“The Study of Apple (Malus pumila) Seeds and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Juice as a Degreaser”

Karyle Anne S. Tabian

9-Mendeleev

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in Research 9

Calasiao Comprehensive National High School

Malong St Poblacion West Calasiao Pangasinan

Mirasol A. Vallo

Adviser
 Acknowledgement

The researcher would like to thank those who supported, and contributed in doing this

investigatory project proposal.

The researcher would like to express her gratitude to the Almighty God, for giving her

wisdom, hope and perseverance.

The researcher wants to acknowledge her appreciation to the following:

To the researcher’s parents, for supporting her all the way in doing the proposal;

To the researcher’s friends and classmates, for motivating her to finish the requirement;

To Ms. Mirasol A. Vallo, for teaching and guiding her the appropriate way of writing a

proposal and for entertaining all the concerns and questions.

To those who are not mentioned but helped, you are also appreciated by the researcher.

With the help of these persons, the researcher successfully fulfilled this proposal.

ii
 Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………..i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………..ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study……………………………………………………………...1

Objectives……………………………………………………………………………...3

Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………………….3

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………4

Scope and Delimitations……………………………………………………………….4

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………….5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Apple……………………………………………………………………………………7

Calamansi………………………………………………………………………………7

Baking Soda…………………………………………………………………………….9

Grease……………………………………………………………………………………10
 Natural Degreasers…………………………………………………………………….10

Related Studies………………………………………………………………………..11

Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………..14

METHODOLOGY

Research Design………………………………………………………………………15

Materials……………………………………………………………………………..16

Equipment……………………………………………………………………………16

Chemical and Reagents………………………………………………………………16

Plant Material…………………………………………………………………………16

Test Material………………………………………………………………………….16

Procedure……………………………………………………………………………..16

Time Table……………………………………………………………………………18

Data Collection………………………………………………………………………19

Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………..19
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Motor vehicles, as part of the transportation, have been part of the day-to-day scene in

our community. As of 2016, the population of motor vehicles in the Philippines accounts for

956,430 from the 799,373 in 2006 according to the Annual Vehicle Statistics 2016 of the Land

Transport Authority (2016). And according to John Voelcker (2014),1.2 billion vehicles are on

the world’s roads now and estimated that it will become 2 billion by 2035.Let’s now compare it

to the Philippine’s population. Additionally, according to Commission on Population, as of May

2,2017 10:54 AM, 103,973,076 Filipinos are monitored by the Population Clock. This shows that

when population in the country increases, then vehicle population also increases due to desire of

people nowadays to buy and have a car with better performance and is convenient for work hours

and family days.

With the rising numbers of cars in the country, people found a living out of it. They put

on vulcanizing shops. This is a tire shop where you can get your tires fixed or sorted out for a

few cents – from bicycles to heavy-duty trucks. Vulcanizing shops are a cottage industry in this

country, where the inner tube is aired in and soaked in a tub of water to see the hole puncture

where the leak is. Then they fix your wheel and your good to go to resume your journey (Daily

Two Cents,2015). And in vulcanizing shops, they use lubricants, to reduce friction in engines

and the best example of a lubricant is grease. Lubricating grease is a solid to semifluid product of

dispersion of a thickening agent in liquid lubricant. Other ingredients imparting special

properties may be included (ASTM D 288, Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to

 2

Petroleum) .But, this grease can stain in clothes, and is hard to remove just by a common

detergent.

Well, there is a natural remover for grease. It is acetic acid. It is mostly found in vinegar.

That is why vinegar is one of the common natural degreaser of all times. The acetic acid in

vinegar eats through the grease, saving you scrubbing time and frustrations (Huffstetler, 2016).

There is also another acid that is stronger than acetic acid. It is the citric acid from citrus fruits.

Both of these are relatively weak acids, but citric acid is slightly stronger than acetic

acid(Holloway,2017). We can also see through the potential of citrus fruits to remove grease

stains in clothes. Two of the common citrus fruits in the Philippines are apple and calamansi.

Fresh apples represent 42.6% of the overall value of Filipino-imported fruits during 2015

valued at a total US$205.6 million (Santiago,2017). Apples deserve to be called “nutritional

powerhouses”. They contain Vitamin C,B-complex vitamins, dietary fiber, phytonutrients and

minerals such as calcium, potassium and phosphorus. It contains 4.6 mg of Vitamin C per 100

grams (Nordqvist,2017). Apples have been grown for a thousand years in Asia and Europe and is

known to grow up to 39 feet in the wild using seeds. But for now, apple cultivators tend to use

rootstocks because it will control the height of the tree rather than the seed.

