Você está na página 1de 3

Rheologica Acta Rheol.

Acta 21, 733- 735 (1982)

Unsteady flow in the Ekman layer of an elastico-viscous liquid

R. N. J a n a , A . S. G u p t a , a n d N. D a t t a

Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (India)

Abstract: The transient flow in the Ekman layer of an elastico-viscous liquid


near a flat plate is discussed. Initially the fluid and the plate were rotating
together and the plate then suddently starts moving with a uniform velocity in its
own plane relative to the rotating frame of reference. It is shown that the
ultimate steady state is reached through decay of inertial oscillations whose
frequency decreases with increase in the elastic parameter.

Key words." Unsteady flow, inertial oscillation, Ekman layer, elastico-viscous


liquid

In this note we examine the following unsteady problem In eq. (4), Ux and Uy denote the velocity components
in an elastico-viscous liquid. Consider an infinite plate co- along the x and y axes and v = ~I/P. It should be noted that
inciding with the plane z = 0 and rotating in unision with an due to the nature of the present problem, eq. (2) and (3) do
elastico-viscous liquid occupying the region z > 0 with a not involve any nonlinear terms as are usually introduced by
uniform angular velocity f2 about the z-axis for time t ~< 0. the convected derivative O/6t as well as by the convective
At time t > 0, the plate starts moving with a uniform terms of the substantial derivative D / D t . Thus the problem
velocity U0 along the x-axis relative to the rotating frame of essentially becomes equivalent to one of linear viscoelastic-
reference. The horizontal homogeneity of the problem ity. The initial and boundary conditions are
demands that conditions depend on z and t only. The
equation of continuity together with the no-slip condition at UI=U2=0 for t'~<0, (5)
the plate then shows that the z-component of the velocity
vanishes everywhere. UI=I, U2=0 at z'=0 for t'>0, (6)
For the constitutive equation we adopt Walters' liquid B'
[1] with short memory, given by U1--,0, U2~0 as z'-~c~ for t'>0. (7)

p,~ = 2rle O)ik In what follows we shall omit primes in the foregoing equa-
2 k 0 ~ - e tl)ik , (1)
tions. Eq. (2) and (3) can be combined as
-

where p'ik is the deviatoric stress tensor and cS/Ot denotes the
upper convected differentiation of a tensor. Further r / a n d
k 0 stand for the limiting viscosity at small rates of shear and
Oq ( 1- + 2i.Qq = O, (8)

the elastic coefficient, respectively. where


Using eq. (1), the equations of motion in a rotating frame
of reference are q = U1 + i U2. (9)

0U1 (1- k 0 ~ 02/.]1 _ 212'Uz= 0 (2) Using Laplace transform and the conditions
Ot' _ Ot' i/ Oz '2 ' 1
;~(O,p) = ~-, ~(oo,p) = 0 (lo)

oe2Olt (I -- k Ot'O-~- T02U2


- w - . + 2f2'U, = 0, (3) (which follow from eqs. (6) and (7)), eqs. (5) and (8) give
/ oz"

where O(z,p) = -p- e x p - ---~p , (11)

z ' = Uoz/v, t ' = U2t/v, U1 = Ux/Uo,


where Cl(Z,P) is the Laplace transform of q(z,t). To in-
U2 = U J U o , I 2 ' = v I 2 / U g, k = koU2/(pv2). (4) vestigate the asymptotic nature of the solution for large
845
734 Rheologica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 6 (1982)

time, we assumep ,~ 1. Eq. (11) can then be approximated with


by
4 f22 k t z2
A1 -
?:I(Z,P) = P-~ e x p [ - b(p + a2)1/2] , (12) 1 + 4k202 4t'

where

a 2 = 2if2/(1 + 2ikf2), b = (1 + 2ikI2)1/2z. (13)


1:2( t k2) 1 + 4k2Q 2 4t

Eq. (12) gives on using the table of the inverse Laplace trans- ]1/2,
(1 + 4k2Q2) 1/2 + 1
form due to Campbell and Foster [2], t21 =
q(z,t) = ~ [e~berfc(~t -1/2 + at v2) f 2

