one set of members for the design in the 1.1 General
Data window and the respective specifications are given in the Fire Resistance tab.
Figure 2.33: Window 1.11 Fire Resistance - Sets of Members
The concept of this window corresponds with the one of the previous 1.10 Fire Resistance -
Members window. Here you can define the sides exposed to fire of the cross-section as de-
scribed in chapter 2.10.

35
3 Calculation
3. Calculation
3.1 Detail Settings
Before you start the [Calculation], it is recommended to check the design details. The corre-
sponding dialog box can be accessed in each window of the add-on module by using the
[Details] button.
The Details dialog box provides the following tabs:
• Resistance
• Stability
• Serviceability
• Fire Resistance
• Other
3.1.1 Resistance
Figure 3.1: Dialog box Details, tab Resistance
Consideration of Connections
Often, zones near member connections show weakenings of the cross-section. It is possible to
take into account this effect by a Reduction of limit tension stresses.
The numbers of the relevant nodes can be entered manually or selected graphically by clicking
the [] button.

3 Calculation
The Connection length defines the zone on the member where reduced stresses are consid-
ered. In the input field below, enter the allowable stress ratio Inside connections in percent. If
required, you can define the maximum design ratio Outside connections of the connection
zone.
Options
For biaxially bended rectangular cross-section, the design standards specify a reduction of
stresses. The loading is usually less than in the case of uniaxial bending, for which the stresses
are maximal over the entire cross-section width.
To compare the stresses of different cross-sections, you can deactivate this reduction by select-
ing the option Stress point design also for rectangular and circular cross-sections. Thus, the de-
sign will be carried out for each stress point of the cross-section.
Settings for Load

According to chapter 5.9 of the NAD, a Reduction of the Stiffness with factor 1/(1+kdef) has to be
considered for service classes 2 and 3 with quasi-permanent load contributions greater than
70 % in order to take into account the influence of creeping.
1
fc ,0 ,d ⋅
1 + k def
Equation 3.1: Reduction of compressive strength
A modulus of elasticity of 1,100 kN/cm2 is reduced in SECL 2 to 1,100/(1 + 0.8) = 611.1 kN/cm2.
This reduced stiffness is considered in the buckling design according to the equivalent mem-
ber method.

37
3 Calculation
3.1.2 Stability
Figure 3.2: Dialog box Details, tab Stability
Stability Analysis
The Check Stability check box controls whether or not a stability analysis is performed in addi-
tion the cross-section designs. If you clear the selection of the check box, the input windows
1.5 and 1.6 will not be shown.
The Equivalent Member Method uses the internal forces determined in RFEM. When applying
this method, make sure that the geometrically linear static analysis has been set for load
combinations (the default setting is the 2nd order analysis). Thus to perform the stability analy-
sis, the effective lengths of the members and sets of members subject to compression or com-
Equivalent member method:
pression and bending must be specified in window 1.5 and 1.6.
Specifying method of analysis in RFEM
If the bearing capacity of a structural system is significantly affected by its deformations, it is
recommended to select a calculation according to the 2nd Order Theory. This approach addi-
tionally requires the definition of imperfections in RFEM their consideration for the load com-
binations. The flexural buckling analysis is carried out during the calculation of the load com-
binations in RFEM.
In the second order calculation, the lateral-torsional buckling design must also be carried out.
Thus, the lengths for lateral-torsional buckling of members or sets of members must be speci-
fied in the windows 1.5 or 1.6 Effective Lengths manually. In this way, we can make sure that the
lateral-torsional buckling analysis will be performed by using the appropriate factors (for ex-
ample 1.0).

3 Calculation
3.1.3 Serviceability
Figure 3.3: Dialog box Details, tab Serviceability
With the options, you can decide whether the maximum deformations are related to the dis-
placed ends of the member or set of members (connection line between start and end node of
the deformed system) or to the undeformed initial system. Generally, the deformations are to
be checked relative to the displacements in the entire system.
The limit deformations can be checked and, if necessary, adjusted in the National Annex Set-
tings dialog box (see Figure 2.10, page 15).

39
3 Calculation
3.1.4 Fire Resistance

This tab manages the details settings for the fire resistance design.
Figure 3.4: Dialog box Details, tab Fire Resistance
The Fire classification can be selected directly or defined individually by specifying a time for
the fire duration.
The National Annex Settings dialog box manages the standard-specific parameters that are
significant for the fire resistance design (see Figure 2.10, page 15).

3 Calculation
3.1.5 Other
Figure 3.5: Dialog box Details, tab Other
Cross-Section Optimization
The preset target limit of the optimization is a maximum design ratio of 100 %. In the input
field, you can, if necessary, define a different upper limit.
Check of Member Slendernesses

The two input fields in this dialog box section define the limit values λlimit to control the mem-
ber slendernesses. It is possible to enter specifications separately for members with pure ten-
sion forces and members with bending and compression.
In the results window 3.3, the limit values are compared to the real member slendernesses.
This table is available only after the calculation (see chapter 4.8, page 50), if the corresponding
check box has been selected in the dialog box section Display Result Tables to the right.
Setting of Stress-Point Verifications

The check box Consider bending stress σm,i (centroid) controls whether the bending stress com-
ponent is considered when checking compression and bending (stress analysis and stability
analysis of buckling) of the centroid.
An example in chapter 8.2 on page 85 illustrates how the stresses from bending are subdivid-
ed into tension, compression, and bending stresses.
Display Result Tables

In this dialog section, you can select the results windows including parts lists that you want to
display in the output windows. The windows are described in the chapter 4 Results.
The 3.3 Member Slendernesses window is deactivated by default.

41
3 Calculation
3.2 Start Calculation

To start the calculation, click the [Calculation] button that is available in all input windows of
the add-on module RF-TIMBER Pro.
RF-TIMBER Pro searches for the results of the load cases, load combinations, and result combi-
nations that you want to design. If they cannot be found, the program starts the RFEM calcula-
tion to determine the design relevant internal forces.
You can also start the calculation from the RFEM user interface: The design cases of the add-on
modules like load cases or load combination are listed in the To Calculate dialog box (menu
Calculate → To Calculate).
Figure 3.6: Dialog box To Calculate
If the RF-TIMBER Pro cases are missing in the Not Calculated list, select All or Add-on Modules
from the drop-down list below.
To transfer the selected RF-TIMBER Pro cases to the list on the right, click the [] button. To
start the calculation, click [OK].
You can also directly calculate a design case by using the drop-down list in the toolbar: Select
the RF-TIMBER Pro case, and then click [Show results].
Figure 3.7: Direct calculation of a RF-TIMBER Pro design case in RFEM
Subsequently, you can observe the calculation process in a separate dialog box.

4 Results
4. Results
The 2.1 Design by Load Case window is displayed immediately after the calculation.
Figure 4.1: Results window with designs and intermediate values
The designs are sorted by different criteria in the results windows 2.1 to 2.5.
The windows 3.1 and 3.2 list the governing internal forces. Window 3.3 informs you about the
member slendernesses. The two final results windows, 4.1 and 4.2, contain the parts lists by
member or set of members.
Each window can be selected directly by clicking it in the navigator. To select the previous or
next window, you can also use the buttons shown on the left or press the function keys [F2]
and [F3].
Click the [OK] button to save the results. Thus, you exit RF-TIMBER Pro and return to the main
program.
Chapter 4 Results describes the results windows one by one. Evaluating and checking results is
described in detail in chapter 5 Results Evaluation starting on page 53.

43
4 Results
4.1 Design by Load Case

The upper part of the window displays a summery sorted by load cases, load combinations,
and result combinations of the governing designs. In addition to this, the list is sorted by ulti-
mate limit state, serviceability limit state, and fire resistance design.
The lower part contains detailed information on the cross-section values, analyzed internal
forces, and design parameters of the load case selected in the upper table.
Figure 4.2: Window 2.1 Design by Load Case
Description
This column informs you about the description of the load cases, load combinations, or result
combinations for which the designs are carried out.
Member No.
This column shows the number of the member that has the highest design ratio for the ana-
lyzed action.
Location x
The column shows the x-location of the member at which the maximum ratio occurs. For the
table output, the program uses the following member locations x:
• Start and end node
• Partition points according to possibly defined member division (see RFEM table 1.16)
• Member division according to specification for member results (RFEM dialog box
Calculation parameters, tab Global Calculation Parameters)
• Extreme values of internal forces
Design
Columns D and E show the design conditions according to EN 1993-1-1.
The length of the colored scales graphically represents the respective design ratio.

4 Results
Design According to Formula

This column lists the code's equations by which the designs have been performed.
DS
Column G informs you about the design-relevant design situation (DS): ULS (Ultimate Limit
State), the respective design situation for the Serviceability Limit State according to the speci-
fication in the 1.1 General Data window (see Figure 2.7, page 12) or ULS (Ultimate Limit State
for fire resistance design).
Load Duration Class

Table column H indicates the load duration classes defined in window 1.4 (see chapter 2.4,
page 24).
Coefficient kmod
The final table column informs you about the modification factors by which the impact of load
duration and service class on the strength properties is taken into account (see chapter 2.4,
page 25).
4.2 Design by Cross-Section
Figure 4.3: Window 2.2 Design by Cross-Section
This window lists the maximum ratios of all members and actions selected for design, sorted
by cross-sections. The results are sorted by cross-section design, stability analysis, serviceability
limit state designs, and fire resistance design.
If a member is a tapered member, both cross-section descriptions are displayed in the table
row next to the cross-section number.

