Tab 8 Surge Arresters PDF

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Tab 8 Surge Arresters
em
Distribution System Engineering Course – Unit 10
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© 2017 Siemens Industry Inc., All Rights Reserved

Surge Arresters
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n The main protective devices against system transient overvoltages.
n The key component in insulation coordination
en
n Extensively used to protect non self-restoring insulation of power
transformers
em
© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

Unit 10-Lightning and Surge Protection
Si
March 2017
Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
8-2
Functions of a Surge Arrester
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n During normal operation:
em
- High resistance during operation at normal voltages
- Only a small flow of current
- No adverse effect on the power system

n Limit overvoltages to prevent insulation failures

- Low resistance during overvoltages
Si
- High discharge current
- Sufficient energy absorption capability for stable operation
March 2017
- Withstand surges without incurring any damage and without causing a fault

8-3
Surge Arrester Evolution
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Line Voltage
Spark Spark Spark Gap
en
Spark Gap Gap With
Gap With With Non-Linear
Resistor Expulsion Tube Resistor
[Silicon Carbide]
em
Extremely
Non-Linear

Resistor
[Metal (Zinc) Oxide
Si
Varistor]
March 2017
8-4
Ideal Arrester
s
Voltage
en
1 pu ---
em Current

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March 2017
8-5
Metal Oxide vs. Silicon Carbide
V-I Characteristic
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en
em

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March 2017
8-6
Silicon Carbide (SiC) Arrester
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n The spark gap assembly contains multiple series gaps and
voltage grading components
en
n Spark gap withstands the normal power frequency voltage
n Typical spark over is 1.8-1.9 pu
n After spark over, most of the voltage drop is across the SiC
blocks em
n Current continues to flow until a power frequency current
zero

Si
March 2017
8-7
Silicon Carbide Arrester
s
en
Volts
Discharge
Sparkover Voltage
Voltage
em Time
Crest
Amperes
Discharge

Current

Si
March 2017
Time
8-8
Current in an SiC Arrester
s
en
Power follow current
Volts and Amperes
cleared at zero crossing

lightning surge Line Voltage
initiates
flashover of
arrester gap
em power follow current continues

Time
Arrester current after lightning is finished

during lightning
discharge
Si
March 2017
8-9
Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
s
n No spark gaps for most HV & EHV MOV arresters
n MOV blocks must withstand the normal power
en
frequency voltage with little current flow
n Typical range for onset of significant current flow is
1.7-1.8 pu
n Current flow diminishes as soon as voltage surge
em
subsides (does not ‘wait’ until a power frequency
current zero)

Si
March 2017
8-10
Voltages and Current for
A Surge Arrester in a Simple Circuit
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160 70
kV
140
- CURRENT (A)
en
120 35
100
0
80 kA
0 2 4 6
60
SURGE V (kV) - (file Example1.pl4; x-var c:NODE#0-) t v:NOD
factors: 1.00E-03 1 1.00E-
40
20
em ARRESTER V (kV) 100 kV
offsets: Zs=300 W
0 0 0

0 2 4 6 8 10

[us]
(filen The peak x-var
Example1.pl4; current
t) is 162.3 A.
v:VSURGE v:NODE#0 c:NODE#0-
factors: 1 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
n =10 48.7 kV.
Si
offsets: The voltage drop
0 across
0 the resistor is00.1623 x
300
n The peak arrester voltage is 100 - 48.7 = 51.3 kV.
March 2017
8-11
Surge Arrester Terms
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Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV)
Voltage Rating (Duty Cycle Rating)
en
Power-Frequency Sparkover Voltage
Impulse Sparkover Voltage
Discharge Current
em Discharge Voltage (Residual Voltage)
Protective Level
Protective Margin

Arrester Class
Si
March 2017
8-12
Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage
s
n MCOV
n Units are kV rms
en
n The maximum permissible steady state operating voltage
n MCOV ³ Maximum System Operating Voltage
n Design value
n For example:
em
- Nominal voltage is 13.8 kV rms line-line
- Maximum line-neutral voltage is 1.05 x 13.8/√3 = 8.4 kV rms
- Select a catalog arrester with an MCOV ≥ 8.4 kV

Si
March 2017
8-13
Voltage Rating (Duty Cycle Rating)
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n kV rms
en
n The maximum permissible operating voltage between its terminals at which an arrester
is designed to perform its duty cycle.
n Value on the nameplate em

Si
March 2017
8-14
Power-Frequency Sparkover Voltage
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n kV rms
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n The lowest power frequency sinusoidal voltage causing sparkover
em

Si
March 2017
8-15
Impulse Sparkover Voltage
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n kV peak
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n The highest value of impulse voltage attained prior to the flow of discharge current.
n 1.2 x 50 μs standard wave shape

em

Si
March 2017
8-16
Discharge Current
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n A or kA peak
en
n The magnitude of the current that flows through an arrester following sparkover.
em

