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Hasan Taherkhani
University of Zanjan
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Taherkhani, H.
concrete has been practiced by engineers and available to allow the occurrence of self-
investigated by researchers. A common healing. One solution is to raise the
method for improving asphalt concrete temperature of the material by inducing
performance is reinforcement. electrical energy into conductive asphalt
Reinforcement can be defined as concrete, because the healing can be
incorporation of certain materials with some accelerated with increased temperature (Park
desired properties within other material et al., 2014). The addition of fibers with high
which lack those properties (Maurer and energy absorbing capacity can increase the
Gerald, 1989). Use of fibers is one method energy absorbing property of asphaltic
of reinforcement, which can be used by mixtures which is beneficial for using as
randomly distribution of the fibers within the solar collector for heating adjacent buildings
material or applying oriented fibrous (Garcia et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2006). The
materials, e.g. geo-synthetics family. thermal energy collected by asphaltic
Addition of fibers into asphalt concrete mixtures is harvested by circulating a fluid
enhances its strength and fatigue through it (Sheeba and Rohini, 2014).
characteristics, while adding ductility. Other types of additives have also been
Furthermore, fiber reinforcement of asphalt used for improving the mechanical
concrete can increase its dynamic modulus properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete,
(Wu et al., 2007), resistance against moisture which are usually added to the bitumen.
damage (Putman and Amirkhanian, 2004), Polymers are among the most commonly
creep compliance, resistance against used materials in recent years for improving
permanent deformation (Chen et al., 2004), the performance of bitumen (Alatas and
freeze-thaw (Echols, 1989), ageing and Yilmaz, 2013; Dogan and Bayramli, 2009;
reflective cracking (Goel and Das, 2004). Sadeque and Patil, 2013; Sengoz and
Fibers have also shown to be able to prevent Isikyakar, 2008; Samsonov and Ureev, 2013;
the formation and propagation of cracks in Gama et al., 2016). Different types of
asphalt concrete (Maurer and Gerald, 1989). polymers, including plastics and elastomers
Fibers have also shown to be able to prevent are among the widely used polymers. They
the formation and propagation of cracks in have shown to improve the resistance of
asphalt concrete (Maurer and Gerald, 1989). bitumen against fatigue cracking, permanent
Fibers are also used in gap graded asphaltic deformation and low temperature cracking
mixtures, such as stone matrix asphalt, to (Issacson and Zeng, 1998). Polymers have
prevent asphalt drain down (Hansen et al., been reported to suffer from some
2000). limitations including the price, compatibility
Some types of fibers are used for with bitumen and stability during storage.
increasing the electrical conductivity of the Due to these limitations, the use of nano
asphalt mixtures, which is used for deicing scale non organic materials have attracted
and self-healing of micro cracks (Garcia et the attention of engineers and researchers for
al., 2013; Wu et al., 2006). Asphaltic improving the mechanical properties of
mixture is a self-healing material. Once the bitumen and asphaltic mixtures (Liu et al.,
load causing the micro cracks is removed, 2003; Ghafarpour Jahromi et. al., 2012;
the molecules on either side of each crack Shafabakhsh et al., 2015; Mohammad
starts diffusing to the other end, and the Yosuff et al., 2015; Shafabakhsh and Jafari
micro cracks are healed during the rest Ani, 2015). Nanoclay is among the nano
period. On the pavements under heavy materials which its effects on the properties
traffic, there is not enough rest period of bitumen and asphaltic mixtures have been
236
Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
investigated and showed to improve the specified in national code was used for
rheological properties of bitumen and making the mixtures. Figure 1 shows the
mechanical properties of the mixtures upper and lower limits of the gradation
(Ghile, 2005; Becker et al., 2002). specified in Code 234 (Iran Asphalt
Sufficient documents can be found in Pavement Roads, 2012), and the gradation of
literature, which have investigated the the mixture used in this research. Table 1
properties of fiber reinforced asphaltic shows some of the properties of the
mixtures. However, the research on the aggregates used in this research.
asphalt concrete reinforced by nylon fibers is The asphalt cement used in this research
limited. In addition, few research studies was a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen
have been conducted on the properties of supplied by Tabriz refinery. Table 2 shows
asphalt concrete containing nanoclay. It is the properties of the bitumen used for
worthy to compare the effects of nanoclay making specimens. The fibers (Figure 2a),
and nylon fibers on the properties of asphalt used for reinforcing the mixtures were
concrete. Therefore, in this research, the supplied by Middle East Dorochem Co.
effects of nylon fibers on the mechanical These fibers are made of nylon, which is
properties of a typical asphalt concrete have referred to a group of plastics known as
been compared with the asphalt concrete polyamides. Different types of nylon are
containing nanoclay. In addition, the effects available with different chemical
of using both the nylon fiber and nanoclay, compositions. The fibers used in this
simultaneously, in the asphalt concrete are research are made of nylon 6. This type of
investigated. nylon is very tough with good thermal and
chemical resistance. Table 3 shows the
MATERIALS physical and mechanical properties of the
fibers. The fibers were cut in 25mm, which
The materials used in this research include is the maximum aggregate size of the
aggregate, asphalt cement, nanoclay and mixtures, and used for reinforcement.