Calamansi or the Philippine lemon, is evergreen and small, attaining a height of 2-7.5 m

at maturity. Its broadly egg-shaped leaves are dark green above and pale green below. The

calamansi fruit is round, with greenish yellow to orange skin which can be easily peeled. There

are six to ten segments in a fruit with an orange colored, very acidic juice and each fruit has 4-11

seeds (Business Diary Phillipines,2017).

 3

Hence, this study was undertaken. The researcher wants to test the capability of apple

juice and calamansi juice to be a degreaser that can help household homes and also vulcanizing

shops.

Objectives:

The study deals with the potential of apple seeds and calamansi juice as degreaser.

General Objectives:

Generally, the purpose of the study is :

1. To find a natural degreaser that helps in removing grease stains from clothes.

Specific Objectives:

Specifically, the study addresses to achieve the following goals:

1. To be able to know if there is a significant difference between the vinegar and the apple

seed and calamansi juice degreaser.

2. To be able to measure the credentials of the degreaser out of apple seed and calamansi

juice when applied to cloth in terms of:

a. Stain Removal Effectiveness

b. Oiliness

Hypotheses:

This study will test the following hypotheses:

Ho -There is no significant difference between the degreaser out of apple seed and calamansi

juice and the vinegar.

 4

H1 -There is a significant difference between the degreaser out of apple seed and calamansi

juice and the vinegar.

Significance of the Study

Many vehicles are in the roads right now and making a business in vulcanizing shops is

very usual. These vulcanizing shops also have lubricants that help minimize friction in motor

engines. One of these is grease, that when stained in clothes is very sticky and oily that an

ordinary detergent can’t remove. But, with the help of natural degreasers, those containing acetic

acid, it lessens the worries of many people who run vulcanizing shops and of course, ordinary

people. Citrus fruits contain this acid, and the researcher found a potential for the two common

citrus in the Philippines that is available in the markets, apple and calamansi, to be a degreaser.

This study will also introduce new knowledge and feasibility of apple and calamansi, and to be

known as a degreaser also, rather than healthy and nutritional fruits.

Scope and Delimitations

The study is all about the potential of apple seed and calamansi juice to be part of

making an alternative degreaser for the sake of the end-users. This experimentation will be done

inside the area of Calasiao. The timeframe for the output and the research paper would be from

June 2017 to February 2018. And as a student researcher, it will be expected that the area of the

study would be limiting its researches at the components of apple seed and calamansi juice to be

produced as a degreaser and history and botany of these two fruits.

 5

Definition of Terms

To further understand this research, the following terms will be defined.

Acetic Acid. Acetic Acid is a synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal

properties. It is the acid in vinegar, the control in the study.

Ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, helps the body

make collagen, an important protein used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood

vessels. Another acid present in apples and calamansi.

Citric acid. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits including apples and

calamansi.

Flavonoid. Any of a large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar

to that of flavone. Both of apple and calamansi have this acid.

Lubricant. A substance, such as oil or grease, used for minimizing friction, especially in

an engine or component.

Malic Acid. Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in

many sour or tart foods. Apples have a large percentage of this acid in them.

Organic Acids. Organic acids are organic compounds that possess acidic properties. This

composes of citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid and succinic acids.

Phenolic Acids. Phenolic acids are aromatic secondary plant metabolites, widely spread

throughout the plant kingdom. Both the apple and calamansi have this acid.
 6

Succinic Acid. Succinic acid (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs

naturally in plant and animal tissues. The chemical is also known as “Spirit of Amber.” This also

contains in apples.

Teflon. A plastic with excellent self-lubricating (slippery) bearing properties. It is a

component of grease.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Apple

Apples (Malus pumila), taxonomically, are members of Rosaceae, the Rose family, along

with such other yummy edibles as pears, plums, peaches, cherries, strawberries, and raspberries.

DNA analysis indicates that apples originated in the mountains of Kazakhstan, where the

wild Malus sieversii—the many-times great-grandparent of Malus domestica, the modern

domesticated apple—still flourishes(Rupp,2014). Apples contain low citric acid, alongside

cherries, sweet peaches, sweet plums, mangoes, figs, olives and persimmons. Although citric

acid is present in these fruits, the levels are much lower than many other fruits. For example, 100

grams of cherries contains less than 0.1 grams of citric acid(Thompson,2014). "Apples are high

in polyphenols, which function as antioxidants,” said Laura Flores, a nutritionist based in San

Diego. “These polyphenols are found in both the skin of the apples as well as in the meat, so to

get the greatest amount of benefits, eat the skin of the apple."Apples are loaded with vitamin C.