Si
March 2017
8-17
Discharge Voltage (Residual Voltage)
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n kV peak
en
n The voltage that appears across the terminals of an arrester during the passage of
discharge current.
em
n Maximum values are usually available from the manufacturer for currents of 1.5, 3, 5,
10, 20, 40 kA with a wave shape of 8 x 20 μs
n 8 x 20 μs factory test wave shape rises to crest in 8 μs and decays to one-half crest

value in 20 μs
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March 2017
8-18
Protective Level
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n Lightning Impulse Protective Level
n Switching Impulse Protective Level
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em

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March 2017
8-19
Typical Arrester Characteristics
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en
em

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March 2017
8-20
IEEE Defined Arrester Protective Margins
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n PML1=[(CWW/FOW)-1]*100 ≥ 20%
CWW – Chopped Wave Withstand
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FOW – Front of Wave Protective Level
n PML2=[(BIL/LPL)-1]*100 ≥ 20%
BIL – Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation Level
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LPL – Lightning Impulse Protective Level
n PMS=[(BSL/SPL)-1]*100 ≥ 15%

BSL – Basic Switching Impulse Insulation Level
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SPL – Switching Impulse Protective Level
March 2017
8-21
Transformer Insulation Strength
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em

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March 2017
8-22
Insulation Coordination Concept
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em

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March 2017
8-23
Arrester Class
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n Station Class
n Intermediate Class
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n Distribution Class
- ANSI C62.1, Test Requirements for Arrester Classification.

em
- ANSI C62.2, Arrester Characteristics

Si
March 2017
8-24
Station Class Arresters
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n Most rugged construction
n Greatest surge current discharge ability
en
n Lowest voltage drop
n Best equipment protection
n Recommended for
em
- 150 kV and above substations
- Large capacity substations
• 10 MVA and above
- Smaller but important substations

Si
March 2017
8-25
Surge Arrester Applications
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n Overhead transmission & distribution lines
n
en
Substation equipment
n Distribution equipment on overhead lines
n Underground distribution cables
n LV Secondary systems em
n Generators & motors
n Commercial/Industrial loads

Si
March 2017
8-26
Surge Arrester Locations in Open Air Systems
n Power & distribution transformers
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n Shunt and series reactors
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n Shunt and series capacitor banks
n Cable terminations
n GIS terminations
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n Switching equipment

n OH Line terminations in substations (optional)
Si
March 2017
n OH Line towers & poles (optional)
8-27
Cable with Riserpole Arrester Only
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em

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March 2017
8-28
115 kV OH to Cable at Lake Champlain
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en
em

Si
March 2017
8-29
Surge Arrester Locations
in UG Cable Systems
n Lightning surges can enter the underground system at a riser pole to an overhead line.
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en
em

Si
March 2017
8-30
Distribution Substation Power Transformer
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n mount on tank
n close to bushings
en
n HV & LV sides 138 kV
23 kV
em

Si
March 2017
8-31
Solidly Grounded System
A
s
n Arrester subjected to line-to-
ground voltage during the fault.
en
B
n MCOV ³ VLN
em C
Fault to Ground

Si
March 2017
8-32
Ungrounded System
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n Arrester subjected to A
line-to-line voltage
en
during the fault. B
C
n MCOV ³ VLL
em Fault to Ground

Si
March 2017
8-33
60 Hz Voltage Consideration
in Applying MOV Arresters
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n Make sure arrester MCOV is at least as high as the maximum sustained voltage on the
system.
en
n For ungrounded systems, the maximum sustained voltage can be the phase-to-phase
voltage.
em
n For multi-grounded systems, make sure arrester TOV capability is not exceeded during
faults.

Si
March 2017
8-34
Thermal Runaway
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disc temperature
en
thermal
runaway
large
small energy
energy surge
surge em
time

Si
March 2017
8-35
Failed Arrester - Porcelain Construction
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en
çOK
em çFailed Arrester
çOK

Si
March 2017
8-36
Silicone MOV Arrester Damage Following Test
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em

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March 2017
8-37
Summary
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n Arresters must present a high impedance for steady state voltages and modest levels of
TOV.
en
n Arresters must discharge significant current and absorb energy during lightning and
switching surges.
n Arresters protect insulation by limiting the surge voltage below the insulation failure
level. em
n Metal oxide varistors (MOV) and silicon carbide (SiC) gapped arresters have been
installed.
n MOVs are used for new applications or replacements.

Si
March 2017
8-38
IEEE Std C62.22
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n IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current
Systems
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em

Si
March 2017
8-39

Tab 8 Surge Arresters PDF

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© 2017 Siemens Industry Inc., All Rights Reserved

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

Unit 10-Lightning and Surge Protection

Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)

Spark Spark Spark Gap

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

Unit 10-Lightning and Surge Protection

cleared at zero crossing

em power follow current continues

Arrester current after lightning is finished

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

Unit 10-Lightning and Surge Protection

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

n Value on the nameplate em

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

n 1.2 x 50 μs standard wave shape

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

- ANSI C62.1, Test Requirements for Arrester Classification.

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

n Power & distribution transformers

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

© 2017 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens PTI

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