SPE 93192
Advanced Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in the Wushenqi Low-Permeability Gas
Field: A Workflow to Minimize the Learning Curve
Lei Qun and Lu Tao, PetroChina, and Liu Hai, Raymond Tibbles, Wei Guo, Hou Hui Jun, Lee Ramsey, and
Jeff Meisenhelder, Schlumberger
Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
th
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 14 SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and
Conference held in Bahrain International Exhibition Centre, Bahrain, 12–15 March 2005.
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Abstract
The Wushenqi gas field is a low permeability gas play under
development by the Changqing Oilfield Company of
PetroChina (PCOC). The first well in this field was drilled and
hydraulically fractured in 1994. Out of the ten wells initially
drilled, nine were hydraulically fractured using a design based
on historical knowledge and area best practices. The average
gas production of the 10 wells was 586000 scf/day (16,600
m3/day), which was less than the production required for
economical development of the field.
This paper details how Changqing Oil Company and
Schlumberger used an optimization workflow and integrated
study to improve the completion procedure and increase well
productivity. A new field development plan was created based
on the following:
• Advanced seismic interpretation.
• Geological and petrophysical analysis.
• Analysis of postfracturing production data.
• Production forecasts from a new reservoir model and
a model of hydraulic fracturing optimization.
• Completion optimization.
• Economic evaluation.
Some of the significant results from the study include:
1. An improved understanding of the location of the
sand bodies resulting in better control on placement
of new wells.
2. A correlation which adjusted the log-derived
permeabilities in order to more closely match
permeabilities obtained from transient testing and
production analysis.
3. An improved well design reflecting data acquisition,
fracturing process, and production requirements.
4. A modified fracturing treatment d esign tailored for
the expected Kh and deliverabilty requirements of the
various zones.
5. An on-site test program using pre-fracture treatment
injection testing to verify the permeability.
Introduction
The Wushenqi Gas field . located in Southern Inner Mongolia,
was discovered in 1994 (see Figure 1). The depositional
environment is a braided channel system with many gas
pockets. At the onset of this project, 10 wells were drilled,
with 7 considered to be exploration wells and 3 development
wells. General formation characteristics used at the start of
the project appear in Table 1 below.
The average gas production of the existing wells was 586000
scf/day (16,600 m3/day). This rate did not meet minimum
economic guidelines in order to receive sanctioning of field
development. Therefore, the purpose of the project was to
design and implement improvements in the completion
process in order to obtain economical production rates. In
order to achieve the goals of the project, an optimization
workflow (see Figure 2) was followed. The main steps in this
work flow are:
1. Over Field Review
2. Individual Well Analysis (Formation Evaluation
and Reservoir performance)
3. Treatment Selection
4. Well Completion and Perforation Design
5. Treatment Design
6. Onsite Execution
7. Treatment Analysis
8. Evaluation and Optimization
This paper presents the results of steps 1 through 5.
Geology
Structure
The Wushenqi gas field is located on the north of the Yishan
Slope of the Ordos Basin. Seismic topography shows the
structure to be a wide and western sloping unicline. The grade
of this slope was 3~10m/Km. Many rows of northeast-
2 SPE 93192
southwest nose lifts with amplitude about 10m are developed
in the structure. Earlier studies have shown that the
reservoir(s) traps are lithological rather than structurally
controlled.
Strata
The main pay zones in Wushenqi gas field are Permian sands
referred to as the He8 and Shan1 formations. The primary
focus of this project is the He8. In most of the wells, the He8
section is about 148-213 ft (45-65m) in thickness, with stacked
sands of total thicknes of 33-98 ft (10-30m). As noted in
Figure 3, He8 can be divided in two sections, He8x and He8s,
according to the sedimentary sequences. More sandstone is
generally developed in He8x. Cores show the He8 is primarily
composed of pale medium -coarse grain quartz sandstone,
lithic-quartz sandstone, and mudstones.
Sedimentary facies
A facies map and sand thickness map were developed based
on the seismic data and logs. A sedimentary model was built
based on core and log comparisons. These maps and the
sedimentary model were then combined to create the
sedimentary facies map of He8 (Figure 4). The He8 is largely
formed of channels ranging from braided channels to low
curvature, meandering channels, trending from NNE to SSW.