Almost half of an apple's vitamin C content is just under the skin, so it's a good idea to eat apples

with their skins. Flores said that this is also where apples' fiber is found. Apples contain

insoluble fiber, which provides bulk in the intestinal tract. The bulk holds water that cleanses and

moves food quickly through the digestive system(Sharp,2014).

Calamansi

Calamansi extract is composed of ascorbic acid, phosphorus and calcium - this extract is

derived from a fruit tree that is native to the Philippines. Today, women in the Philippines (and
 8

around the world) use Calamansi extract to improve the beauty and quality of their skin and hair.

This extract may be found in skin lotions, such as body lotions or cold creams, or added to

shampoos and conditioners. Many women in the Philippines find the extract of Calamansi an

important element of staying youthful looking and growing long, shiny hair that is both strong

and glossy(Hayes,2014). The kalamansi fruit is of small size (3-4cm wide). It does not resemble

a lemon nor a lime, but was thought to be an hybrid of a lime and a mandarin orange or a

kumquat.The kalamansi fruit is rich in citric acid and vitamin C. It is used locally for hair care as

it confers a silky and shiny appearance to the hair and acts as an anti-itching agent. It is also used

in skin lightening formulations and can find applications for greasy skin care. The whole

kalamansi fruit contains a small level of carbohydrates (3%), minerals (1%), ascorbic acid

(0.1%), and citric acid (3%). The peel is rich in essential oils and ascorbic acid (0.15%). The

juice is very acidic and contains 5.5% citric acid. This is probably why it is used by the local

population as a rinse product after shampooing for shiny hair as the acid juice smooths the hair,

conferring a typically silky and healthy appearance.(King,n.d.) Calamansi helps achieve better

health. It Provides relief from constipation, helps cure acne, can be used as remedy for phlegm

and cough, can be used as treatment for insect bites, helps cure fever and colds, strengthens teeth

and gums, fortifies bones, and boosts the immune system. Calamansi is excellent for people with

respiratory diseases, such as asthma. It can also be used as part of your daily face cleansing

routine because it can help prevent blackheads, acne, and other skin flaws. For some people, they

also use the fruit to help whiten their skin. You can also use calamansi for your hair. Shampoo

your hair first and then use the fruit juice, which you can directly apply onto your scalp right

after shampooing. This can eliminate dandruff and itching, while promoting hair growth.

Calamansi can even be used as a deodorizer. Instead of using products that you can buy at stores,
 9

which contain unnatural ingredients, go for this organic remedy. Just apply to your underarms

and you’re good to go. Be aware though that the juice can stain white clothes. Still, it is easy to

remove. In fact, you can also use calamansi extract to get rid of stains when you wash your

clothes(Stethnews, 2015).

Baking Soda

Baking soda can clean up light-duty oil and grease spills by scrubbing the spots using

brush .It can also clean stained and stinky plastic food containers, a foul-smelling fridge,

unrinsed fruit and veggies, a filthy kitchen, extra greasy dishes and pans, stale-smelling sponges,

musty upholstery and carpets, a stinky pet bed, grimy toys, a crayon-covered wall, dusty stuffed

animals, dingy laundry, a clogged drain, smelly sneakers, garbage can odors, an oil spill on your

garage floor, a messy grill, dirty patio furniture, a dank linen closet and dull jewelry. Just mix it

with water or simply pour it into those places(Piro,2014).

Sodium bicarbonate , also known as baking soda is also used as medicines. It is used to

relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion by neutralizing excess stomach acid. When

used for this purpose, it is said to belong to the group of medicines called antacids. It may be

used to treat the symptoms of stomach or duodenal ulcers. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to

make the blood and urine more alkaline in certain conditions. Antacids should not be given to

young children (up to 6 years of age) unless prescribed by their doctor. Since children cannot

usually describe their symptoms very well, a doctor should check the child before giving this

medicine. The child may have a condition that needs other treatment. If so, antacids will not help

and may even cause unwanted effects or make the condition worse(Mayo Clinic,2017).
 10

Grease

Greases are made by using oil (typically mineral oil) and mixing it with thickeners (such

as lithium-based soaps). They may also contain additional lubricating particles, such as graphite,

molybdenum disulfide, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, aka teflon). Greases combine the

lubricating properties of oils with added stickiness, allowing the lubricant to adhere to the

surfaces better. Greases can even act as a barrier, protecting the surfaces from contaminants that

can corrode or damage them. Like oils, greases come in a range of consistencies, from ketchup-

thin to thick like cheddar cheese. One downside to grease is that because it’s so thick and sticky,

it can cause resistance in small or fast-moving mechanisms. It is used for gears, bearings, chains,

and linkages. You use them when you need lubrication to stay put and stick to surfaces for a long

time; you want to seal out contaminants such as water or dust; and you use a machine so

infrequently that you may forget to oil it(Bunker,2016).

