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Introduction

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1.0 Introduction
Existence of matter in three states results in three types of
waste generation; gaseous, liquid, and solid. The gas that is wasted
is gas waste, which is generally a resultant of Industrial activities and
automobile exhaust. The fluid that is wasted is a liquid waste, which
is generally the outcome of Industrial and Domestic activities. Finally,
the solid that is wasted, thrown away, refused or not in further use is
a solid waste. This solid waste may be categorized as (Gerard keily-
2007)-;
1. Agriculture and forest waste
2. Industrial Solid Waste
3. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
4. Bio-medical or Hospital Waste (BMW)
5. e-waste
6. Nuclear and Radioactive Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) precisely can be defined as “Solid


material which is generated or discarded by human beings and which
is of no use or wanted by it in its existing form(Sincero-2002) This
mainly consist of house hold refuse which comprises of paper,
vegetable and food scrape, clothes, metals, rubber, plastic, etc. The
past two decade have witnessed a sea change attitude of waste
generation phenomenon. Less people with more money enjoy more
leisure and produces more waste. Increase in use of plastic,
aluminium has added large amount of biorefractories to the MSW.

In India we generate about one 1 lakh ton of MSW (CPCB-


2005) per day. Almost every ton of MSW is disposed off
unscientifically. Though the compostable organic waste ranges
between 34-70 percent (CPCB-2005), improper segregation or no
segregation at source has challenged the further treatment and
disposal experiments. Every dumping site of the country is

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overloaded. Due to unscientific landfilling, the problems of
groundwater and air pollution are of serious concern. Good municipal
solid waste management practices requires collection of critical
information which is not just for keeping the records up to date but
used effectively for taking corrective measures as well as proper
planning for the future.” (T. V. Ramachandra & V. K. Saira., 2003).

1.2 Profile of Aurangabad


Marathwada is the region of Maharashtra with pleasant dry
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climate ranging in temperature from 7 to 45 c over the period of
year. There are number of environmental sensitive spots and holy
places located in the region. There are 48 municipal councils and 2
number of municipal corporation in this region. These local bodies
generate on an average of 900 metric tons of municipal solid waste
(MSW) per day (MPCB-2004).

Auragabad falls in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra (Fig


1). The city was founded in 1610 AD by Malik Amber, the prime
minister of Murtaza Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar on the sites of the
village Khirki. Fateh Khan, son of Malik Amber changed the name of
the Khirki to Fatehnagar. In 1633 A.D. Auragazeb made Fatehnagar
his capital and called it as Aurangabad.

The municipal council was established in 1936. The municipal


council area was about 54.5 sq kms. It was elevated to the status of
Municipal Corporation from 8th December 1982 with the total area of
138.53 sq.kms. Aurangabad has great historical and archeological
importance. The world famous Ajantha and Ellora caves have put
Aurangabad on the tourist map of world. Within the corporation
limits, there are 52 number of gates, walls, Bibika maqbara,
Auragabad Caves, Jama masjid, Kali masjid, Animal sanctuary,
Soneri Mahal, Panchakki, which are famous tourist spots. Apart from

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this, there are about 20 large and medium gardens, 32 small and
tiny gardens. There are also 2 number of lakes which enhances the
beauty of city.

Auragabad is one of the fastest developing city of Maharashtra.


As per 1931 census, the population of city was 29,225 souls. After
independence, with the development of infrastructure and rapid
industrialization, the population of the city as per 2001 census has
reached to 8,72,667. Today the population of Aurangabad Municipal
Corporation is around 10,000,00, with variety of cultural habitats.
The city has number of cottage and small scale industries with
industrial zone at Chikalthana and adjoining Waluj. With this
population strength and industrial activities, Aurangabad Municipal
Corporation generates on an average of 350 metric tons of municipal
solid waste per day there by putting huge burden on economy and
environment. Every year crores of rupees are spent on municipal
solid waste management without any concrete out puts. The graphs
of environmental degradation through municipal solid waste is
marching upwards. The quality of ground water due to unscientific
and non-technical landfillings at Naregaon dumping station is
worsening. The load of gaseous pollutants along with green house
gases in the circle of dumping station may be alarming. There is no
time bound programme for vacating the dustbins, the bins are
overflowed, and the trash is thrown near the bins. Recently the
management has found the alternative for disposal; i.e. burning the
waste in the bin itself , which is a serious environmental concern. The
figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 reflects the limitations in solid waste
management of the city.