45
4 Results
4.3 Design by Set of Members
Figure 4.4: Window 2.3 Design by Set of Members
This results window is displayed if you have selected at least one set of members for the de-
sign. The maximum design ratios are listed by sets of members.
The Member No. column shows the number of the member that has the maximum ratio within
the set of members.
The output by sets of members clearly presents the design for an entire structural group (for
example a chord).

4 Results
4.4 Design by Member
Figure 4.5: Window 2.4 Design by Member
This results window shows the maximum design ratios for each design sorted by member
numbers. The columns are described in chapter 4.1 on page 44.
4.5 Design by x-Location
Figure 4.6: Window 2.5 Design by x-Location

47
4 Results
This results window lists the maxima for each member at all locations x resulting from the divi-
sion points defined in RFEM:
• Start and end node
• Partition points according to possibly defined member division (see RFEM table 1.16)
• Member division according to specification for member results (RFEM dialog box
Calculation Parameters, tab Global Calculation Parameters)
• Extreme values of internal forces
4.6 Governing Internal Forces by Member
Figure 4.7: Window 3.1 Governing Internal Forces by Member
This window displays for each member the governing internal forces, that is the internal forces
that result in the maximum design ratio for each corresponding design.
Location x
The column shows the x-location of the member at which the maximum ratio occurs.
Load Case
This column indicates the numbers of the load case, load combination, or result combination
whose internal forces result in the maximum design ratio on the member.
Forces / Moments
For each member, the axial and shear forces as well as the torsional and bending moments are
displayed that results in the highest design ratios of the respective cross-section design, stabil-
ity analysis, serviceability limit state design, or fire resistance design.
Design According to Formula

The final column informs you about the design types and equations by which the designs have
been performed according to the selected Standard.

4 Results
4.7 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members
Figure 4.8: Window 3.2 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members
This window contains the individual internal forces that result in the maximum ratios of the
respective design for each set of members.

49
4 Results
4.8 Member Slendernesses
Figure 4.9: Window 3.3 Member Slendernesses
This results windows is displayed if you have selected the corresponding check box in the
Details dialog box, tab Other (see Figure 3.5, page 41).
The window lists all the effective slenderness ratios of the designed members for both princi-
pal axes directions. They are determined depending on the load type. At the end of the list,
you see a comparison of the limit values defined in dialog box Details, tab Other (see Figure 3.5,
page 41).
Members of the member type "Tension" or "Cable" are not included in this table.
This table is for information purposes only. No stability design of slendernesses is intended.

4 Results
4.9 Parts List by Member

Finally, RF-TIMBER Pro provides a summary of cross-sections contained in the design case.
Figure 4.10: Window 4.1 Parts List by Member
By default, the list contains only the designed members. If you need a parts list for all members
of the model, you can specify this in the dialog box Details, tab Other (see Figure 3.5, page 41).
Part No.
The program automatically assigns part numbers to similar members.
Cross-Section Description
This column lists the cross-section numbers and descriptions.
Number of Members
This column shows how many similar members are used for each part.
Length
This column displays the length of an individual member.
Total Length
This column shows the product that is determined from the two previous columns.
Surface Area
This column shows the surfaces related to the total length by part. These are determined from
the Surface of the cross-sections, which can be seen in the windows 1.3 and 2.1 to 2.5 (see Fig-
ure 2.19, page 22).
Volume
The volume of a part is determined from the cross-sectional area and the total length.

51
4 Results
Cross-Section Mass
The Cross-Section Mass is the cross-section mass in relation to the length of one meter. For ta-
pered cross-sections, the program averages both cross-section properties.
Mass
The values of this column are determined from the product of the respective entries in column
C and G.
Total Mass
The final column indicates the total weight of each part.
Sum
At the bottom of the list, you find a summary showing the sums of column B, D, E, F, and I. The
results output in the Total Mass column gives information about the total required timber mass.
4.10 Parts List by Set of Members
Figure 4.11: Window 4.2 Parts List by Set of Members
The final results window is displayed if you have selected at least one set of members for de-
sign. It summarizes an entire structural group (for example a chord) in a parts list.
Details on the table columns can be found in the previous chapter. If different cross-sections
are used in the set of members, the program averages the surface area, the volume, and the
cross-section mass.

5 Results Evaluation
5. Results Evaluation
The design results can be evaluated in different ways. The buttons below the first table part
can be helpful in the evaluation process.
Figure 5.1: Buttons for results evaluation
The buttons are reserved for the following functions:
Button Description Function
Turns on and off the results of the ultimate limit

Ultimate limit state design
state design
Serviceability limit state Turns on and off the results of the serviceability
design limit state design
Turns on and off the results of the fire resistance

Fire resistance design
design
Turns on and off the colored reference scales in the

Show color bars
results windows
Displays only rows where the ratio is greater than 1,

Exceeding
and thus the design is failed
Opens the window Result Diagram on Member

Result diagrams
 chapter 5.3, page 59
Enables the graphical selection of a member to

Member selection
show its results in the table
Jumps to the RFEM work window to change the

View mode
view
Table 5.1: Buttons of results windows 2.1 to 2.5

53
5.1 Results in the RFEM Model

To evaluate the design results, you can also use the RFEM work window.
RFEM background graphic and view mode

The RFEM work window in the background can help you find the position of a particular
member in the model. The member that is selected in the RF-TIMBER Pro results window is
highlighted in the selection color in the RFEM background graphic. An arrow indicates the
member's x-location of the current table row.
Figure 5.2: Indication of the member and the current Location x in the RFEM model
If you cannot improve the display by moving the RF-TIMBER Pro module window, use the
[Change view] button in order to activate the View mode: This function hides the window, ena-
bling you to adjust the view in the RFEM work window. The view mode provides the functions
of the View menu, for example zooming, moving, or rotating the display. The indication arrow
remains visible.
Click [Back] to return to the add-on module RF-TIMBER Pro.
RFEM work window

The design ratio can also be checked graphically in the RFEM model: To exit the design mod-
ule, click the [Graphics] button. The ratios in the RFEM work window are displayed like internal
forces of a load case.
To turn the display of design results on or off, click [Show results]. To display the result values
in the graphic, use the toolbar button [Show result values] to the right.
As the RFEM tables are of no relevance for the evaluation of RF-TIMBER Pro design results, you
may deactivate them. Moreover, there is no Results navigator for RF-TIMBER Pro.

The design cases can be set by means of the list in the RFEM menu bar.
The graphical representation of results can be set in the Display navigator by clicking Results →
Members. The ratios are shown Two-Colored by default.
Figure 5.3: Display navigator: Results → Members
In case of a multicolor representation (options With/Without Diagram or Cross-Sections), the

color panel is available, providing common control functions. The functions are described in
detail in the RFEM manual, chapter 3.4.6.
Figure 5.4: Design ratios with display option Without Diagram
The graphics of the design results can be transferred to the printout report (see chapter 6.2,
page 62).
To return to the add-on module, click the [RF-TIMBER Pro] panel button.

55
5.2 Results on Cross-Section

The table results are illustrated by a dynamic stress graphic. This graphic shows the stress dia-
gram on the cross-section at the current x-location for the selected design type. If a different
x-location or a design type is selected by mouse click, the display is updated.
Figure 5.5: Diagram of the normal stresses on cross-section
The display can be zoomed in or out by using the wheel button of the mouse. Then, you can
use the drag-and-drop function to move the stress graphic. To reset the full view, click [Show
all graphic].
Extended diagram of stresses and ratios

The [Show all graphic] button allows for a specific evaluation of the results for each stress
point. It starts the Cross-section dialog box.
Figure 5.6: Dialog box Cross-section

The dialog box section Position shows the current Member No. and location x on the member.
The Stress Points dialog box section lists all stress points of the cross-section. The point selected
here is highlighted in red in the graphic. The Coordinates columns show the centroidal dis-
tances y and z. The Stress column informs you about the stresses in the stress points. The final
column shows the Ratio of the provided stress to the limit stress.
The Stresses section shows the stress components resulting from the internal forces at the cur-
rent (selected in the section above) stress point.
Determination of Shear Stresses
For thin-walled cross-sections, we can assume as a simplification that the shear stress runs par-
allel to the wall of the cross-section. Therefore, the parts of the shear stresses resulting from
both the components of the shear forces are added. The sign of the statical moments defines
here, which parts are applied positively and which negatively.
The shear stress due to the torsional moment is to be considered differently for the total shear
stress, depending on whether it is an open or a closed cross-section. For an open cross-section,
the torsion shear stress is added with the sign to that sum from the individual shear stresses
that results in the greatest absolute value of the sum.
For a closed cross-section, on the other hand, the torsional shear stress is simply added to the
sum from the individual shear stresses. Here, the signs for core area and statical moments are
set in such a way that they correspond to the program-specific sign conventions of the shear
stress that is dependent on the loading.
Stress points lying within the cross-section do not permit the assumption mentioned above
that the shear stress runs parallel to the wall of the cross-section. Here, a special method with
twin stress points is used that creates two stress points with identical coordinates in the cross-
section.
Stress points lying within the cross-section do not permit the assumption mentioned above
that the shear stress runs parallel to the wall of the cross-section. Here, a special method with
twin stress points is used that creates two stress points with identical coordinates in the cross-
section.
The one stress point considers the statical moment about the y-axis (parameter for the shear
stress due to vertical shear force), the other considers the statical moment about the z-axis
Twin stress points (parameter for shear stress due to horizontal shear force). For these stress points, the comple-
mentary statical moment is zero, respectively. It is possible to assign different thicknesses to
the twin stress points that have an influence on the calculation of the shear stress. The shear
stresses are considered as interdependent components acting perpendicular to each other:
they are components of one stress state. For the determination of the total shear stress, both
parts are quadratically added. The shear stress due to the torsional moment is not considered
in these points.
The shear stresses of result combinations in the twin stress points may not be combined linear-
ly. Therefore, the extreme values of both components are evaluated with the corresponding
complementary shear stresses in order to determine the greatest total shear stress.

