BACHELOR OF SCIENCES HONS IN BIOSCIENCE WITH

CHEMISTRY

NAMES: ANUSIA A/P THEVENDARAN

ID:17WLR00332
COURSE TITLE: BACH1623 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENT: 8 ( Reactions of aldehydes and ketones)
Objective: To differentiate some reactions of ethanal and propanone.
Introduction:
A carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen
atom, C=O such as aldehydes and ketones are belonged to this group. This a carbonyl group,
have differ in location of atom is bonded to the carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl carbon of an
aldehyde is bonded to a hydrogen atom and one carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon of a ketone is
bonded to two carbon atoms. Aldehydes and ketones are found in sugars ,flavor and intermediate
of biological chemical production.
One of the properties of aldehydes and ketones is intermolecular forces. The double connection
makes the CO double bond even larger dipole than a CO single bond. This make it a more
attractive force than ethers. Another one of the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones is
solubility. Aldehydes and ketones cannot give a H-bond but they can receive two H-bonds from
water since the carbonyl has two lone pairs. Since they have a larger dipole than alcohols, water
will form a stronger H-bond to them. Aldehydes and ketones are neutral (neither acidic nor
alkaline).
All aldehydes and ketones are flammable. The lower molecular weight ones which have a lower
boiling point will be more volatile (evaporate more) and therefore have the potential for flashing
or explosion (rapid oxidation) because of premixed with oxygen in the air. Aldehydes can be
oxidized to carboxylic acids. Ketones are not easily oxidized. This is one way to distinguish
between the aldehydes and the ketones. The aldehydes and ketones can undergo addition
reactions. An addition reaction is where a whole molecule is added across the double bond and it
becomes a single bond. In addition, both aldehydes and ketones can be reduced. This type of
addition reaction is where H2 is added to the carbonyl to give the corresponding alcohol.
Aldehydes can be reduced, [H], back to primary alcohols and ketones can be reduced to
secondary alcohols by the addition of H2 and a catalyst. Aldehydes and ketones can both react
with alcohols (usually under acid conditions) to form an addition product. Any alcohol should
react but usually the alcohols chosen are small like methanol or ethanol.
Apparatus: Safety spectacles, Protective gloves, test-tube , test-tube holder and rack, boiling
test-tube and Bunsen Burner.
Chemicals:Saturated sodium hydrogensulphite, Ethanal, Propanone, 2, 4 –
dinitrophenylhydrazine ( 5 g in 100 ml methanol), 3.16*10-5 M of sulfuric acid solution, sodium
hydroxide solution, Potassium dichromate (VI) solution, Diluted sulphuric acid, Fehling’s
solution 1, Fehling’s solution 2, silver nitrate( 0.05M), Ammonia solution and iodine solution.
Procedure:
A. Addition reaction with sodium hydrogensulphite
1. 1.8 g of sodium hydrogensulphite solid was weight and transfer into a test tube.
Distilled water was added until 1 cm above the solid level. The solution was shake
and dip into 90 Celsius water bath until all sodium hydrogensulphite solid dissolves.
 2. 1cm3 of ethanal was added slowly drop by drop into the dissolved sodium
hydrogensulphite solution.
3. The tube was gently shake and the solution was poured on a watch glass and
evaporated the water on the moderately heated hot plate. The observation was noted.
4. Steps 1 to 3 was repeated using propane instead of ethanal.
B. Condensation reaction with 2, 4 – dinitrophenylhydrazine
1. 1cm3 of 2, 4 – dinitrophenylhydrazine solution was poured into a test tube and then
was added 5-6drops of ethanal .
2. 1cm3 of 3.16*10-5 M of sulfuric acid solution was slowly added into the mixture
prepared in step 1 and was shake gently. The observation was noted.
3. Steps 1 to 2 was repeated for propane .
C. Reaction with alkali
1. 3cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was poured into a test tube and 10 drops of ethanl
was added.
2. The test tube was shake gently and warm in a water bath at 90 Celsius for 5-10
minutes.The observation was noted.
3. Steps 1 to 2 was repeated for propane.
D. Oxidation reactions
(a) With acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
1. 5 drops of ethanal was added into a test tube,2 drops of potassium dichromate (VI)
solution and 10 drops of diluted sulphuric acid followed by 4-5 drops of ethanal.
2. The test tube was shake gently and warm in a water bath at 90 Celsius for 5-10
minutes.The observation was noted.
3. Steps 1 to 2 was repeated for propane.
(b) With Fehling ‘s solution
1. 1cm3 of fehling’s solution 1 was added into a boiling test tube and then added
fehling’s solution 2 dropwise until the precipitate just dissolves.
2. Seven drops of ethanl was added.The test tube was shake gently and the mixture was
boiled on top of the Bunsen burner flame until no further colour change occurs. The
observation was noted.
3. Steps 1 to 2 was repeated for propane.
(c) With Tollen’s reagent
1.5cm3 of silver nitrate( 0.05M) was added into boiling test tube and was added one drop
of sodium hydroxide solution.
2. Concentrated ammonia solution was added drop by drop until the precipitate of silver
oxide nearly dissolves.
3. 1 to 2 drops of ethanal was added, the test tube was shake gently and the mixture was
boiled on top of the Bunsen burner flame. The observation was noted.
4.Steps 1 to 3 was repeated for propane.
E. Triiodomethane reaction
1. 5 drops of ethanal was added into a test tube and followed by 1cm3 of iodine solution was
cork and shake.
2. Sodium hydroxide was added drop by drop until the colour of iodine disappears and straw-
coloured solutions remains. The observation was noted.
3.Steps 1 to 2 was repeated for propane.
Results:
Test Ethanal Propanone
A.Addition reaction with Crystal white precipitated Crystal white precipitated
sodium hydrogensulphite
B.Condensation reaction with orange yellow
2, 4 – dinitrophenylhydrazine
C.Reaction with alkali colorless
D.Oxidation reactions
(a)With acidified potassium Orange to green No reaction
dichromate (VI)
(b)With Fehling ‘s solution Blue to green No reaction
(c)With Tollen’s reagent Colorless to mirror image No reaction
E. Triiodomethane reaction Orange dark precipitated Yellow precipitated

Discussions:
The aldehyde or ketone is shaken with a saturated solution of sodium hydrogensulphite in water
and it produce as white crystals. This react well for aldehydes but for ketones, one of the
hydrocarbon groups attached to the carbonyl group needs to be a methyl group.
The equation for ethanal is:

The equation for propane is:

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