The collection of MSW by cycle driven Ghanta gadi no doubt is


better approach towards municipal solid waste management, but it
should be coupled with proper segregation technologies, treatment

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and final disposal system. The development process is the backbone
of the city, but at the same time, the principles of sustainability
should not be sidelined in utilizing the resources of future generation.
The salient data of Aurangabad city is given in the table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Salient Data of Aurangabad City

Type of Municipal body Municipal Corporation

Population ( 2001 census) 8,72,667

Present Population 10,00,000 (approx)

Present House holds 1,38,000 (approx)

Area sq. kms. 138.53

Height (MSL) 611 meters

Latitude 19o 53’ 50” N

Longitude 75 o 22’ 46” E

Annual rainfall (mm-average) 725

Number of electoral wards 98

Number of administrative ward offices 06

Bibika Maqbara, Pan Chakki,


Main tourist spot
Aurangabad Caves, etc.

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1.3 Using GIS in solid waste management
Geographical Information System is an information system
designed to work with data referenced by spatial geographical
system. In other words, GIS is both a database system with specific
capabilities for spatially referenced data as well as a set of operation
for working with the data(Jeffrey star et.al -1990). It may also be
considered as higher order map data management system.

The stock Holm conference (1972), the Kyoto protocol (2005)


has brought revolution in sustainable development technologies.
There has been awareness regarding waste management amongst
many countries. There has been development of new technologies for
improving the waste management system. GIS is one of the best
technologies, which have contributed a lot in very less time span to
the waste management system. GIS tools can be used effectively in
planning and progress monitoring of the MSWM. The database
developed during planning can be easily used for maintaining and
upkeeping the municipal solid waste management system. Multi
access data users can also use it as an advanced online management
system. GIS can be widely used for various applications in transport,
treatment, disposal etc. GIS plays a major role in carrying out
Environmental Impact Assessment. It also plays an important role in
modeling the data for any alternatives, so that the best ways of
management can be opted for (G. J. Lunkapis., 2004).

1.4 Location of Waste Disposal Site


The currently favored method for disposing of municipal solid
waste is in sanitary landfills consisting of refuse piled on the top of
the ground or into the a depression, such as a valley, compacted,
and covered at frequent intervals by soil (Stanley Manahan -2005).
Modern sanitary landfills are much preferable to the open dump sites
that were once the most common means of municipal refuse

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disposal. Although municipal refuse is much less dangerous than
hazardous chemicals waste, it still poses some hazards due to direct
disposal of house hold hazardous materials such as paints, varnishes,
cleaners etc along with the other refuse(Balakrishnamoorthy-2006).
The past two decades have witnessed the sea change in the attitudes
of the waste generation. On one hand, society recognizes the need
for safe and responsible management of the waste, while on other it
opposes to host such facilities (Judith Pett-1999). This is because the
overridden perception that the waste treatment and disposal pose
unacceptable health risk. Increasing public and policy attention has
thus focused on concept of sustainable waste management theories.

1.5 Waste generation scenario


Over the years, economy has flourished like the trees in the
blossom. These structural changes in the economy may be or are due
to the high yield applied research in science and technology. No
doubt it has raised the standards of living on one side, but on the
other it has implicated the environment. The generation of the by
products or the waste in the objective production of the desired
goods and services is so high, that the management and handling of
this waste has become the challenge of the time.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management is a global issue.