57
You can display stresses and stress ratios in the graphic.

The buttons below the graphic are reserved for the following functions:
Button Description Function
Stress diagram Turns on and off the stresses
Stress ratio Turns on and off the diagram of stress ratios
Values Turns on and off the result values
Maximum values Shows the extreme values or values in all points
Precamber Enables scaling of the results diagrams
Cross-Section Shows or hides the filled cross-section
Dimension Shows or hides the dimension lines
Axes Shows or hides the principle axes of the cross-section
Stress points Shows or hides the stress points
Numbering Shows or hides the numbering of the stress points
Info Opens the dialog box Info About Cross-Section
Result diagrams Opens the window Result Diagram on Member
Print Allows you to print the current result graphic
Show all graphic Resets the full view of the result graphic
Table 5.2: Buttons in the dialog box Cross-Section

5.3 Result diagrams

The results distributions of a member can also be graphically evaluated in the results diagram
Select the member (or set of members) in the RF-TIMBER Pro results table by clicking in the ta-
ble row of a member. Then, open the Result Diagram on Member dialog box by clicking the
button shown on the left. You find the button below the first table of the results window (see
Figure 5.1, page 53).
The result diagrams can also be accessed in the RFEM graphic. To display the diagrams, click
Results → Result Diagrams for Selected Members
or use the button in the RFEM toolbar shown on the left.
A window opens showing the distribution of the maximum design values on the member or
set of members.
Figure 5.7: Dialog box Result Diagram on Member
Use the list in the toolbar above to select the relevant RF-TIMBER Pro design case.
This dialog box Result Diagram on Member is described in the RFEM manual, chapter 9.5.

59
5.4 Filter for Results

The RF-TIMBER Pro results window allows for the selection by different criteria. In addition to
this, the filter options described in chapter 9.9 of the RFEM manual are available, allowing for
the graphical evaluation of the design results.
In RF-TIMBER Pro, you can also use the Visibility options (see RFEM manual, chapter 9.9.1) to
filter the members for evaluation purposes.
Filtering designs
The ratios can be used as filter criteria in the RFEM work window, which you can open by click-
ing [Graphics]. To apply this filter function, the panel must be displayed. If the panel is not ac-
tive, open it by using the RFEM menu
View → Control Panel (Color scale, Factors, Filter)
or use the toolbar button shown on the left.
The panel is described in the RFEM manual, chapter 3.4.6. The filter settings for the results
must be defined in the first panel tab (Color spectrum). This tab is not available for the two-
colored display. Therefore, in the Display navigator, select the display options With/Without
Diagram or Cross-Sections.
Figure 5.8: Filtering design ratios with adjusted color spectrum
As the figure above shows, you can specify the value spectrum of the panel in such a way that
only design ratios greater than 0.50 are shown in the color interval between blue and red.
If you select the option Display Hidden Result Diagram in the Display navigator (Results→ Mem-
bers) you can also display all stress ratio diagrams that are not covered by the value spectrum.
Those diagrams will be represented by dotted lines.

Filtering members
In the Filter tab of the control panel, you can enter the numbers of selected members to show
their results in a filtered display. The function is described in the RFEM manual, chapter 9.9.3.
Figure 5.9: Member filter for ratios of diagonals
In contrast to the partial view function, the model is displayed in the graphic completely. The
figure above shows the ratios in the diagonals of a truss girder. The remaining members are
displayed in the model but are shown without design ratios.

61
6 Printout
6. Printout
6.1 Printout Report
Similar to RFEM, the program generates a printout report for the RF-TIMBER Pro results that
can be completed by graphics and descriptions. Your selection in the printout report specifies
the data that will appear in the printout.
The printout report is described in the RFEM manual. Chapter 10.1.3.4 Selecting Data of Add-on
Modules provides information on the selection of input and output data in add-on modules.
For complex structural systems with a high number of design cases, it is recommended to split
data into several printout reports, thus making the data arrangement clearer.
6.2 Graphic Printout

In RFEM, you can transfer every picture shown in the work window to the printout report or
send it directly to the printer. Thus the design ratios displayed in the RFEM model can be pre-
pared for the printout, too.
The printing of graphics is described in the RFEM manual, chapter 10.2.
Designs in the RFEM model

To print the current design ratio graphic, select
File → Print
or use the toolbar button shown on the left.
Figure 6.1: Button Print in RFEM toolbar
Result diagrams
You can also transfer the graphic of the design values to the printout report or print it directly
in the Result Diagram on Member dialog box by clicking [Print].
Figure 6.2: Button Print in the Result Diagram on Member

6 Printout
The following dialog box opens:
Figure 6.3: Dialog box Graphic Printout, tab General
This dialog box is described in detail in the RFEM manual, chapter 10.2. The RFEM manual also
describes the Options and Color Spectrum tab.
You can move a graphic that has been integrated in the printout report anywhere within the
printout report by using the drag-and-drop function.
To adjust a graphic subsequently in the printout report, right-click the corresponding entry in
the navigator of the printout report. The Properties option in the context menu opens the
Graphic Printout dialog box where you can make the necessary adjustments.
Figure 6.4: Dialog box Graphic Printout, tab Options

63
7 General Functions
7. General Functions
This chapter describes useful menu functions as well as export options for the designs.
7.1 Design Cases

Design cases allow to group members for the designs: In this way, you can combine groups of
structural components or analyze members with certain design specifications (for example
changed materials, partial safety factors, optimization).
It is no problem to analyze the same member or set of members in different design cases.
You can select the design cases of RF-TIMBER Pro also in RFEM by using the load case list in the
toolbar.
Create a new design case

To create a new design case, use the RF-TIMBER Pro menu and click
File → New Case
The following dialog box appears:
Figure 7.1: Dialog box New RF-TIMBER Pro-Case
In this dialog box, enter a (free) No. for the new design case. The Description may help you se-
lect the load case list.
When you click [OK], the 1.1 General Data window opens where you can enter the design data.
Rename case
To change the description of a design case subsequently, use the RF-TIMBER Pro menu
File → Rename Case
Figure 7.2: Dialog box Rename RF-TIMBER Pro-Case
Here you can specify a different Description and No. for the design case.

7 General Functions
Copy design case

To copy the input data of the current design case, use the RF-TIMBER Pro menu
File → Copy Case
Figure 7.3: Dialog box Copy RF-TIMBER Pro-Case
A new No. and, if necessary, a new Description must be specified for the new case.
Delete design case

To delete design cases, use the RF-TIMBER Pro menu
File → Delete Case
Figure 7.4: Dialog box Delete Cases
You can select the design case from the Available Cases list. To delete the selected case, click
[OK].