Three sand belts can be seen on the map. These sand belts
were composed of a series of distributing channels with widths
between 200m to 600m. Good conductivity can be expected
along the channel direction. However, the conductivity across
the channel will often change rapidly. It may at times be poor
even when the sand bodies seem to be continuous.
Relationships Between Sedimentary Facies and
Reservoirs
After analyzing the pay zones in the existing wells and
comparing deposition to production tests, it was discovered
that the good pay zones were mainly sand filled channel
bodies (Figure 5). This is to be expected considering that the
braided channels are developed near the alluvial fan with
shallow waters and fast currents. Under these conditions
shales are washed away leaving sand filled channels of clean
medium-coarse quartz sand. By contrast, channel bars or point
bar sands are formed of medium-coarse sand interbedded with
fine sand to shale. This is a result of being deposited while
alternately being under and above the water level. Therefore,
they contain more lithic debris and are relatively more
heterogeneous than channel-filled sand. It has been detemined
that the sedimentary facies play a more important role than
sand thickness in determining productivity. As a result,
relatively thin channel sands are often more productive than
thick-stacked channel bar or point bar sands.1
Petrophysics
The main lithology types of the He8 and Shan1 are quartz
sand, silt, shale, and coal. Individual sand thicknesses range
from 2m to 10m. These sands fall into the “tight gas”
classification, determined by their low permeability and
porosity. Lithology determines rock properties and residual
water saturations with clean quartz sands providing the best
reservoir. In general, there are only one or two pay zones per
well.
Conventional resistivity, density/neutron, and sonic logging
data were available on 13 of the 14 wells in the study area.
The 14th well also had nuclear magnetic resonance logs and
dipole shear sonic data. Environmental correction, depth
matching and editing were done on all wells before the data
was reprocessed and interpreted. Log interpretations were
then compared with production and test data on the 8
completed wells. It was determined that a good reservoir can
be identified via the neutron density crossover technique, in
most wells in the area. The gamma ray curve signature of good
pay zones is low and smooth with a box shaped pattern
characteristic of channel sand deposition. (Figure 6)
Advanced processing (ELAN)8was utilized to determine
reservoir parameters including effective porosity, water
saturation, permeability, and clay volume. Constants for water
saturation calculations were derived from core analysis.
Formation water resistivity, measured by sample lab tests was
0.04 O.m @ 100ºC. The calculated porosity was about 10 pu
with a permeability of less than 0.5md. (Figure 7). Zones in
four wells were selected to be fracture stimulated based on
ELAN and geophysical study results.
Analysis of post-fracturing production data
Understanding effective permeability is crucial for a number
of reasons: evaluating current well performance, diagnosing
previous fracturing practices, and in performing production
predictions.4 Unfortunately, there were no well tests
performed in this field, with all permeability numbers reported
by PCOC being either log-derived or from core tests. These
permeabilities were in the range of 0.2md-1.0md (Figure 9)
and averaged approximately 0.3md.
Many of the wells did not have continuous production data
due to poor production and the lack of pipelines. Therefore,
only 3 of the original 10 wells could be evaluated based on
production performance. These three wells' production was
history matched to get a clearer understanding of the effective
permeability along with the effectiveness of the previous
fracturing procedures.
The general procedures for production history matching were
the same as outlined by Poe et.al in SPE 56750.2 Internal
software was utilized to make matching easier. While the
software offered auto matching functionality, it was very
difficult to obtain a good match using it. The difficulty was
primarily due to noisy production data and discontinuous
production. Several production periods with relatively
constant wellhead pressure were chosen for manual matching
in order to get a reasonable match. The history match results
appear in Table 2. Based on the results, we observe:
• The best producer (Wu20-7) has an estimated
permeability of 0.15md.
SPE 93192
• Using production data, the permeability for the three
wells which were analyzed ranged from 0.05md to
0.15md. These permeabilites are roughly 10% of
what was estimated from the logs and cores.
• Only 2 of the 3 wells exhibited the profile of a
hydraulically fractured well. The estimated fracture
geometry for these two wells (Wu 20-7 and Wu 22-7)
were relatively similar with about 400 feet in half
length and 200 md-ft of conductivity. Considering the
lower than expected permeability, these fracture
lengths were too short and the conductivity was too
low for sustained commercial production.
