01 WATER MANAGEMENT WQ - Chapra PDF

EnvE EnvironmentalEngineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung
WATER MANAGEMENT (WQ)

Pengelolaan Air
WATER MANAGEMENT (WQ)

Critical concentration, c
• Engineers
• Industrial Revolution
• Design urban water and wastewater Waste loading,W
system WTP WWTP

Waste removed
• Simple sedimentation Vs. Costly CITY

physical/chemical treatment protect
the environment adequately, but
economically
• Predict WQ as a function of waste
loading
Water Quality Management Process

Desired concentration Cgoal
Desirable
Water use
Yes
Drainage Loadings W Water Concentration C
basin Quality C < Cgoal
model
No
Control
(Source: Chapra, 1997)

RATES
• Mass loading rate, W

• Volumetric flow rate, Q
• Mass flux rate, J
Ac RATES
• Mass loading rate,
U
W= Q c
c (b) Flow (Q=UA)
• Volumetric flow rate,
(a) Loading (W=Qc)
Q=vA
Q
• Mass flux rate,

c J= W/A
U
(c) Flux (J=Uc)
LOADING AND FLUX)
• Kolam (pond) dengan volume konstan dan tanpa outlet

memiliki luas, As 10.000 m2 dan rata-rata kedalamannya 2 m.
Konsentrasi awal 0,8 ppm. Dua hari kemudian, pengukuran
menunjukkan konsentrasinya meningkat menjadi 1,5 ppm.
• Tentukan mass loading rate selama periode tersebut

• Estimasi besarnya flux yang terjadi
LOADING AND FLUX

•The volume of the system:
• V = As H = 2 x 10,000 m2
• The mass of pollutant at the initial time:

m = V c = 1,6 x 10,000 g
and at 2 d is 3.0 x 10,000 g. Therefore, the increase in mass is
1.4 x 10,000 g
• Mass loading rate is

• W = 1.4 x 10,000 g/2 d = 7,000 g/d
• Flux of pollutant:
• J = W/As = 7,000 g/d/10,000 m2 = 0.7 g/m2. d
LOADING AND FLUX

“ Response of a physical system to
external stimuli”
Waste loading,W
QUALITY IN THE RECEIVING WATER AS WTP WWTP

A FUNCTION OF WWTP EFFLUENT Waste removed
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, CITY

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
RECEIVING WATER
c = f (W; physics, chemistry, biology)

C =1/a W
MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
Waste loading,W
C =1/a W
WTP WWTP
Waste removed
W=ac
a = W/c CITY
SIMULATION MODE
C =1/a W
DESIGN MODE I (Assimilative capacity)

W=ac
DESIGN MODE II (Environmental modification)

a = W/c
1. SIMULATION MODE
C =1/a W
2. DESIGN MODE I
? Dredging
Simulasi response (c) – stimulus
(Assimilative capacity) WQ standard
W=ac Artificial aeration
3. DESIGN MODE II
(Environmental modification)
a = W/c
WATER MANAGEMENT
c
• Empirical models, inductive,

data-based approach
1/a
• Mechanistic models, deductive,
theoretical approach
W
CONSERVATION OF MASS/
MASS BALANCE
CONSERVATION OF MASS/ MASS BALANCE
Accumulation = loadings + transport + reactions
Transport in LOADING
Reactions Transport out
System boundary
$/MGD
Capital construction cost
Vs. Δ$
Degree of treatment for

municipal WWTP Δ$
% removal
ΔLoad ΔLoad
100
secondary tertiary
(Source: Chapra, 1997)

ASSIMILATION FACTOR
Lake X in the early 1970s had a total phosphorous loading of
approximately 10,500 mta and in-lake concentration of 21
ug/L. In 1973 the province ordered a reduction of detergent
phosphate content. This action reduced loadings to 8,000
mta.
• Compute the assimilation factor for the lake

• What in-lake concentration would result from the detergent
phosphate reduction action?
• If the WQ objective is to bring in-lake levels down to 10
ug/L, how much additional load reduction is needed?
ASSIMILATION FACTOR
• The assimilation factor can be calculated:

A = W/c = 500 mta/ (ug/L)
• In-lake levels from the phosphate reduction:

c = W/a = 16 ug/L
• W = a c = 5000 mta
Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

Loading Outflow
Reaction
Settling
V dc/dt = W(t) – Qc –kVc - vAsc

Steady State Solution

V dc/dt = W(t) – Qc –kVc - vAsc
c = W/(Q + kV + vAs)
c = W/a
a = Q + kV + vAs
Example Steady State Solution

A lake has the following characteristics:
Volume = 50,000 m3
Mean depth = 2 m
Inflow = outflow = 7500 m3/d
Temperature = 25 C
The lake receives the input of a pollutant from three sources: a factory
discharge of 50 kg/d, a flux from the atmosphere of 0.6 g/m2/d, and the
inflow stream that has a concentration of 10 mg/L. If the pollutant decays
at the rate of 0.25/d at 20 C (θ=1.05).
(a) Compute the assimilation factor

