18/05/2017

SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER CERTIFICATE COURSE

Accredited With 5 Stars

Accredited With 4 Stars On
On Certified Training Centre
Colleges Quality Systems Star Rating
National Best Training Provider Award
By By
MOHE My Quest 2012 / 2013 Skills Development Department
ƒ Human Resource Minister Award 2010
(High Education Department) (JPK / DSD)
ƒ HRDF Award 2013
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INCIDENT PREVENTION

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Learning Objectives

• To define what is incident 
• To explain the causes of incident & role 
of management control
• To explain 3 theory on accident 
causation
• To list the cost involved in an incident
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Scope

• Principles of loss prevention

• Causes of incidents 

• Incidents and productivity

• Approach to loss prevention

Principles of 
Incident  Prevention

1. Incident prevention is good management

2. Management and workers must fully 
cooperate

3. Top management must lead

Principles of 
Incident  Prevention

4. There must be an OSH policy

5. Must have organisation and resources to
implement the OSH policy

6. Best available information and technology
must be applied 
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What Is An Incident?
• An incident is:
– An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events

– That occurs through a combination of causes 

– Which result in:
• Physical harm (injury, ill‐health or disease) to an 
individual,
• Damage to property, 
• A near‐miss,
• Any combination of these effects.  7

Why Prevent Incidents?

• Legal

• Human Rights

• Business

CAUSES OF INCIDENTS

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Types of Incidents

• Cause immediate injury or damage to 
equipment or property:
– A forklift dropping a load
– Someone falling off a ladder

• That occur over an extended period:
– Hearing loss
– Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals
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Early Theory Of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social
environment

Fault of a
person

Unsafe
act/condition

Accident

Injury
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Heinrich’s
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social
environment

Fault of a
person

Unsafe
act/condition

Accident

Injury
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Accident Causation Model (1974)

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The Three Basic Causes of Accidents

Poor Management Safety Policy &

œ Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Unsafe Act Basic Causes Unsafe
ž
Indirect causes Condition

Unplanned Incidence ACCIDENT

Personal Injury,
Direct Causes Property Damage
Three Basic Causes Of Accident
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Lack of Management Control

• Management responsible for:
– Selection of workers 
– Machinery and equipment
– System of work 
– Information and training 
– Supervision, etc
• The accident prone worker  is a false  
approach. It is like blaming the victim 
instead of the perpetrator.
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Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Cause A
(Poor lighting)

Cause B Accident
(Not look where going) (Trip)

Cause C
(Wood in walkway)

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.
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Fall From a Defective Ladder

– Why was the defective ladder not found 
during normal inspection? 

– Why did the supervisor allow its use? 

– Didn't the injured employee know it should 
not be used?

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Fall From a Defective Ladder

– Was the employee properly trained?

– Was the employee reminded not to use the 
ladder? 

– Did the superior examine the job first? 

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Trip Although Warned in 
Dark Walkway

– Was there a necessity for that person to 
walk in that area or was there a safer route. 

– If the person was not in a hurry would they 
have been more aware of their 
surroundings and avoided the wood. 

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Trip Although Warned in 
Dark Walkway

– If the area was better lit would the person 
have avoided the wood.

– Could the wood have been removed.

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The Accident Pyramid

1 Fatal / Serious injury

3 Lost days

50 First aid

80 Property

400 Near misses

TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
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Accepted Accident Theory
• Multiple Causation Theory
– A single unsafe act or condition may or may 
not cause an accident but both are caused by 
lack of management control.

• Bird Loss Causation Model
– In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of 
quality control.

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Accepted Accident Theory

• Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
– Blaming victim and lack system thinking, continual 
improvements, upstream control and worker 
participation. 

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Productivity Aspect Of OSH

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Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg

Direct It is estimated that 
Costs for every $1 in 
direct incident 
Indirect
costs, there are 
Costs
anywhere from $4 
to $11 in indirect or 
“hidden” costs.

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The Hidden Costs
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.
Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs

1. Product and material  7. Investigation time
damage 8. Supervisors time diverted 
2. Plant and building  9. Clerical Effort
damage 10.Overtime working
3. Tool and equipment  11.Temporary labour 
damage
4. Expenditure on  12.Loss of expertise / 
emergency experience supplies
5. Fines  13.Clearing site
6. Legal costs 14.Production delays

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Incident Prevention Costs

• DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine guards) 

• OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE, 
etc.)

• SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health 
surveillance, audits etc) 

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Cost‐ Benefit Analysis Of Control 
Measures

• Compare specific incident costs with 
cost of specific improvement being 
suggested.

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

• All injuries and occupational illnesses are 
preventable.

• Management is directly responsible for doing 
this.

• Safety is a condition of employment.

• Training is required. 29

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety 
Management
• Safety audits and inspections must be carried 
out.

• Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.

• All unsafe practices, incidents and injury 
accidents will be investigated. 30

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

• Safety away from work is as important as 
safety at work

• Incident prevention is cost‐effective; the 
highest cost is human suffering.

• Employees must be actively involved.

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Summary

• Incident in the workplace is largely caused by 
lack of management control
• “If you think safety is expensive, try accidents”
• Implement an appropriate company policy
• Control OSH risk 
• Put a management system in place
• Promote Occupational Safety and Health 

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Anugerah Menteri Sumber Agensi Kelayakan Malaysia Pembangunan Sumber SME Corp Universiti Teknologi Jabatan Pembangunan
Suruhanjaya Tenaga
Manusia 2010 & PSMB 2013  Malaysia Qualification Agensi Manusia (PSMB) Malaysia Malaysia Kemahiran Malaysia
(Penyedia Latihan) (MQA)

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