65
7 General Functions
7.2 Cross-Section Optimization

This module allows you to optimize overloaded or little utilized cross-sections. This is, how-
ever, only possible for rectangular and circular cross-sections. In the case of built-up cross-
sections, an automatic optimization would not be economical due to the large number of
parameters, and problematic due to the slips.
To select cross-sections for the optimization, select the corresponding check boxes in column
C or D of the 1.3 Cross-Sections window (see Figure 2.16, page 20). You can also start the cross-
section optimization out of the results tables by using the context menu.
Figure 7.5: Context-menu for cross-section optimization
During the optimization process, the program determines the cross-section within the same
cross-section table that fulfills the analysis requirements in the most optimal way, that means
comes as close as possible to the maximum possible ratio specified in the Details dialog box
(see Figure 3.5, page 41). The required cross-section properties will be determined with the in-
ternal forces provided in RFEM. If another cross-section proves to be more favorable, it will be
used for the design. In this case, two cross-sections will be displayed in window 1.3: the origi-
nal cross-section from RFEM and the optimized one (see Figure 7.7).
Having selected an Optimize check box, the following dialog box appears.
Figure 7.6: Dialog box Timber Cross-Sections - Rectangle : Optimize

7 General Functions
By selecting the check boxes in the Optimize column, you decide which parameter(s) you want
to modify. The selected check box enables the Minimum and Maximal columns where you can
define the upper and lower limits of the parameter. The Increment column determines the in-
terval in which the size of this parameter varies during the optimization process.
If you want to Keep current side proportions, select the corresponding check box. In addition to
this, you have to select at least two parameters for optimization.
Please note for the optimization process that the internal forces will not be recalculated auto-
matically with the changed cross-sections: It is up to you to decide which cross-sections should
be transferred to RFEM for a recalculation. As a result of optimized cross-sections, internal forc-
es may vary considerably because of the changed stiffnesses in the structural system. There-
fore, it is recommended to recalculate the internal forces with the changed cross-sections after
the first optimization, and then to optimize the cross-sections again.
The changed cross-sections can be exported to RFEM: Select the 1.3 Cross-Sections window
and click the menu
Edit → Export All Cross-Sections to RFEM
The context menu available in window 1.3 also provides options to export optimized cross-
sections to RFEM.
Figure 7.7: Context menu in window 1.3 Cross-Sections
Before the changed materials are transferred to RFEM, a security query appears as to whether
the RFEM results should be deleted.
Figure 7.8: Query before transfer of modified cross-sections to RFEM

67
7 General Functions
After you started the [Calculation] in RF-TIMBER Pro, the RFEM internal forces and designs are
computed in one calculation run.
If the changed cross-sections have not been exported to RFEM yet, the original cross-sections
can be reimported to the design module by using the options shown in Figure 7.7. Please note
that this option is only available in the 1.3 Cross-Sections window.
If you optimize a tapered member, the program optimizes its start and end locations. Then the
second moments of inertia are linearly interpolated at the intermediate locations. As these
moments are considered with the fourth power, the designs may be inaccurate if the depths of
the start and end cross-section differs considerably. In such a case, it is recommended to divide
the tapered member into several members, thus modeling the cross-section distributions ma-
nually.
7.3 Units and Decimal Places

The units and decimal places for RFEM and all add-on modules are managed in one common
dialog box. In the add-on module RF-TIMBER Pro, you can use the menu to define the units. To
open the corresponding dialog box, click
Settings → Units and Decimal Places
The program opens the following dialog box that you already know from RFEM. RF-TIMBER Pro
is preset in the Program / Module list.
Figure 7.9: Dialog box Units and Decimal Places
The settings can be saved as user profile to reuse them in other models. The functions are de-
scribed in detail in the RFEM manual, chapter 11.1.3.

7 General Functions
7.4 Data Exchange

7.4.1 Material Export to RFEM
If you have modified the materials for design, you can export the modified materials to RFEM.
This is similar to the export of modified cross-sections: Select the 1.2 Materials window and
click the menu
Edit → Export All Materials to RFEM
You can also use the context-menu of window 1.2 to export materials to RFEM.
Figure 7.10: Context menu of window 1.2 Materials
the RFEM results should be deleted. After you start the [Calculation] in RF-TIMBER Pro, the
RFEM internal forces and designs are determined in one calculation run.
If the modified materials have not been exported to RFEM yet, the original materials can be re-
imported to the design module by using the options shown in Figure 7.10. Please note that
this option is only available in the 1.2 Materials window.
7.4.2 Export of Effective Length to RFEM

If the effective lengths are adjusted for the designs in RF-TIMBER Pro, the modified effective
lengths can be exported to RFEM, too: Select the 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members window, and
then click the menu
Edit → Export All Effective Lengths to RFEM
You can also use the context menu of window 1.5 to export the effective lengths to RFEM.
Figure 7.11: Context menu of window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
the RFEM results should be deleted.
If the modified effective lengths have not been exported to RFEM yet, the original effective
lengths can be reimported to the design module by using the options shown in Figure 7.11.
Please note that this option is only available in the 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members and 1.6 Effec-
tive Lengths - Sets of Members windows.
7.4.3 Export of Results

The results from RF-TIMBER Pro can be used in other programs, too.
Clipboard
To copy selected cells of the results windows to the Clipboard, use the [Ctrl]+[C] keys. To insert
the cells, for example in a word processing program, press [Ctrl]+[V]. The headers of the table
columns will not be transferred.

69
7 General Functions
Printout Report
The data of RF-TIMBER Pro can be printed into the printout report (see chapter6.1, page 62) to
export them subsequently. Then, in the printout report, click
File → Export to RTF
The function is described in detail in the RFEM manual, chapter 10.1.11.
Excel / OpenOffice
RF-TIMBER Pro provides a function for the direct data export to MS Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc,
or the file format CSV. To open the corresponding dialog box, click
File → Export Tables
The following export dialog box appears.
Figure 7.12: Dialog box Export - MS Excel
Having selected the relevant parameters, start the export by clicking [OK]. Excel or OpenOffice
will be started automatically, that is you do not need to open these programs first.
Figure 7.13: Results in Excel

8 Examples
8. Examples
8.1 Wood Column
We perform the design according to EN 1995-1-1 for a wood column that is restrained and
subjected to compression and bending. It is also supported on the free end in direction Y.
The example is described in the German timber construction book [8], page 236.
8.1.1 System and Loads
Model
Cross-section: b/d = 14/22 cm
Material: SW C24
Depth: h = 3.20 m
Service class: 1
LDC: permanent
Load
LC 1 Self-weight: F = 45 kN
LC 2 Wind: w = 1.5 kN/m
Figure 8.1: System and loads according to [8]
Design values
Nd = 1.35 · F = 1.35 · 45 kN = 60.75 kN (kmod = 0.6)
qd = 1.5 · w = 1.5 · 1.5 kN/m = 2.25 kN/m (kmod = 0.9)
8.1.2 Calculation with RFEM

The system as well as the loads in both load cases are modeled in RFEM as 3D model. We deac-
tivate the automatic consideration of the self-weight when we create LC1 because it is also
neglected in the example of the German timber construction book.
We superimpose the load cases for the fundamental combination with the corresponding par-
tial safety factors in a result combination. They will be calculated according to the linear static
analysis. For the design in RF-TIMBER Pro, it is important to define both load cases with the
"permanent" criterion.
RFEM determines the diagrams of internal forces shown in the following figure.

71
8 Examples
Figure 8.2: Internal forces N, Vz, and My
The analyzed internal forces are equivalent to the ones mentioned in [8], page 237.
8.1.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro

8.1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Design
In the 1.1 General Data window, we select the result combination RC1 for the Ultimate Limit
State design.
We perform the design according to EN 1995-1-1 with the German National Annex DIN.

8 Examples
The 1.2 Materials and 1.3 Cross-Sections windows present the characteristic strengths of the se-
lected material as well as the available cross-section.
Figure 8.4: Window 1.2 Materials
Figure 8.5: Window 1.3 Cross-Sections

73
8 Examples
In window 1.4, we define load duration and service class. The factor kmod of RC1 will be calcu-
lated from the load duration class (LDC) of the contained load cases by taking into account the
service class (SECL).
In the 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members window we specify the buckling lengths of the column.
The example provides the Euler buckling modes 1 and 3 with the buckling length coefficients
kcr,y = 2.0 and kcr,z = 0.7.
Figure 8.7: Window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
We start the calculation by clicking the [Calculation] button.

8 Examples
After the calculation, the 2.1 Design by Load Case window appears showing the governing
designs.
The Details displayed in the lower part of the window correspond to the designs described in [8].
My 1,152 kNcm
σ m, d = = = 1.02 kN / cm²
Wy 1,129.33 cm³
N 60.75 kN
σ c , 0 ,d = = = 0.197 kN / cm²
A 308 cm²
According to [4], we have to reduce the allowable compressive stress by the buckling coefficient
kc for the stability analysis (buckling design). This coefficient depends on the slenderness ratio λ.
d 22 cm
iy = = = 6.35 cm
12 12
b 14 cm
iz = = = 4.04 cm
12 12
The slenderness ratio is given as:
s k 224 cm
λz = = = 55.4
i z 4.04 cm
s k 640 cm
λy = = = 100.8
i y 6.35 cm
The buckling coefficients kc acc. to [4], clause 6.3.2 are (intermediate values interpolated linearly):
kc,z = 0.733
kc,y = 0.301

75
8 Examples
Stability analysis
Design according to [4] Eq. (6.23):
fm,k ⋅ k mod 2.4 ⋅ 0.9
fm,d = = = 1.66 kN / cm²
γm 1.3
N M
A W 0.197 1.02
Design: η1 = + = + = 1.066 > 1
k c ,y ∗ fc ,o ,d k m ⋅ fm,y ,d 0.301⋅ 1.45 1.66
Shear design
Design of shear from transverse force according to [4] clause 6.1.7:
fv ,k ⋅ k mod 0.4 ⋅ 0.9

f v ,d = = = 0.277 kN / cm²
γm 1.3
The shear stresses can be determined by the stress point details with the corresponding stati-
cal moments of area (see Figure 2.19, page 22).
Q y ⋅ S z ,i Q z ⋅ S y ,i 7.2 kN⋅ 847 cm³
τd = + = = 0.055 kN / cm²
Iz ⋅ ti Iy ⋅ ti 5,030.67 cm4 ⋅ 22 cm
τ d 0.055
Design: = = 0.199 ≤ 1
fv ,d 0.277
8.1.3.2 Serviceability Limit State Design

We create another result combination in RFEM with different partial safety factors for the ser-
viceability limit state design.
RC2 = 1.0 · LC1/s + 1.0 · LC2/s
In RF-TIMBER Pro, we select the result combination RC2 for the design in the Serviceability Limit
State tab of the 1.1 General Data window for design and assign the design combination ac-
cording to 2.2.3 (2) winst.