Natural Degreasers

With white vinegar alone, you can apply grease stains in your house or in clothes. Just

mix 1 part of vinegar to 4 parts of water. Then rub it less and let it stand for 10 minutes before

rinsing with water. Other household products that can be degreasers are baking soda, cornstarch,

ammonia and lemons.

Baking soda is a common kitchen staple used for cooking, deodorizing and also for

cleaning. You can use baking soda in two ways as a clothing degreaser. For minor grease stains,

add a cup of baking soda to a load of laundry; the baking soda will lift the grease from the

garments in the load. But if you have a major grease spot on clothing, it is best to add water to
 11

the baking soda until it forms a thick paste, then scrub the stain with the paste and a damp cloth

prior to washing.

Cornstarch is an excellent product for removing grease from clothing, and it's common to

many homes. Many people keep this kitchen ingredient around as a thickening agent and for use

in various recipes, and now you'll use it to pull grease out of fabric. For the best results pour

cornstarch all over the grease spot, completely covering it, and leave it overnight. Gently brush

the cornstarch off the next day and put the fabric into the wash as usual. Using Talcum powder in

this way yields similar results.

Ammonia is a nitrogen-and-hydrogen compound commonly used in household cleaners,

but it is not commonly thought of as a laundry product. You can use ammonia for pretreating

grease-stained fabric directly before washing, or you can pour a small amount of ammonia

directly into the washing machine with your regular detergent. The ammonia will help lift the

grease out of the fabric -- but it is a hazardous chemical that will be harmful you anyone who

inhales its fumes. Always be careful when using ammonia, and be sure there is adequate

ventilation (Morgan,2017).

Related Studies

Organic acids are widely distributed in citrus fruits, and contribute to the tartness of citrus

fruits (242, 250, 270, 276). Similar to other citrus fruits, citric acid was determined to be the

major organic acid in calamansi juices while ascorbic and succinic acids were at much lower

levels (Table 6.2). Although dehydroascorbic acid was detected in calamansi juices, the level

was too low to be quantified. In general, the Philippines calamansi juice had the lowest amount

of organic acids, notably citric acid, while the Vietnam calamansi juice had the highest amount.
 12

L-Malic acid was the second most abundant organic acid, and was not statistically different

among the three countries (p>0.05). Compared to a previous study where citric and malic acids

in calamansi juices were determined (265), my results showed a higher citric acid content while

malic acid content was similar. Additionally, the Philippines calamansi juice had the highest

amount of succinic acid (0.15%), and its concentration was about twice as high as those of the

Malaysia and Vietnam calamansi juices.

Part from CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND AROMATIC PROFILES OF CITRUS AND

COFFEE IN ASIA. Cheong Mun Wai(2013).

The content of malic acid, the main organic acid in apples that accounts for

approximately 90% of the acid content25, varied from 12.9 to 78.6 g kg−1 . Content generally

decreases during ripening and storage of apples25. As the analyzed apples were all harvested

at commercial ripening and submitted to the same storage conditions, the high variability in

malic acid content may be related both to variable ability to accumulate malate in apple

parenchyma cells between the cultivars32 and to varying maturity at commercial ripening33.

Part from Sweet taste in apple: the role of sorbitol, individual sugars, organic acids and

volatile compounds. Aprea,E.et al.(2017)

Calamansi is a citrus fruit that is a bit smaller than a golf ball in size with a diameter of

up to 4.5 cm (1 ¾ in), looking quite a lot like a small lime with its round to oblate shape and

green color that turns orange as it ripens (Morton, 1987). However, it is picked at its green stage

due to the composition of the juice that can be extracted from it. It grows on trees that can grow

to become 7.5 m (25 feet) tall with a densely branched character making mechanization of

harvest near impossible. The calamansi tree and fruit currently go by the Latin name x
 13

Citrofortunella microcarpa (CAO, 2010), but it has had several Latin names over the years;

something that is worth taking into account when looking for research on the plant. 8 Its

common name, calamansi, has many synonyms as well, such as calamondin and Philippine lime.

The origin of the calamansi has not been established, but it is believed to potentially have

originated in China. Subsequently, it was brought to the Philippines and Indonesia where it was

established. (Morton, 1987). The trees are most abundant in the Philippines where both fresh and

processed calamansi is grown and consumed. Much of this calamansi is used for making

processed beverages. In the supermarket you can also find calamansi detergent and soap as well

as calamansi (flavored) soy; much like we are used to seeing lemon used in the US and Europe.

