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girder
pier adjacent pier
abutment
foundation
pylon
cables
girder
pier
radial
harp
fan star
Cable arrangements for multi-spans
a = inclination angle (0.4 = tan a = 0.50)
cable tension
G – cable weight
The cables are inclined, and therefore the actual (effective) stiffness EA is a function of their nominal
stiffness EA, through a relation proposed by Tang (1),
EA
EA(effective) =
G 2 EAcos 2 a
1 + 2
12T
Most cables are stresses to about 40% of their ultimate strengths under permanent load conditions. Cables
under normal loading conditions have their effective stiffness approach the actual stiffness. A factor of
safety of 2.2 is common for cables, which results in an allowable stress of 45% of the guaranteed ultimate
tensile stress (GUTS) under dead and live loads.
Note that the weakest point of a cable is its anchorage with respect to capacity and fatigue.
Tensile strength of an ASTM A421 type BA, 0.25” diameter wire provides a minimum tensile strength of
240 ksi.
The Towers
Towers, commonly referred to as pylons, may be hinged or fixed to the pier. It can also be a portal frame
as shown above. When the base is fixed, it induces large bending moments into the pylon, but it is
compensated by having an increased rigidity, costs less than a pinned bearing and is easier to erect.
Live Loads.
The level of live loads is determined by evaluation of influence lines, and the stress s at any point of the
bottom flange of the girder is a combination of several force components,
1 y
σ = P + M + cK
A I
where A is the girder cross-section, I is the moment of inertia, y is the distance from the neutral axis, c is
the stress influence coefficient due to the cable force K anchored close by, P is the axial force and M is
the bending moment. This equation is commonly rewritten as,
σ = a1P + a2 M + a3 K
where the constants a1, a2 and a3 depend on the effective width, location of the point, and other
geometric parameters. Under live loads, the terms P, M and K are individual influence lines, which makes
s a combination influence line. An alternative method is to find the maximum and minimum values of P,
M and K and use the worst condition. This method however, is considered too conservative, and does not
give an accurate picture of the state of stress in the girder.
The magnitude of the compressive force in the deck is represented by this step graph,
which shows how the girder forces increase as it reaches the pylon.
Pylon anchorage detail.
fixed cable
fixed cable
minimum angle
pinned pylon
Moment diagram
no connection btw girders and pylons
connected
Example #1:
Example #2:
Example #3:
Example #4:
References