8 Examples
Then we enter member 1 in the 1.9 Serviceability Data window
We do not modify the reference length but we restrict the direction to z. As the beam has no
support in this direction, we select the Cantilever End Free in the Beam Type list.
For the check calculation, we change a setting in the dialog box Details, tab Serviceability: The
deformation is to be related to the Undeformed system.
Figure 8.11: Dialog box Details, tab Serviceability

77
8 Examples
In [8], a modulus of elasticity of 10,000 MN/m2 is applied. Thus, a new material with corre-
sponding characteristics would have to be defined in RFEM.
However, to simplify matters, we use the default value of 11,000 MN/m2 for the following
equation.
w ⋅ h4 l
w inst = ≤
8 ⋅ E ⋅ I y 150
1.5 ⋅ 3,2 4 10 −1 320

w inst = ⋅ −8 = 1.44 cm < 2.13 cm =
8 ⋅ 11,000 ⋅ 12,422.70 10 150
w inst 1.44 cm
Design: = = 0.676 < 1
w zul 2.13 cm
The result of this deformation analysis is also displayed in the 2.1 Design by Load Case result
window under the table entry Serviceability Limit State Design.

8 Examples
8.2 Built-up Cross-Section

We perform the designs according to EN 1995-1-1 for a single-span beam with 6.50 m length.
This example is taken from the lecture notes of the University of Wismar [9] (example 5.1).

The beam consists of softwood C30 and is built up of three identical square timbers 80 mm/
180 mm with nails. The parts of the cross-section subjected to compression are held in the
middle against lateral displacement (lef,z = 3.25 m).
Model
Material: SW C30
Span length: l = 6.50 m
Service class: 1
LDC: Medium-term
Load
LC 1 Imposed Load: q = 2.7 kN/m
Figure 8.13: System and loads according to [9]
Slip - ultimate limit state

Due to the high compliance (slip) of the fasteners, very different stiffnesses of the cross-section
result at the initial and the final state of loading. These can affect the ultimate and the service-
ability limit state design.
Modulus of elasticity E 0 ,mean = 12,000 N / mm2
2 2
Slip modulus k 1/ 3 = ⋅ k ser = ⋅ 895 = 600 N / mm
3 3
Area of cross-section A1−3 = 180 ⋅ 80 = 14.4 ⋅ 10 3 mm2
180 ⋅ 80 3
Second moment of area I y ,1; 3 = = 7.68 ⋅ 10 6 mm4
12
80 ⋅ 180 3
Second moment of area I y ,2 = = 38.88 ⋅ 10 6 mm4
12
Effective distance fasteners s ef = 60 mm

79
8 Examples
1 1
Slip in joint 1 γ1 = = = 0.331
π 2 ⋅ E1 ⋅ A 1 ⋅ s i π 2 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 14.4 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 60 / 2
1+ 1+
k 1 ⋅ l2 600 ⋅ (6.5 ⋅ 10 3 )2
γ2 =1
1 1
Slip in joint 2 γ3 = = = 0.331
π2 ⋅ E 3 ⋅ A 3 ⋅ s 3 π 2 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 14.4 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 60 / 2
1+ 1+
k 3 ⋅ l2 600 ⋅ (6.5 ⋅ 10 3 )2
Figure 8.14: Description of cross-section and slip
Slip - serviceability limit state

In the limit state of loading, the creep deformation of timber must be considered for the quasi-
permanent design situation. The creep coefficient kdef is to be taken as 0.6 in Service Class 1.
The slip of the joint changes as follows:
E 0 ,mean
Modulus of elasticity Ei = = 8 ,824 N / mm2
1 + ψ 2 ⋅ k def ,i
2 k ser
Slip modulus k 1/ 3 = ⋅ = 350 N / mm
3 1 + ψ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ k def ,1 ⋅ k def ,1
Area of cross-section A1−3 = 180 ⋅ 80 = 14.4 ⋅ 10 3 mm2
180 ⋅ 80 3
Second moment of area I y ,1; 3 = = 7.68 ⋅ 10 6 mm4
12
80 ⋅ 180 3
Second moment of area I y ,2 = = 38.88 ⋅ 10 6 mm4
12
Effective distance fasteners s ef = 60 mm
1
Slip in joint 1 γ1 = = 0.282
π 2 ⋅ 8824 ⋅ 14 ,4 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 60 / 2
1+
350 ⋅ (6.5 ⋅ 10 3 )2
γ2 =1
Slip in joint 2 γ 3 = 0.282

8 Examples
Stiffnesses
The difference in the slip is 0.331 to 0.282 and is, therefore, not very serious.
Now we calculate the stiffness values for the ultimate limit state. The effects due to different
slips are described in chapter 8.2.3.2.
(E ⋅ Iy )ef = ∑ (Ei ⋅ Ii,y + γ i ⋅ Ei ⋅ A i ⋅ ai2 )= 2.586 ⋅1012 Nmm2

3
Bending stiffness about Y
1
 80 ⋅ 180³ 180 ⋅ 80 3 
Bending stiffness about Z E ⋅ I z = 12,000 ⋅  2 ⋅ +  = 1.025 ⋅ 1012 Nmm2
 12 12 
 
RF-TIMBER Pro uses the following cross-section values:
Cross-section description Symbol Value Unit
Width b1 18.00 cm
Height h1 8.00 cm
Width b2 8.00 cm
Height h2 18.00 cm
Width b3 18.00 cm
Height h3 8.00 cm
Slip in joint γJoint 1 0.331
Slip in joint γJoint 2 0.331
Position of centroid zS 17.00 cm
Distance to stress lines z0 17.00 cm
Distance to stress lines a1 -13.00 cm
Distance to stress lines a2 0.00 cm
Distance to stress lines a3 13.00 cm
Second moment of area about y-axis Iy,eff 21,534.40 cm4
Second moment of area about z-axis Iz,eff 8,544.00 cm4
Figure 8.15: Cross-section values in RF-TIMBER Pro
With a modulus of elasticity of 12,000 N/mm2, the effective stiffness is given as:
Bending stiffness about Y (E ⋅ Iy )ef = 1,200 ⋅ 21,534.4 = 2.58 ⋅107 kNcm2
Bending stiffness about Z E ⋅ I z = 1,200 ⋅ 8 ,544 = 1.025 ⋅ 10 7 kNcm2
Hence, the stiffnesses are identical.

81
8 Examples

The system and the loads are created in RFEM as 3D models.
We specify the Standard EN 1990 + EN 1995 with the National Annex for DIN in the Classifica-
tion of Loads and Combinations section of the New Model - General Data dialog box. The auto-
matic generation of combinations is of no importance for this example.
Figure 8.16: RFEM dialog box New Model - General Data
For the system shown in Figure 8.13, we define the section in the library taking into account
the Coefficient of compliance (slip). We apply γ1 =γ2 = 0.331 for the ultimate limit state design.
Figure 8.17: Library dialog box Timber Cross-Sections

8 Examples
We deactivate the automatic consideration of the self-weight when we create the load case
because it is also neglected in the example from [9]. The Load Duration Class is Medium-term.
The specification is also valid for RF-TIMBER Pro.
Figure 8.18: RFEM dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations
We define a member load of 2.7 kN/m in the direction Global Z.
Figure 8.19: RFEM dialog box New Member Load

83
8 Examples

8.2.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Design
In the 1.1 General Data window, we select the load case LC1 for the Ultimate Limit State design.
We check in the 1.4 Load Duration and Service Class window whether or not the LDC of the load
case is preset as Medium-term.
In the 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members window, we change the buckling lengths of the beam to
3.25 m. As the lateral-torsional buckling for built-up cross-sections is not specified in the
codes, the columns H to J are not shown for built-up cross-sections.
Figure 8.22: Window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
After the [Calculation], the 2.1 Design by Load Case window appears showing the governing
design results.