• The production history match on the exploration well
(Sh231), fractured in 1997, shows there is no fracture
at all. Records from the previous fracturing treatment
indicated that a two stage job was attempted. Two
complete sets of pad and slurry stages, containing
sand as the propping agent, were separated with a
diversion stage utilizing ball sealers. It is possible
that either the slurry was overdisplaced or the
proppant (sand) was crushed during production.
Longer fractures with higher conductivity would have
increased the production rate from these wells.
One of the objectives of this production analysis was to define
the permeability model, which could then be used to establish
the optimum completion program. A reasonable linear
correlation was identified after plotting log-derived
permeabilities for those three wells, including validated
permeabilities from the production match, (Figure 8).
Although this preliminary correlation was obtained from only
three wells’ information, it provided a guideline for obtaining
more realistic permeability estimates from the logs for
fracturing optimization. This correlation will be refined as
more information becomes available.
Fracturing Design
A total of six wells were drilled in 2003. Recommendations on
well location optimization were made based on the
preliminary reservoir study and the original SeisClass*6,7 map
(see Figure 10) derived from geophysical and geological
study. Wu20-4 was selected to run advanced openhole logs
(dipole sonic and magnetic resonance) in an attempt to
improve the stress and permeability models. All the wells were
completed with 7 in. 26 lb/ft casing and cemented in two
stages with a stage collar.
Average well parameters are summarized in Table 3 and Table
4. Four of the six wells were selected for the first phase of the
project. These wells are marked with ** in the tables. Well
selection was based on both petrophysics and geophysics.
Among the four wells selected, the formation quality of
Wu25-4, Wu24-5, and Wu20-4 was better than the other wells
(based on the openhole log interpretation). Wu19 -8 did not
appear to be a good candidate from a petrophysic point of
view, however, it had a favorable location near a good area
3
that incidentally also contains the best producer (Wu20-7) in
the field.
The stress profile was developed based on dipole sonic data
from Wu20-4 using a different method than the one applied in
the preliminary stage. 5,6 Since the shear transit time was not
available on all wells, a correlation was developed to obtain
the shear transit time from the clay volume and the
compressional transit time. Below is an equation based on the
work of Ken Nolte‡ showing the relationship between shear
wave slowness and compressive wave slowness.
∆tshear = [(1 − VCL ) ⋅ a + VCL ⋅ b]∆tcomp (1)
Where
∆tshear = Shear wave slowness, us/ft;
∆tcomp = Compressive wave slowness, us/ft;
VCL = Clay content, fraction
a = constant, refer to the ratio of shear
wave and compressive wave slowness
of quartz frame, normally 1.58
b = constant, refer to the ratio of shear
wave and compressive wave slowness
of clay, normally 2.2
Equation 1 was initially applied to Wu20 -4. As dipole shear
data was available, shear wave slowness was calculated by
assigning 1.58 and 2.2 to the constants of a and b,
respectively, in the equation. An attempt was then made to
match actual and calculated shear wave slowness by adjusting
the constant number (a and b) in the Equation 1 until those two
curves overlapped as much as possible (see Figure 11). The
resulting correlation was used to determine shear wave
slowness in the other wells where no dipole sonic data was
available. The shear wave data was then used to generate
more accurate stress profiles which were used in the
fraccturing treatment design.
The standard Net Present Value (NPV) analysis was used to
determine the optimum fracturing treatment. 3 Using the
available data, the NPV analysis indicated that a 750 ft half
length fracture with 1500 md-ft conductivity was in the
optimum range (see Figure 12). In order to achieve this length
and conductivity, a 35 lb/1000gal low guar system crosslinked
fluid was combined with ceramic proppant and an aggressive
breaker schedule. This was tested in the local lab in order to
ensure adequate working time and good fracture cleanup.
Salinity tests and fracturing fluid compatibility tests with cores
were also conducted in the lab to ensure minimum damage on
formation. The preliminary fracturing designs are summarized
‡
Personal communication with Ken Nolte, Schlumberger,
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2003.
4 SPE 93192
in Table 5, and an example of the fracture profile is shown in
Figure 13.
Production Forecasts for New Designs
The post-frac production was predicted based on the fracturing
simulation results using the permeability validated from the
preliminary permeability model. Example predictions are
shown in Figure 14. From these predictions, it is clear that the
optimized design can significantly increase initial post-
fracturing production rate.