(b) Determine the steady-state concentration
(c) Calculate the mass per time for each term in the mass balance

Volume = 50,000 m3
Mean depth = 2 m
Temperature = 25 C
The lake receives the input of a pollutant from three sources: a factory discharge of 50 kg/d, a
flux from the atmosphere of 0.6 g/m2/d, and the inflow stream that has a concentration of 10
mg/L. If the pollutant decays at the rate of 0.25/d at 20 C (θ=1.05).
(a) Compute the assimilation factor

(b) Determine the steady-state concentration
(c) Calculate the mass per time for each term in the mass balance
Solution
(a) The decay rate (correction):
k = 0.25 x 1.0525-20 = 0.319/d
Then the assimilation factor:
a = 7500 + 0.319(50,000) = 23,454 m3/d
a = Q + kV

Solution:
(b) The atmospheric load :
Watmosphere = J As= 0.6(25,000) = 15,000 g/d
The load from the inflow stream:

Winflow = 7500(10) = 75,000 g/d
The total loading:

W = Wfactory + Watmosphere + Winflow = 50,000 + 15,000 + 75,000 = 140,000 g/d
the concentration can be determined:

c = 1/a . W = 1/23,454 (140,000) = 5.97 mg/L
(c) The loss due to flushing through the outlet:

Qc = 7500(5.97) = 44,769 g/d
and the loss due to reaction

kVc = 0.319 (50,000) 5.97 = 95,231 g/d

Factory Atmospheric
Loading Loading
50 kg/d 15 kg/d
Inflow (35.7%) (10.7%)
Loading Outflow 44.8 kg/d
75 kg/d (53.6%) 32%
Reaction
95.2 kg/d (68%)

V dc/dt = W(t) – Qc –kVc – vAsc
W(t) = Qc +kVc + vAsc
W(t) /V= Qc/V +kc + vc/H

= c [Q/V +k + v/H]
Eigen value, λ : A characteristic value
The General Solution

for system recovery time, loading is terminated (W(t)=0)
c = c0 e- λ t

Q/V +k + v/H
Eigen value, λ : A characteristic value
The General Solution

for system recovery time, loading is terminated (W(t)=0)
c = c0 e- λ t
c Decreasing λ
0.1
c 0.2
0.3
0 t
0 t

Previously determined
Volume = 50,000 m3
Mean depth = 2 m
Temperature = 25 C Waste loading = 140,000 g/d Decay rate = 0.319/d
If the initial concentration is equal to the steady-state level (5.97 mg/L), determine
the general solution.

Previously determined
Volume = 50,000 m3
Mean depth = 2 m
Temperature = 25 C Waste loading = 140,000 g/d Decay rate = 0.319/d
If the initial concentration is equal to the steady-state level (5.97 mg/L), determine
the general solution.
Solution
The eigenvalue: 5.97
λ = Q/V +k = 7500/50,000 + 0.319 = 0.469/d
The general solution

c = 5.97 e-0.469t
0 10

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EnvE EnvironmentalEngineering

Institut Teknologi Bandung

WATER MANAGEMENT (WQ)

WATER MANAGEMENT (WQ)

system WTP WWTP

• Simple sedimentation Vs. Costly CITY

Water Quality Management Process

(Source: Chapra, 1997)

• Mass loading rate, W

• Mass flux rate,

LOADING AND FLUX)

• Kolam (pond) dengan volume konstan dan tanpa outlet

• Tentukan mass loading rate selama periode tersebut

LOADING AND FLUX

• The mass of pollutant at the initial time:

• Mass loading rate is

LOADING AND FLUX

QUALITY IN THE RECEIVING WATER AS WTP WWTP

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, CITY

c = f (W; physics, chemistry, biology)

DESIGN MODE I (Assimilative capacity)

DESIGN MODE II (Environmental modification)

• Empirical models, inductive,

CONSERVATION OF MASS/ MASS BALANCE

Accumulation = loadings + transport + reactions

Capital construction cost

Degree of treatment for

(Source: Chapra, 1997)

• Compute the assimilation factor for the lake

• The assimilation factor can be calculated:

• In-lake levels from the phosphate reduction:

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

V dc/dt = W(t) – Qc –kVc - vAsc

Steady State Solution

Example Steady State Solution

(a) Compute the assimilation factor

Example Steady State Solution

(a) Compute the assimilation factor

Example Steady State Solution

The load from the inflow stream:

The total loading:

the concentration can be determined:

(c) The loss due to flushing through the outlet:

and the loss due to reaction

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

W(t) /V= Qc/V +kc + vc/H

Eigen value, λ : A characteristic value

The General Solution

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

The General Solution

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

Mass Balance & Steady-State Solution

The general solution

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