nylon fibers. Siliceous aggregates have been Nanoclays are nano-particles of layered
used in this study, which were obtained from mineral silicates. Nanoclay type Cloisite
a local quarry in Zanjan, a city in northwest 20A (Figure 2b) supplied by Rockwood
of Iran. They were washed, dried and sieved company was used in this research, which its
to be used for making the specimens. The properties are shown in Table 4.
gradation of binder course asphalt concrete,
(tests)
Absorption (%)
C127,128, D854
Density ASTM-
AASTM-D4318
Plasticity Index
Abrasion Test
ASTM-D2419
ASTM-D5821
ASTM-C131
Los Angeles
ASTM-C88
Sides (%)
Flakiness
Moisture
BS 812
Materials
Coarse Aggregate - 21 - 85 1.6 2.607 12 1
Fine Aggregate 53 - N.P - 2 2.593 - 1
Filler - - N.P - - 2.72 - -
237
Taherkhani, H.
100
lower limit of code
Passing percentage %
gradation
80
upper limit of code
gradation
60
mixture gradation
40
20
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Fig. 1. Gradation of the mixture aggregates
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Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
A. B.
239
Taherkhani, H.
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Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
241
Taherkhani, H.
The results also show that the voids in additives at the same amount. The highest
mineral aggregate (VMA) decreases with Marshall stability is obtained by reinforcing
increasing the nanoclay and nylon fibers the mixture with 0.4% of nylon fibers and
content in the mixture. The VMA includes addition of 7% of nanoclay, for which the
the volume of air voids and the effective Marshall stability is 34% higher than that of
bitumen in the mixture. Although the air the control mixture. The increase of the
voids content of the mixtures increases with Marshall stability of the mixtures containing
increasing the nanoclay and nylon fibers nanoclay is attributed to the microscopic
content; however, the inclusion of nanoclay morphology and surface properties of the
and nylon fibers in the mixture results in a nanoclay, which has not been investigated in
lower amount of effective bitumen, as shown detail in this research. The microscopic
in Table 7 for VFA. A minimum VMA value morphology is related to the geometry of
of 13% is required by the specification in nano-particles, which is effective on the
code 234 (Iran Asphalt Pavement Roads, interaction with bitumen and other
2012) for the asphalt concrete with the constituents of the mixture. The increase of
maximum aggregate size of 25 mm, which is the Marshall stability with increasing fiber
satisfied by all of the mixtures. The content is consistent with the findings of
minimum and maximum values of the VFA Jahromi and Khodaii (2008) and Tapkin
of asphalt concrete for heavy traffic are (2008).
defined by specification to be 60 and 75%, Figure 4 shows the flow of the mixtures.
respectively. As can be seen, all the mixtures As can be seen, the flow decreases with
meet the requirement of the specification increasing the nanoclay and nylon fibers
(Iran Asphalt Pavement Roads, 2012). content of the mixtures. In addition, the
mixtures containing both the nanoclay and
Marshall Tests Results nylon fibers have a lower flow than those
Figure 3 shows the Marshall stability of containing one of them, with the lowest flow
the mixtures. As can be seen, the Marshall for the mixture containing 0.4% of fiber
stability increases with increasing the nylon content and 7% of nanoclay. These results
fibers and nanoclay content of the mixtures. indicate that the additives used in this
It can also be seen that, the mixtures research cause stiffening of the mixtures.
containing both the nanoclay and nylon The minimum value of flow required by
fibers have higher Marshall stability than the specification (Iran Asphalt Pavement Roads,
mixtures containing only one of the 2012), for the asphalt concrete to be used in
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Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
binder course of heavy traffic highways is Quotient of the mixtures increases with
3mm, indicating that most of the mixtures increasing the nanoclay and nylon fibers
don’t meet the requirement. Marshall content, and the addition of both the
Quotient is defined as the ratio of the nanoclay and nylon fibers has a better effect
Marshall stability to the flow, which is an on the resistance against permanent
indication of resistance against permanent deformation. The mixture containing 0.4%
deformation (Hinislioglu and Agar, 2004). of nylon fibers and 7% of nanoclay has the
Figure 5 shows the Marshall Quotient of the highest Marshall Quotient, which is almost
mixtures. As can be seen, the Marshall 2.5 times of that of the control mixture.
11.8 11.85
11.32
12 10.62 10.81
9.81 10.15
10
8
6
4
2
0
NC
NC
NC
NF
NF
NF
NF NF
l
NF NC
NF NC
NF NC
NC
ro
nt
1%
2%
3%
3% .4%
2%
4%
7%
3% 4%
4% 7%
4% 4%
%
co
-7
0.
0.
0.
-
0. 0
0.
0.
0.
Mixture type
Fig. 3. Marshall Stability of mixtures
243
Taherkhani, H.