8 Examples
Figure 8.23: Window Design by Load Case
The governing design is the flexural buckling design with a design ratio of 54 %. This value is
obtained only, if in the dialog box Details, tab Other, the option Consider bending stress σm,i (cen-
troid) has been activated (see Figure 3.5, page 41).
The designs are additionally checked by manual calculation.
Design of normal stresses (Equation B.7)
M y ,d
Ni,d = ⋅ E i ⋅ γ i ⋅ ai ⋅ A i
(EI)ef
1,426 kNcm
N1,d = N3,d = ⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ 0.331⋅ 13 cm ⋅ 144 cm² = 41.1kN
2.58 ⋅ 10 7 kNcm²
N 41.1 kN
σ c ,1; 3,d = = = 0.285 kN / cm²
A 144 cm²
Design of Compression
σ c ,1,d 0.285 kN / cm²

= = 0.20 < 1
fc , 0 , d 1.42 kN / cm²
Design of Tension
σ c , 3 ,d 0.285 kN / cm²
= = 0.26 < 1
f t , 0 ,d 1.11 kN / cm²

85
8 Examples
The distribution of compressive and tensile stresses is as follows:
Figure 8.24: Qualitative distribution of stresses
Design of edge stresses (equation B.8)

M y ,d hi
σm,i,d = ⋅ Ei ⋅
(EI)ef 2
1,426 kNcm 8 cm
σm1,d = σ m,3,d = ⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ = 0.265 kN / cm2
2.58 ⋅ 10 7 kNcm² 2
1,426 kNcm 18 cm
σ m, 2 , d = 7
⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ = 0.596 kN / cm2
2.58 ⋅ 10 kNcm² 2
Design of web
σ m, 2 , d
= 0.596 / 1.85 = 0.32 < 1
fm,d
The stresses are graphically displayed in the RF-TIMBER Pro dialog box Cross-Section, which
you can open by clicking [Extended stress diagram].
Figure 8.25: Display of flexural edge stress in RF-TIMBER Pro

8 Examples
Design of shear stresses in the neutral plane of the web
Vmax,d ⋅ (γ 3 ⋅ E 3 ⋅ A 3 ⋅ a3 + 0.5 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ h² )
τ 2 ,max,d = =
(EI)ef ⋅ b 2
  18  
2
8.78 kN ⋅  0.331⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ 144 cm² ⋅ 13 cm + 0.5 ⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ 8 cm ⋅  + 0  
  2  
=  =
2.58 ⋅ 10 7 kNcm² ⋅ 8 cm
= 0.048 kN / cm²
τ 2 ,max,d 0.048
= = 0.39 < 1
f v ,d 0.123
The shear force in the connecting joint
Vmax,d ⋅ γ 1 ⋅ E1 ⋅ A1 ⋅ a1 ⋅ s1,min
F1,v ,Ed = =
(E ⋅ I)ef
8.78 kN ⋅ 0.331⋅ 1,200 kN / cm² ⋅ 144 cm² ⋅ 13 cm ⋅ 3 cm
= = 0.76 kN
2.58 ⋅ 10 7 kNcm²
The shear force in the connecting joint is not shown in RF-TIMBER Pro because the distances of
the fasteners cannot be defined in the program.
Buckling coefficient
According to [4], we have to reduce the allowable compressive stress for the stability analysis
(buckling design) by the buckling coefficient kc. This coefficient depends on the slenderness
ratio λ.
Iy 21,534.4 cm4
iy = = = 7.06 cm
A 432 cm2
Iz 8 ,544 cm4
iz = = = 4.45 cm
A 432 cm2
The slenderness ratio is given as:
s k 325 cm
λz = = = 73.03
i z 4.45 cm
The buckling coefficient kc according to [4] section 6.3.2 is given as (intermediate values may be
interpolated linearly):
1 1
k c ,z = = = 0.51
kz + k 2z − λ2rel,z 1.37 + 1.37² − 1.25²
λz fc ,0 ,k 73.03 2.3 kN / cm²

λ rel,z = = ⋅ = 1.25
π E 0.05 π 800 kN / cm²
( ) (
k z = 0.5 ⋅ 1 + ß c (λ rel,z − 0.3) + λ2rel,y = 0.5 ⋅ 1 + 0.2(1.25 − 0.3) + 1.252 = 1.37 )

87
8 Examples
Stability analysis
Design according to [4] condition (6.24):
σ c , y ,d σ m, y , d 0.285 0.265
η1 = + km ⋅ = + 1.0 ⋅ = 0.54 < 1
k c , z ⋅ fc , o , d fm,d 0.51⋅ 1.42 1.85
For this design, the stresses from bending are additionally divided in compressive bending
stresses. It can be legitimate for this design to reduce the coefficient km in the National Annex
Settings to 0.7 (see Figure 2.11, page 16). The design ratio thus becomes a little smaller; on the
other hand, the component of compressive bending has now a lesser strength.
8.2.3.2 Serviceability Limit State Design

The serviceability limit state design is usually carried out for a respective load combination. In
this example, however, we want to illustrate the effects of the different stiffnesses. In chapter
8.2.1, the y-factors for the stiffnesses at the initial and final state of loading are determined as
0.331 or 0.282. To consider the resulting differences in the stiffnesses correctly, we must per-
form another calculation. In this calculation, the ultimate limit state design is carried out with
the end stiffness - the stiffness from the serviceability limit state calculation.
Thus it becomes clear why no fire resistance design is possible for built-up cross-sections: The
stiffnesses must also be recalculated for the fire resistance design. Furthermore, in the fire re-
sistance design, the changed position of the neutral axis becomes computable only upon re-
ducing the cross-section.
To exit RF-TIMBER Pro, we click [OK]. In RFEM, we create a copy of the model including the
load: We select the member and load and copy the selection by clicking the menu
Edit → Move/Copy.
Figure 8.26: Model and copy in RFEM

8 Examples
To consider the changed slip, we define a new cross-section with a changed slip factor γ.
Figure 8.27: Library dialog box TIMBER Cross-Sections with γ1 = γ2 = 0.282
We reopen the module RF-TIMBER Pro and copy design case 1 by clicking the menu
File → Copy Case
Figure 8.28: Dialog box Copy RF-TIMBER Pro-Case
In the design case 2, we specify member 2 for design.

We do not change LC1, which is preset for the design of the Ultimate Limit State.
In the Serviceability Limit State tab, we transfer LC1 to the Selected for Design list (strictly speak-
ing, a separate load combination should be defined). We assign this load case to the design
combination (3) wfin: Thus, the deformation with the limit value of the final deformation of
l/300 = 21.7 mm is compared with the quasi-permanent loading.

89
8 Examples
Next, in the 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members window, we reduce the buckling lengths for
member 2 to 3.25 m (see Figure 8.22, page 84).
In the 1.9 Serviceability Data window, we specify the member 2.
The [Calculation] shows that the deflection analysis is exceeded by 26 %.

The design ratio in the ultimate limit state designs also increases slightly: Due to the greater
deformation/the smaller stiffness of the cross-section, each single cross-section part is more
affected by bending.
Location Load De-

Section x [m] Case sign Design According to Formula
1 IUH 34/18/8/8/18/8/0.331/0.331
0.00 LC1 0.39 ≤ 1 Shear due to shear force Vz acc. to 6.1.7
3.25 LC1 0.32 ≤ 1 Extreme compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.1.6
3.25 LC1 0.18 ≤ 1 Mean compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.1.4
3.25 LC1 0.40 ≤ 1 Mean tensile bending stress My acc. to 6.1.2
3.25 LC1 0.32 ≤ 1 Extreme tensile bending stress My acc. to 6.1.6
3.25 LC1 0.54 ≤ 1 Bending about y-axis; mean compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.3.2
Section Location Load De- Design According to Formula

No. x [m] Case sign
2 IUH 34/18/8/8/18/8/0.282/0.282
0.00 LC1 0.40 ≤ 1 Shear due to shear force Vz acc. to 6.1.7
3.25 LC1 0.36 ≤ 1 Extreme compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.1.6
3.25 LC1 0.20 ≤ 1 Mean compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.1.4
3.25 LC1 0.41 ≤ 1 Mean tensile bending stress My acc. to 6.1.2
3.25 LC1 0.36 ≤ 1 Extreme tensile bending stress My acc. to 6.1.6
3.25 LC1 0.54 ≤ 1 Bending about y-axis; mean compressive bending stress My acc. to 6.3.2
3.25 LC1 1.26 > 1 Serviceability - Quasi-permanent acc. to 7.2 - Inner span, z-direction
Figure 8.31: Design ratios with γ-factors 0.331 in design case 1 (above) and 0.282 in design case 2 (below)

8 Examples
8.3 Single Tapered Beam

According to current standards, the strength of a tapered beam must be reduced depending
on the loading (tensile bending or compressive bending). This usually applies to single tapered
beams.

