Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

The student should be able to:

1. Describe the structure and general function of the major types of blood vessels.
2. List and discuss the factors that determine peripheral resistance and arterial blood
pressure. Describe the relationship between blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral
resistance.
3. Describe the forces responsible for the return of venous blood to the heart.
4. Discuss the roles of each of the following in the regulation of blood pressure:
peripheral resistance, cardiac output, blood volume, baroreceptors, vasomotor centre,
adrenal medullary hormones, ANP, ADH, and angiotensin II.
5. Discuss the baroreceptor reflex in detail. Describe the location of all of the effectors
for this reflex and, for each effector, explain exactly HOW this effector would help
to return an increased or decreased blood pressure back to normal.
6. Describe the direct and indirect (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) mechanisms for renal
control of blood pressure.
7. Describe the metabolic and myogenic mechanisms of autoregulation of blood flow.
Compare the autoregulation of blood flow through the tissues of the skeletal muscles,
brain, skin, lungs, and heart.
8. List the different mechanism and routes molecules can take for exchange across
capillary walls. Contrast the purpose of this exchange with the purpose of bulk flow of
fluid across capillaries. List and describe the forces involved in bulk flow across
capillaries.
9. Compare and contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation. (See Table 19.3)
10. Do the following Review Questions at the end of Chapter 19: 1 – 10, 11 (parts 1, 2, and
5), 12 - 24.

Key Terms:
lumen, tunica intima, endothelium, tunica media, vasomotor nerve fibers, vasoconstriction,
vasodilation, tunica externa, arteries, elastic (conducting) arteries, muscular (distributing)
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoid
capillaries (sinusoids), capillary beds, thoroughfare channel, precapillary sphincter, venules,
veins, venous valves, varicose veins, venous sinuses, vascular anastomoses, collateral
channels
blood flow, blood pressure (BP), peripheral resistance (PR), viscosity, laminar flow, systolic
pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP)

vasomotor center, cardiovascular center, carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptors,

baroreceptor reflex, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), antidiuretic hormone (ADH,
vasopressin), angiotensin II, direct renal mechanism, indirect (renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone) renal mechanism, renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE), aldosterone, hypotension, hypertension

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