India alone generates 1,00,000 metric tones of solid waste per day
(CPCB-2005). The quantum of the waste generation theories of the
metros and other cities and towns is a debatable issue and welcomes
a comprehensive research work. In the view of above, the
distribution of the population with respect to trends in poverty, class
(Lower, Middle and upper), has to be considered with varying ability
to generate the waste in terms of quality and quantity. In addition, it

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needs a cushion of age and sex. Therefore, the research in the field
of municipal solid waste generation has a great potential.

The waste generation scenario of the local bodies of the India


is critical and beyond imagination of scholars. Due to huge population
and improper waste management strategies and planning, there is
no availability of reliable data.

Municipal solid waste are neither homogeneous nor consistent


in characteristics. The quantity and the quality of MSW are largely
influenced by socio-economic factors. It varies with community to
community, year to year, season to season and even from day to day
(Gerard Keily 2007). The survey of waste generation and physical
characterization is therefore almost difficult and challenging issue in
MSW management system. But to select the most economical
collection vehicle ; to design incineration plant; finalize sanitary
landfill site or design a compost plant or pulverizing unit; for waste
generation modeling, a handful data on quantity and composition of
MSW is must(T.F.Yen-1976). The regular surveys and analysis on
systematic and continuous basis are therefore needed to provide
such precise data.

1.6 Waste minimization


About 25 years ago, one could not think of going out shopping
without taking along 2-3 shopping bags, but today this is not
required as the shopkeeper satisfy his customer by providing a carry
bag(E.V.Ramasamy 1999). This bags are generally of plastics and
rarely may be of paper. On reaching home we simply pull out all the
items from the bags and throw them in the dust bin, thus adding to
the nations escalating burden of solid waste. Before human beings
became civilized, the only solid waste they generated was in the form
of unutilisable portion of their hunts (animal hair and bones), and

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night soil (Abbasi 1996). With the rapid urbanization , the quantity
and the variety of the solid waste grew. The solid waste contains
paper, glass, metal, etc in such a large quantity that if the principals
of reduction, reuse and recycle are applied in waste management,
than there will not much portion be left for composting process.
Solid waste contain significant amount of valuable materials
like steel, aluminium, copper, which if recovered and reused, would
reduce the volume of the wastes to be collected, transported , and
disposed off. In addition, it would add to the economy. Some
important solid wastes that have been reclaimed are paper, glass,
metals and plastics.

Practically all the stages involved in manufacturing, packaging,


and using of the product leads to generation of solid waste in
variable quantity and quality. Therefore, one of the best ways to
reduce the amount of solid wastes to be disposed is to reduce the
consumption of the raw material (in other words reduce the quantity
of waste generated), and to increase the rate of recovery and reuse
of the waste material. Although the concept is simple, its
implementation has been fraught with complexities (S.A.Abbasi-
1999).

1.7 Waste transport system


In the recent times, there has been great public perception for
clean environment. With increasing urbanization, the increasing
quantities of municipal solid waste needs an more scientific approach
towards collection, transportation and treatment for sustainable
developments. The prime reasons for controlled collection,
transportation and disposal are hygienic and aesthetic. This is
because domestic waste undergoes bacterial decomposition giving
rise to foul smell and odour. Therefore, the municipal solid waste

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needs to be collected and transported to the disposal site at the
earliest. (C.S.Rao 2006)

NIMBY- Not In My Back Yard is the general tendency of the


waste generators. And of course it’s a natural phenomenon. Anything
that is not in use in its present form and which is going to decay is
rejected or thrown away by the users. The question arises out that
who should manage this rubbish. From here, the concept of waste
management authority came into force and accordingly the rules and
guidelines were formulated and the local or municipal bodies were
assigned the duty of collection, transportation and treatment of the
municipal solid waste. The schedule II of the notification of the
Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, (2000)
clarifies that Municipal bodies should shoulder responsibilities of
waste management of the city or town.