Model
Material: SW GL24h
Length: l = 11.0 m
Cantilever: l=3m
Service class: 2
LDC: Short-term
Cross-section 1: 18/16 cm (start)
Cross-section 2: 18/110 cm (end)
Beam laterally supported (no stability problem)
Load
LC1 Self-weight: g = 2.7 kN/m
LC2 Snow: q = 5.7 kN/m
RC1: 1.35 · LC1 + 1.5 · LC2
Figure 8.32: System and Loads

The system as well as the loads in both load cases are created as a 3D model in RFEM. We deac-
tivate the automatic consideration of the self-weight when we create LC1.
We superimpose the load cases for the fundamental combination with the partial safety fac-
tors in a result combination. They will be calculated according to the linear static analysis.
We obtain the following moment distribution:
Figure 8.33: Moment Distribution

91
8 Examples

In the 1.1 General Data window, we select the load combination RC1 for the Ultimate Limit
State design.
In the 1.4 Load Duration and Service Class window, we select the Short-term LDC for the RC1.
RF-TIMBER Pro recognized tapered members in the model. The cut-to-grain angle (taper angle)
of 3.84° is preset in the 1.7 Tapered Members window.
Figure 8.35: Window 1.7 Tapered Members
The grain runs parallel to the edge that is located in the direction of the positive z-axis (that is
the member bottom side). Thus, the tapers run through the compressive bending area (field)
or the tensile bending area (cantilever column). Tapers with tension have a significantly unfa-
vorable effect on the capacity of timber.
The limitation of the cut-to-grain angle is not specified in the global Eurocode but only in the
National Application Documents. New studies show that an insufficient safety results only
starting from an angle of 24°. With 10°, the limitation of the angle was handled more strictly in
DIN 1052, but then the design used there was slightly different. For further information, see [8].
Since the beam is not prone to instability risk, we deactivate the stability analysis in the Details
dialog box.

8 Examples
After the [calculation], you can evaluate the reduction at the tensile and compressive edge in
the Design by x-Location window.
Figure 8.37: Window 2.5 Design by x-Location
Design in the tensile bending area for member 2, location x = 3.30 m

The design is carried out according to [4] clause 6.4.2.
My 11,652 kNcm
σ m, α , d = = = 1.14 kN / cm²
Wy 10 ,196.7 cm³
fm,k ⋅ k mod 2.4 ⋅ 0.9

fm,d = = = 1.66 kN / cm²
γm 1.3
1
k m, α = = 0.955
2 2
 f   f 
1 +  m,d ⋅ tan α  +  m,d ⋅ tan2 α 
 1 .5 ⋅ f v ,d f
  c ,90 ,d 
σ m, α , d 1.14
Design: = = 0.72 < 1
k m,α ⋅ fm,d 0.955 ⋅ 1.66
With 4.5 %, the strength reduction by the factor km,α is small.

93
8 Examples
Design in the tensile bending area for member 2, location x = 0.00 m

The design location is above the support at the cantilever.
The design according to [4] clause 6.4.2 is a follows.
My 5,488 kNcm
σ m, α , d = = = 1.40 kN / cm²
Wy 3,918.9 cm³
fm,k ⋅ k mod 2.4 ⋅ 0.9

fm,d = = = 1.66 kN / cm²
γm 1.3
1
k m, α = = 0.83
2 2
 fm,d   f 
1 +  ⋅ tan α  +  m,d ⋅ tan2 α 

 0 .75 ⋅ f v ,d f
  t ,90 ,d 
σ m, α , d 1.40
Design: = = 1.01 ≈ 1
k m,α ⋅ fm,d 0.83 ⋅ 1.66
The higher reduction of 17 % means that the design in the tapered area is governing.
A solution for this beam could be to move the tapered grain to the bottom side (see window
1.7 Tapered Members, column F).

8 Examples
8.4 Curved Beam

The designs are performed according to DIN EN 1995-1-1 for a beam curved in an S-shape. Due
to the geometrical form, the beam has a very distinctive stability problem.
Beams of this shape are not explicitly specified in the standards. The characteristics for the sta-
bility analysis are not covered there. For this reason, the stability analysis was deactivated in
this example.

Model
Material: SW GL28h
Span width field 1: l = 11.90 m
Span width field 2: l = 9.13 m
Service class: 1
LDC: Short-term
kmod: 0.9
Cross-section: 20/68 cm
Beam laterally supported (no stability problem)
Load
LC1 Self-weight: g = 2.4 kN/m (automatic self-weight deactivated)
LC2 Snow: q = 3.2 kN/m
RC1: 1.35 · LC1 + 1.5 · LC2
Figure 8.38: System and Loads

95
8 Examples

The system as well as the loads of both load cases are created as a 3D model in RFEM. For LC1
we deactivate the automatic consideration of the self-weight.
We superimpose the load cases for the fundamental combination with the partial safety fac-
tors in a result combination. They will be calculated according to the linear static analysis.
RFEM determines the diagrams of internal forces shown in the following figure.
Figure 8.39: Internal forces N, Vz, and My

8 Examples

Ultimate Limit State Design
In the 1.1 General Data window, we select the result combination RC1 for the Ultimate Limit
State design.
The windows 1.2 and 1.3 are not different from the ones in the previous examples.
In the 1.4 Load Duration and Service Class window, the LDC and SECL of the load cases are pre-
set based on the Load Duration defined in RFEM. We change the LDC of RC1 to Short-term.
The 1.5 Effective Lengths window for the input of buckling and lateral-torsional buckling
lengths for curved members is not shown, as the lateral-torsional design for this beam types is
not clearly specified in the Standard [4] (there is a method for single-span beams with which
the curved beam can be specified at a distance of one third of the smallest cross-section
height).

97
8 Examples
Since the beam is supported on all sides, we deactivate the stability analysis in the Details dia-
log box.
We set the last input window 1.8 Curved Members.
Figure 8.43: Window 1.8 8Curved Members
We check whether the thickness t of the lamellas is 33 mm, limiting the radius of curvature.
RF-TIMBER Pro performs the check of Perpendicular Tension, if the check box in the Design col-
umn is selected.

8 Examples
Start the [Calculation]. Then we select the 2.4 Design by Member window.
Figure 8.44: Window 2.4 Design by Member
For Member 1, the greatest design ratio due to bending is 0.37.

We can check the radius r under the design parameters for member 1 in the Details table. The
program imports the curvature of the member from the RFEM arc parameters.
Figure 8.45: RFEM dialog box Edit Member

99
8 Examples
The designs are additionally checked by manual calculation.
Check of Bending Stress

Design according to [4] condition (6.41) for location x = 5.91 m:
M y ,d 10 ,666 kNcm
σ m, y , d = k l ⋅ = 1.03 ⋅ = 0.71kN / cm2
Wy 15,413
where
2 3 2
h h h  0.68 m   0.68 m 
k l = k 1 + k 2   + k 3   + k 4   = 1.0 + 0.35 ⋅   + 0.6 ⋅ 


 8.42 m  = 1.03
r r r  8 .42 m   
k1 = 1.0
k2 = 0.35
k3 = 0.6
k4 = 0
rin 8.075 m
k r = 0.76 + 0.001⋅ = 0.76 + 0.001⋅ = 1.004
t 0.033 m
where rin = r − 0.5 ⋅ h = 8.417 − 0.5 ⋅ 0.680 = 8.075 m
As rin/t > 240 · kr → kr = 1.0
fm,y ,k = 2.8 kN / cm2
2.8 kN / cm2 ⋅ 0.9

fm,y ,d = = 1.94 kN / cm2
1.3
σ m, y , d 0.71kN / cm2
Design: η= = = 0.36 < 1
k r ⋅ fmy ,d 1.0 ⋅ 1.94 kN / cm²

8 Examples
Design of perpendicular tension stress

Design according to [4] condition (6.53) for location x = 6.406 m:
6 ⋅ My 6 ⋅ 10 ,371kNcm
σ t ,90 ,d = k p ⋅ = 0.02 ⋅ = 0.0135 kN / cm2
b ⋅ h² 20 cm ⋅ (68 cm)2
2
h h  0.68 m 
where k p = k 5 + k 6   + k 7   = 0.25 ⋅   = 0.0202

r r  8.42 m 
k5 = k7 = 0
k2 = 0.25
kdis = 1.4
2 2
 V   0.01 
k vol =  0  =   = 0.361
 V   1.63 
ft ,90 ,k = 0.045 kN / cm2
0.045 kN / cm2 ⋅ 0.9

ft ,90 ,d = = 0.031 kN / cm2
1.3
b eff = k cr ⋅ b = 0.81⋅ 20 = 15.62 cm
Vz ,d 7.31
τ d = 1.5 ⋅ = 1.5 ⋅ = 0.010 kN / cm2
b eff ⋅ h 15.62 ⋅ 68
fv ,k = 0.35 kN / cm2
0.35 kN / cm2 ⋅ 0.9

f v ,d = = 0.24 kN / cm2
1.3
Design:
τd σ t ,90 ,d 0.010 kN / cm2 0.0135 kN / cm2
η= + = + = 0.91 < 1
fv ,d k dis ⋅ k vol ⋅ ft ,90 ,d 0.24 kN / cm2 1.4 ⋅ 0.361⋅ 0.031kN / cm2