+ e- ab erfc({ t - 1/2 -- a tl/2)] . (14) ill= [(1 + 4kZQ2)1/2- 111/2


2
It is also known from Lebedev [3] that

erfc(z) - z-l~z-1/Zexp(-z 2) as I z l ~ co (15) A2 = alA1 + fllB1, BE = /~1A1 - a l B l . (20)

The dimensionless skin-friction can be calculated from


together with e r f c ( - z ) = 2 - erfc(z). Using (15) in (14)
eqs. (13) and (14) as
and separating q(z, t) into real and imaginary parts (see
eq. (9)), we get the asymptotic expressions for U1 (z, t) and 1/2
U2(z, t) for large t as - 0(--~-z) = ( 1 + i)f21/2erf[. 2iOt
~-o I + 2ikI2
Ul(z, t) = - P ( z , t). [ z (/it)-1/2. (A 2 + n2) -1
/z 1 + 2ik~2 exp 2i~t

• exp - +
+ f 7rt J :I 1 + 2ikO
(21)
1 "

1 + 4k2~'22
As t -~ 00, the above equation gives the steady-state skin
+ e-Z t21/2COS(Z~,~I/2) , (16) friction as (1 + i)~1/2, which agrees with the classical result
for Ekman spiral near a plate in a rotating frame (see
Batchelor [4]). It is of interest to have an estimate of the
time which elapses from the start of the plate in the rotating
U2(z, t) = - Q(z, t). I 2 ( n t)-1/2 (A 2 + B 2)-1 frame till the steady state is reached. This can be found as
follows• It is clear from eq. (21) that the steady state is
reached after a time to where

erf 2iOt° = 1.
• exp - + 1+4k2122
1 + 2ikO
_ e-Za v2 sin(zOl/2) ,
(17) Since eft(x) = ] when Ix I = 2, it follows that
where to = 2(1 + 4kZf2z)l/z/I2. (22)

P(z,t) = A 2cos I2 / .--7---+ This shows that for fixed 0 , the time to attain the steady
state increases with the elastic parameter k.
The distinctive feature of the above asymptotic solution is
that the first terms on the right side of eqs. (16) and (17)
confirm the existence of inertial oscillations which decay
+ B 2sin f2 t.--7- + (18) exponentially with time. Eqs. (18) and (19) show that for
1 + 4k2122
large time, the effect of rotation manifests itself through

Q(z,t) = B 2cOs 120


[ ( Z2+ t)] these oscillations with frequency 2~2/(1 + 4k2122). Clearly
this frequency decreases with increase in k. When k = 0,
this frequency reduces to 2 0 , which agrees with the result of
L 1 + 4k202 Chawla [5].
It is also clear from eqs. (16) and (17) that in the ultimate
steady state, the velocity distribution reduces to the familiar
A2sin
I2 g2 (\-~-~
-kz2
+
Ekman spiral (see [4]). The fact that this distribution is
- (19) independent of k could also have been anticipated from eqs.
1 + 4k2g'2 2
(2) and (3) upon putting O/Ot' = O.
Jana et al., Unsteady flow in the Ekman layer of an elastico-viscous liquid 735

Acknowledgement 4. Batchelor, G. K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics,


One of the authors (R. N. J.) wishes to express his thanks Cambridge University Press (Cambridge 1967).
to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 5. Chawla, S. S., J. Phys. Soc. Japan 23, 663 (1967).
for financial provision for this research. (Received November 3, 1981;
in revised form July 13, 1982)

References
Authors' address:
1. Waiters, K., J. Mecanique 1, 474 (1962).
2. Campbell, G. A., R. M. Foster, Fourier Integrals for Prof. A. S. Gupta et al.
Practical Applications, Van Nostrand (New York 1948). Department of Mathematics
3. Lebedev, N. N., Special Functions and their Applica- Indian Institute of Technology
tions, Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1965). Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal (India)

Você também pode gostar