Transportation of the collected refuse constitutes a key stage in


the overall waste management system. In India, no single mode of
transport can prove effective, economical, and efficient due to
congested and narrow lanes and streets in the towns and cities (C.S.
Rao-2006). Therefore, various types of vehicles from handcart to
mechanized vehicles are employed in municipal solid waste collection
and transport system. Handcart and cycle driven rickshaw collection
is the best mode of transport from congested and narrow places; the
refuse is usually transferred from these collection vehicles to a
waiting truck for the final transport and disposal. Today Large
vehicles with mechanical compression to increase the density and
hence the payload are suitable for some large waste generating cities
which reduces the overall transport cost.

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1.8 Waste treatment
The things which are not in use are thrown away by us. That is
what we discard from our end goes to nature. In early age, with
lesser population and slower technological and scientific progress,
the quantities of the waste generated were very less. The natural
process of recycling and regeneration was sufficient to take care of
this disposed waste. On the contrary, in civilized world, the quantities
of the waste produced are so high that, nature cannot accommodate
and recycle such huge quantities(Abbasi-1999). Hence the need for
artificial treatment of the waste. The concept of treatment of
municipal solid waste routed in to system way back in 1960. Today
there are many methods available for the treatment of the municipal
solid waste. The selection of the best method depends on quality and
quantity of the waste to be treated and impact assessment studies.

1.9 Final Disposal system


The process of selection of right method for final disposal of the
solid waste is bit a difficult topic in solid waste management. This is
due to huge quantities and heterogeneity of the generated waste. In
addition, nix segregation of the waste creates further problems in
final disposal of the municipal solid waste. The disposal method
should be selected in such a way that the present requirements are
fulfilled and future situations are anticipated (C.S.Rao-2006). That is,
the method adopted should be sustainable one. It should not pollute
air water or land. A number of disposal methods for municipal solid
waste are used in different parts of the world. This includes open
dumping, sanitary landfill, incineration with or without energy
recovery, vermicomposting, aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Thus
residual municipal solid waste can be finally disposed off by the way
either of incineration or by landfillings. Incineration are the best
options for residual disposal of the MSW, but the high cost of
installations, operation and air pollution impacts have suppressed

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their use in the developing countries (Gerard Keily-2007).
Alternatively, sanitary landfilling is good option for MSW disposal in
the economically backwards and developing countries. In India, the
basic disposal method of municipal solid waste is open dumping. The
urban local bodies such as Brihan Mumbai Municipal corporation,
Thane Municipal Corporation, semi Urban bodies such as Kalyan,
Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Badlapur, of Maharashtra all together
produces about 10 % of the total municipal solid waste generated in
India. All the wastes generated are disposed off in the form of open
dumping methods.
Land filling is traditional means of disposal of MSW and is
considered to be the most economical and fastest method of
disposal(Judith Pett-1999). But due to unscientific dumping, it results
in environmental pollution. Modern landfill practice includes
monitoring programmes for incoming waste, for gas, for leachate,
etc. to control pollution of surrounding environment. The concept of
secure landfill with respect to hazardous waste management is
widely used for disposal of hazardous waste. In India, though the
household hazardous waste is dumped with MSW, the principles of
secure landfilling of MSW are still to route into the system. Instead of
sanitary landfillings the waste is simply dumped on the sites and in
very few case the site is closed with the soil. Thus there is no control
on leachates, landfill gases etc.

The natural capacity of the environment to tolerate and sustain


development has dwindled in the face of the ever increasing
discharge of pollutants. Consequently, the process being
unsustainable, the environmental harm is adversely affecting the
further progress in development. From here man has realized the
need for research in sustainable means of development in the field of
science and technology.

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The Stockholm conference of June 1972, the world
conservation strategy launched in 1980, the UN environment
conference on environment and development, 1992, and recently the
Kyoto protocol on global warming (feb-2005) are few of the
important steps taken in research of sustainable development
technologies. Use of Plasma arc technology is one such step in
disposals of MSW.

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