101
A Literature
A Literature
[1] DIN 1052:2008-12: Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbautragwerken – All-
gemeine Bemessungsregeln und Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau, Dezember 2008
[2] DIN 4102-22:2004-11: Brandverhalten von Baustoffen und Bauteilen, Teil 22:
Anwendungsnorm zu DIN 4102-4 auf der Bemessungsbasis von Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten
[3] Erläuterungen zur DIN 1052:2004-08, DGfH Innovations- und Service GmbH, München,
2. Auflage März 2005
[4] DIN EN 1995-1-1:2010-12: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten Teil 1-1 All-
gemeines – Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für den Hochbau, Dezember 2010
[5] DIN EN 1995-1-2:2006-10: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Holzbauten Teil 1-2 All-
gemeines – Tragwerksbemessung für den Brandfall, Oktober 2006
[6] SIA 265:2003: Holzbau, 2003
[7] SCHNEIDER Bautabellen, Werner Verlag, 20. Auflage 2012
[8] Holzbau-Taschenbuch, Band 1, 9. Auflage, Ernst & Sohn
[9] Vorlesungsskript der Hochschule Wismar Sommersemester 2012
[10] Bauen mit Holz, Ausgabe April 2012

B Index
B Index
A Design situation ...................................................... 11, 45
Accidental ......................................................................... 11 Detail settings ................................................................. 36
Axis ............................................................................... 27, 30 Displaced member ends ............................................. 39

Display navigator .................................................... 55, 60
B
Background graphic ...................................................... 54 E
Beam type ......................................................................... 33 Edge ................................................................................... 30
Biaxial bending ............................................................... 37 Effective length .................................................26, 29, 69
Buckling ...................................................................... 27, 37 Equivalent member ...................................................... 29
Buckling length ................................................. 26, 27, 74 Equivalent member length ................................. 26, 28
Buckling length coefficient ......................................... 28 Equivalent member method...................................... 38
Built-up cross-section ................................................... 21 Excel ................................................................................... 70
Buttons .............................................................................. 53 Exit RF-TIMBER Pro ........................................................... 9

Export ................................................................................ 69
C
Export cross-section...................................................... 67
Calculation........................................................................ 36
Export effective length ................................................ 69
Cantilever .......................................................................... 33
Export material ............................................................... 69
Characteristic strength ................................................. 19
Exposure to fire............................................................... 34
Charring............................................................................. 15
Charring rate .................................................................... 15 F
Clipboard .......................................................................... 69 Fastener ............................................................................ 21
Closed cross-section...................................................... 57 Filter ................................................................................... 60
Color bar............................................................................ 53 Filtering members ......................................................... 61
Color spectrum ............................................................... 60 Fire classification ............................................................ 40
Comment .......................................................................... 10 Fire resistance ................................................................. 13
Connection ....................................................................... 36 Fire resistance design ............................... 34, 35, 40, 53
Control panel ................................................................... 60 Flexural buckling............................................................ 27
Coordinate stress point ................................................ 57 Fundamental ................................................................... 11
Cross-section ............................................................ 20, 66 G

Cross-section design ..................................................... 45 General Data ....................................................................... 9
Cross-section info........................................................... 22 Glulam ............................................................................... 32
Cross-section library ...................................................... 20 Grain ................................................................................... 30
Cross-section optimization .................................. 56, 66 Graphic .............................................................................. 54
Curved Beam ................................................................... 95 Graphic printout............................................................. 62
Curved member....................................................... 29, 32 Graphical representation ............................................ 55
Cut-to-grain angle .................................................. 15, 30 H
D Hidden result diagram ................................................. 60
Decimal places ......................................................... 17, 68 I
Deflection ......................................................................... 12 Imperfections .................................................................. 38
Deformation analysis ............................................. 33, 78 Installation .......................................................................... 7
Design .................................................... 10, 22, 43, 44, 45 Internal forces .......................................................... 48, 67
Design case ........................................................ 55, 64, 65
K
Design combination...................................................... 12
kmod ........................................................................15, 25, 45
Design ratio ...................................................................... 44
Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software 103

B Index
L R
Laminate ........................................................................... 32 Reduction of stiffness ................................................... 37
Lateral-torsional buckling .................................... 28, 38 Reference length............................................................ 13
Lateral-torsional buckling analysis ........................... 38 Remark .............................................................................. 22
LDC ............................................................................... 24, 45 Rendering ......................................................................... 60
Length ......................................................................... 26, 51 Resistance.................................................................. 11, 36
Length for lateral-torsional buckling....................... 28 Result combination ..........................................11, 12, 57
Limit deformation .......................................................... 39 Result diagram ......................................................... 59, 62
Limit state design ........................................................... 53 Result values .................................................................... 54
Limit tension stress ........................................................ 36 Results evaluation ......................................................... 53
Limit values ........................................................ 10, 12, 14 Results windows ............................................................ 43
Load case ............................................................ 11, 12, 48 RFEM graphic .................................................................. 62
Load combination.......................................................... 11 RFEM work window ...................................................... 54
Load duration .................................................................. 24 RF-STABILITY ................................................................... 27
Load type .......................................................................... 24 Ridge .................................................................................. 31
Location x ......................................................................... 44 S
M SECL .................................................................................... 25
Mass .................................................................................... 52 Second-order analysis .................................................. 38
Material ....................................................................... 17, 69 Selecting module windows ........................................... 9
Material description ...................................................... 17 Service class .............................................................. 24, 25
Material library ................................................................ 18 Serviceability ................................................................... 33
Material properties ........................................................ 17 Serviceability limit state ....................................... 12, 39
Member list ...................................................................... 33 Serviceability limit state design ................................ 76
Member slendernesses ......................................... 41, 50 Set of members ..................... 10, 29, 33, 35, 46, 49, 52
Members ........................................................................... 10 Shear Stress...................................................................... 57
Modification factor .......................................... 15, 19, 25 Slenderness...................................................................... 50
Module windows .............................................................. 9 Stability analysis ...................................................... 38, 45
N Standard ..............................................................10, 14, 16
National Annex ........................................................ 10, 14 Start calculation ............................................................. 42
Navigator ............................................................................ 9 Start program ..................................................................... 7

Start RF-TIMBER Pro ......................................................... 7
O
Strength ............................................................................ 19
Open cross-section ........................................................ 57
Stress diagram ................................................................ 58
OpenOffice ....................................................................... 70
Stress graphic .................................................................. 56
Optimization ............................................................. 22, 41
Stress point ........................................... 23, 37, 56, 57, 58
Optimize ..................................................................... 66, 67
Stress point verification ............................................... 41
P
Stress ratio ........................................................................ 58
Panel ........................................................................8, 55, 60
Stresses.............................................................................. 57
Part ...................................................................................... 51
Sum..................................................................................... 52
Partial safety factor γM ............................................ 15, 19
Surface area ..................................................................... 51
Parts list ...................................................................... 51, 52
T
Precamber ........................................................................ 33
Tapered member ....................................... 23, 30, 45, 68
Print ............................................................................. 23, 62
Thickness of structural component ......................... 57
Printout report ......................................................... 62, 63
Transverse tension ........................................................ 32
Twin stress point ............................................................ 57

B Index
U Visibility ............................................................................. 60
Ultimate limit state ........................................................ 53 Volume .............................................................................. 51
Ultimate limit state design .......................................... 72 W

Undeformed system...................................................... 39 wfin ....................................................................................... 12
Units............................................................................. 17, 68 winst ..................................................................................... 12
User profile ....................................................................... 68 With/Without Diagram ................................................ 60
V X
View mode................................................................. 53, 54 x-location ................................................................... 44, 48

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Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

1. Introduction 5 4.9 Parts List by Member 51

1.2 RF-TIMBER Pro - Team 6 5. Results Evaluation 53

2. Input Data 9 5.3 Result diagrams 59

2.1 General Data 9 5.4 Filter for Results 60

2.1.1 Resistance 11 6. Printout 62

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Contents Page Contents Page

8.4.3 Design with RF-TIMBER Pro 97

4 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

1.2 RF-TIMBER Pro - Team

Cross-section and material database

Program design, dialog figures, and icons

Technical support and quality management

6 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

1.3 Using the Manual

1.4 Open the Add-on Module RF-TIMBER Pro

Figure 1.1: Menu: Add-on Modules → Design - Timber → RF-TIMBER Pro

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Figure 1.2: Data navigator: Add-on Modules → RF-TIMBER Pro

Figure 1.3: Panel button [RF-TIMBER Pro]

8 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

2.1 General Data

Figure 2.1: Window 1.1 General Data

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Figure 2.2: Design of members and sets of members

Standard / National Annex (NA)

Figure 2.3: National Annex for EN 1995-1

Figure 2.4: User-defined comment

10 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Existing Load Cases

Selects all load cases in the list

Inverts the selection of load cases

Table 2.1: Buttons in the tab Ultimate Limit State

Selected for Design

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Figure 2.6: Assigning design situation

2.1.2 Serviceability Limit State

Existing Load Cases and Combinations

Selected for Design

12 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

2.1.3 Fire Resistance

Figure 2.8: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Fire Resistance

Existing Load Cases and Combinations

Selected for Design

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

2.1.4 Standard / National Annex (NA)

Figure 2.9: Select National Annex

14 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Figure 2.10: Dialog box National Annex Settings, tab General

Resets the program's default settings

Imports user-defined standard settings

Saves the current settings as default

Deletes a user-defined National Annex

Table 2.2: Buttons in the dialog box National Annex Settings

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

16 Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software

Figure 2.13: Window 1.2 Materials

Figure 2.14: List of materials

Program RF-TIMBER Pro © 2013 Dlubal Engineering Software