4 3.5
3.5 3.1 3.2
2.8 2.9
3 2.55 2.5
Flow (mm)
2.42 2.44 2.33
2.5 2.1
1.9
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
l
tro NC NC NC NF NF NF NF NC NC NC NC
on % % % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 % % % % %
c 2 4 7 0. 0. 0. 0. -4 -7 -4 -7
NF NF NF NF
3% .3% .4% .4%
0. 0 0 0
Mixture type
Fig. 4. Flow of the mixtures
Marshall Quotient (KN/mm)
8
6.92
7 6.04
6 5.32
4.87 4.64 4.91 4.8
5
3.8 3.9
4 3.27 3.37
2.8
3
2
1
0
NC
NC
NC
NF
NF
NF
NF NF
l
NF NC
NF NC
NF NC
NC
ro
nt
1%
2%
3%
3% .4%
2%
4%
7%
3% 4%
4% 7%
4% 4%
%
co
-7
0.
0.
0.
-
0. 0
0.
0.
0.
Mixture type
Fig. 5. Marshall Quotient of the mixtures
Resilient Modulus Tests Results with increasing the nanoclay and nylon fiber
Figure 6 shows the resilient modulus of content, indicating that these additives have
the mixtures. Resilient modulus is an a stiffening effect on the mixture. It can also
indication of the stiffness of asphaltic be seen that the mixtures containing both the
mixtures under traffic loading and its ability nanoclay and nylon fibers have a higher
to distribute the applied load on the resilient modulus than those containing only
underlying layers. Resilient modulus is also one of the additives. Over the range of the
related to the resistance against permanent utilized additives, it can be seen that, the
deformation and cracking. As can be seen, nylon fiber is more effective than the
consistent with the results of the Marshall nanoclay in increasing the resilient modulus
Quotient, the resilient modulus increases of asphalt concrete.
244
Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
4500
3805 3790 3830 3880 3910
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
l
tro NC NC NC NF NF NF NF NC NC NC NC
n % % % % % % % % % 4% 7%
co 2 4 7 0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4 -4 F-7 - -
NF N NF NF
3% .3% .4% .4%
0. 0 0 0
Mixture type
Fig. 6. Resilient modulus tests results
Dynamic Creep Tests mixture. The results also show that the
Figure 7 shows the dynamic creep tests resistance against permanent deformation of
results, where the accumulated strain after the mixtures containing both the nylon fibers
40000 of load cycles is shown for different and nanoclay is higher than that of the
mixtures. The lower accumulated strain is an mixture containing only the same amount of
indication of a higher resistance against nylon fiber and lower than that of the
permanent deformation. As can be seen, all mixture containing only the same amount of
of the mixtures containing additives are nanoclay. This may be due to the effect of
more resistant against permanent fibers in increasing the air voids content. It
deformation than the control mixture. It can can be concluded that, the highest resistance
also be seen that, the resistance against against permanent deformation is achieved
permanent deformation of the mixtures by the addition of 7% of nanoclay.
increases with increasing the nylon fibers
and nanoclay content. However, over the Fatigue Tests Results
range of the additives contents used in this Figure 8 shows the fatigue tests results,
research, the effect of nanoclay on the where the fatigue life is plotted against type
resistance against permanent deformation is of mixture. As can be seen, the mixtures
higher than that of the nylon fibers. This is containing additives have a higher fatigue
attributed to the microscopic interaction of life than the control mixture. However, over
nano-particles and bitumen, in part, and also the range of the additives content used in
the higher air voids content of the mixtures this research, reinforcing the mixture by
containing nylon fibers than those containing nylon fibers is more effective than the
nanoclay, as seen in Table 6. The addition of nanoclay on the increase of
accumulated strains of the mixture fatigue life. This is attributed to the increase
containing 7% of nanoclay and 0.4% of of tensile strength of the mixture through the
nylon fibers are 32% and 21.6%, interconnection of aggregate particles by
respectively, less than that of the control fiber reinforcement. This interconnection
245
Taherkhani, H.
may allow the material to withstand resistant against fatigue failure than the
additional strain energy before occurring mixtures containing only the fibers or
crack or fracture. The fatigue life of the nanoclay. The highest resistance against
mixture reinforced by 0.4% of nylon fibers fatigue is achieved by reinforcing the
and that of the mixture containing 7% of mixture by 0.4% of nylon fibers and addition
nanoclay are 26.6% and 16.67%, of 7% of nanoclay, which the fatigue life of
respectively, higher than that of the control the resulting mixture is 33% higher than that
mixture. However, the mixtures containing of the control mixture.
both the nylon fibers and nanoclay are more
Accumulated Strain (Micro strain)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
F
0 . NF
3 % 0 .4 F
0. NF- NF
C
0. C
4% - 7% C
F NC
F- NC
C
2% l
ro
N
N
N
1%
2%
3%
%
nt
4%
7%
4% - 4%
7%
co
3% 4
0.
F
N
N
0.
0.
0.
Mixture type
Fig. 8. Fatigue tests results
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Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
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Taherkhani, H.
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Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 49(2): 235 – 249, December 2016
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