Part from Philippine Calamansi Association, Inc. Charting the path to success. Philippines

Calamansi Association(2014).

Malus pumila or Apple has 126.20 total phenolics mg GAE/100 g fresh mass, 48.50 total

flavonoids mg CE/100 g fresh mass, and 0.38 phenolics/flavonoids from its fruit.

Part from Table1. Phenolics and flavonoids acid content in the plant materials. Assessment of

phenol and flavonoid content in the plant materials. M. P. Srivastava, R. Tiwari & N. Sharma

(2013).
 14
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.A diagram showing the key variables in the study.

Independent Variable: Intervening Variable:

Dependent Variable:
Apple seed and Amount of Baking
Degreaser
Soda
Calamansi juice
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Two group design will be used in this experiment. The experimental (apple seed and

calamansi juice degreaser) will be compared to the texture and durability of the control group

(vinegar).Two group design is applicable because there are two comparable groups which is the

experimental group or the apple seed and calamansi juice degreaser and the control group,

vinegar.

Table 1.1.The table for determining the whiteness of the experimental and control group.

Experimental Group(Apple

Respondents Control Group(Vinegar) Seed and Calamansi juice

degreaser)

R1 X X

R2 X X

R3 X X

Table 1.2.The table showing the durability of the experimental and control group.

Experimental Group(Apple

Respondents Control Group(Vinegar) Seed and Calamansi juice

degreaser)

R1 X X

R2 X X
 R3 X X 16

Materials

White vinegar will be treated as the control. It will be found in the house or it can be

bought in the market. The researcher will need 15 mL of white vinegar. The experiment also will

require four bowls.

Equipment

The researcher will need a knife to slice the fruits. Be careful in handling the knife.

Chemical and Reagents

Baking soda will be needed in the experiment. The researcher will use 3 tablespoons of

baking soda.

Plant Material

The apple and calamansi will be purchased at the market. You will need six apples (for

the seeds), and ten fruits of calamansi.

Test Material

The researcher will be testing the setups in a white cloth with grease, one cloth for each.

Procedure

First, bring all the materials and ensure that everything is clean. Then, cut the apple into

halves. Get the seeds and boil them along with water. Simmer it for 30 minutes. And then get the

juice of the 10 calamansi fruits by squeezing it and put it in a bowl. Measure 10 tablespoons of
 17

each juice and mix them into one bowl. Add 3 tablespoons of baking soda to the mixture. Into

one bowl, pour the 15 mL vinegar into it. Then, the researcher will test the two setups in the test

material. Ready two white clothes with grease stain. Then apply the treatments into it. Observe.
 18

Time Table

The researcher will conduct the study from June 2017 to February 2018.

Table 2.0.The time table for conducting the study.

June 17,2017 Purchasing fresh calamansi and apples in

the market.

June 18,2017 Getting grease from a vulcanizing shop.

June 24-25,2017 Starting to make the test materials; white

cloth with grease.

July 1,2017 Conducting the first trial.

July 2 ,2017 Obtaining data by randomly picking 1

vulcanizing shop and let 3 of them evaluate.

August 12-13,2017 Starting again to make the test materials;

white cloth with grease.

August 26,2017 Conducting the second trial.

August 27,2017 Obtaining data by randomly picking 1

vulcanizing shop and let 3 of them evaluate.

September 23-24,2017 Starting again to make the test materials;

white cloth with grease.

September 30,2017 Conducting the third trial.

October 1,2017 Obtaining data by randomly picking 1

vulcanizing shop and let 3 of them evaluate.

November 11-February 16,2017 Doing and finishing Chapter 4 and 5.

 19

Data Collection

The researcher will be dealing with the study of apple juice and calamansi juice as a

degreaser. The researcher will randomly ask owners of vulcanizing shops to test and evaluate the

product. The researcher will use a Likert scale. This will be used by the evaluators that will be

the basis for their responses and evaluations.

Table 3.1.The Likert Scale for Stain Removal Effectiveness

5 Highly effective (stain gone)

4 Slightly visible

3 Faded

2 No change

1 Worse

Table 3.2.The Likert Scale for Oiliness

3 Efficient

2 Slightly efficient

1 Not efficient

Data Analysis

T-test will be the method of analyzing data to determine the potential of apple juice and

calamansi juice as a degreaser. The researcher wants to know the significant difference between

the apple seed and calamansi juice degreaser and the vinegar.
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