UTILIZATION OF

ASSESSMENT DATA
A. BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS

Michael Dell A. Tuazon, LPT

Why do we study Statistics?
According to:

(J.T. McClave & F. Dietrich Jr., 1985)

“people need to develop a discerning sense of rational
thought that will enable them to evaluate data as to make
intelligent decisions, inferences and generalizations”

How about in terms of teaching?

Statistics plays a very important role in assessing the

performance of students, most especially in describing and
analyzing their scores through assessment activities.
What is Statistics?

What is Statistics?
What is Statistics?
Tate(1955) has beautifully summarized the different meaning of statistics…

“It’s all perfectly clear, you compute statistics from statistics by statistics.”

Meaning:
“It’s all perfectly clear, you compute statistics (mean, median, mode, etc) from statistics
(numerical facts) by statistics (statitical metods).”(Tate, 1955)

Thus,
Statistics is the branch of science that deals with the collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data.
Or
Statistics is the study of numerical information or data about a population.
 Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics involves the collection,
presentation, description, and
interpretation of numerical data gathered.
• Always Certain

Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics refers to the making of
conclusions about the population based on the
study of a sample.
• Subject to uncertainty
 Basic Terms in Statistics

Population
set of - the totality of all
observations or
allof
set
entities under
consideration
some
votes
votes
Sample
- representative portion of
a population
 Basic Terms in Statistics

Parameter
- a number that
set of describes a
characteristic of a
all
set of
population
some
votes
votes Statistic
- a number that describes a
characteristic of a sample
 Statistics as a discipline it is roughly defined as a
Data are “science of data”
information
gathered about
the sample or the
population.

They may be
qualitative or quantitative.
 Emotional Condition
Gender
QUALITATIVE

refers to the
characteristics or
attributes of a
sample Marital Status
 IQ

QUANTITATIVE
Height

refers to
numerical
information.

Monthly Income
Age
Numerical data gathered about the samples either
discrete or continuous.
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

Key word: Countable Key word: Measurement

Example: Example:

# of children in a family
The height of a student is 48.7 cm
# of barangays in a town or city
The weight of a child is 4.5kg
# of teachers in a school
Note: for discrete, decimal has no meaning.
Let’s Try

Determine whether the numbers obtained in the

following variables are discrete or continuous.

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5

Example 1
Spots on a die

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
WONDERFUL

NEXT
 TRY AGAIN

BACK
Example 2
Number of domestic animals in a barangay

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
WONDERFUL

NEXT
 TRY AGAIN

BACK
Example 3
Average Temperature of a place in one year

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
WONDERFUL

NEXT
 TRY AGAIN

BACK
Example 4
Books in a library

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
WONDERFUL

NEXT
 TRY AGAIN

BACK
Example 5
Height of basketball player

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
WONDERFUL

DONE
 TRY AGAIN

BACK
CONGRATULATIONS !
 SAMPLING
PROCEDURE

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

NONPROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Five of your classmates will be chosen to
represent the class in a general assembly of
the school. Suggest at least two ways of
selecting them.
QUESTION
There are four classifications of data or variables:
 Gender
Nominal Data
are variables which Soft Drinks
can be divided into
two or
more categories. Coca-Cola

Variables may be
real or artificial. Sarsi
Pepsi

Religion
Nominal Data Real – Natural Occurring Variable

are variables which Ex. Gender distribution

can be divided into Ethnic Origin
two or Nationality
more categories.
Artificial – “man-made” attributes following certain rules

Ex. Passing or Failing

Variables may be Introvert or Extrovert
real or artificial. Mild or Heavy Smoker
 Ordinal Data

are variables 2nd 3rd 4th

grouped 5th
according to 1st
rank or order. Ranking

Note:
The term “greater than” and “less than” will have meaning.
 My Score is 10
Interval Data points higher
than you

are numerical
data wherein
addition and
subtraction
have meaning.

Note:
Zero point is arbitrary but does not reflect an absence of the attribute
 Ratio

refers to a P0 P 200
P 150
variable where
equality of ratio P 100
or proportion are Examples:
Force,
equal Temperature,
and more…

Note:
Zero point is not arbitrary but indicates the total absence of the
property measured
Let’s try
1. Scores in an entrance exam? Interval

2. Levels of schooling (elementary/secondary/tertiary/graduate) Ordinal

3. Electric power consumptions of the school Ratio

4. Student number of a student Nominal