Completion Optimization
Throughout the project, the overriding objectives were to
maximize individual well production while capturing as much
data as possible to facilitate continuous improvement.
Optimizing the completion architecture and procedures for
these wells involved accommodating these objectives, as well
as a number of practical constraints including:
• The completion must be capable of protecting a stage
collar in the 7 in. casing from the pressures applied
during the stimulation process.
• The completion geometry must allow cleanout and
lift operations without “killing” the well.
• Perforations and lower completion must be
compatible with planned stimulation rates, proppant,
and expected production rates.
• The design must enable the acquisition of downhole
pres sure gauge data both for the pre-stimulation tests
(data frac, mini-falloff test) and the stimulation job.
• The operation should minimize rig time and total
project costs.
The assembly shown in Figure 15 was selected as the best fit
to these criterions. A retrievable packer served to isolate the 7
in. casing from the stimulation treatment. Below the packer
was a pair of ported pup joints, a profile nipple, and a wireline
entry guide. One of the ported pups, a standard pup with 48
½” holes, provided the flow path during the stimulation
treatments (approximately 2 times the flow area of the 2 7/8-
in. tubing). The second pup joint, a custom built item,
functioned as a gauge carrier for the downhole pressure
gauges. Prior to running the completion in the hole, a collar
stop was positioned in the collar gap between the profile
nipple and the crossover above. Gauges were connected to a
“hold down” device and landed on the collar stop. Holes in
the custom pup were drilled to be locat ed at the fishing necks
for the gauge, and collar stop. This prevented proppant from
hindering the retrieval process. Above the packer was an “on-
off” tool which provided a profile for well/tubing isolation, if
necessary.
Perforations were chosen to minimize potential bridging,
tortuosity, and friction effects. In addition, having sufficient
penetration to bypass the damage zone would logically
improve the pre-frac testing. Numerous charges were
evaluated via perforating modeling software, which translates
API charge performance to downhole conditions. 4½-in.
casing guns were ultimately selected, firing 5 spf at 72 degree
phasing. Modeling results for the casing and formation
parameters predict an average of 15.1 in. formation
penetration, and an average entrance hole of 0.56 in. (> 10*
diameter of 16 mesh proppant).
The procedure was developed based on industry standard
pressure control practices and the principles stated above.
After the rig was moved onto the new well, a tubing scraper
and tag run was completed to the recorded well TD. The well
was then circulated clean and recirculated to 2% KCl,
determined to be a formation compatible completion fluid
based on core testing. After circulation the well casing was
tested to 2900 psi (20 Mpa) as a casing integrity check. Upon
successful testing, the BOP stack was nippled up and tested,
and TCP perforating was performed. Immediately after TCP
operations were completed, the completion string was run and
the packer set with the tubing tail located between 33 and 66
feet (10 and 20 meters) above the perforation top. The tree
was then nippled up and landed. The packer and tubing
integrity were tested via an annulus pressure test to 2900 psi
(20 Mpa). At this point, the well was ready for the mini-
falloff test.
After the minifalloff test and data frac, the pressure was
retrieved and reset via slickline. After the stimulation and
forced closure flowback, the gauges were retrieved, followed
by a second slickline run to retrieve the collar stop. At this
point, the tubing was unobstructed and the well ready for
production or testing. In the event of an early screenout or
tubing blockage, coil tubing would be utilized to clean out the
sand. Hydraulic simulation was conducted demonstrating that
cleanout could be achieved while maintaining the well
underbalanced.
Conclusions
Over the years, many tools have been developed to aid in the
design and optimization of well completions. This study
clearly demonstrates that using available tools in a standard
workflow will significantly impact completion economics.
The initial steps of field review and individual well analysis
are critical for developing an understanding of the reservoir.
Actual treatment and completion designs can be optimized
only after this clear understanding has been reached. Some
specific conclusions from the study are listed below:
1. The optimization workflow presented in this
paper is key to quickly achieving improved
results. This advanced workflow insures
that an improved well design reflects the
learnings from data acquired on prior wells
along with the data acquired on the
candidate well.
2. Sedimentary facies play a more important
role in the Wushenqi field than sand
thinkness in determing productivity. The
use of dvanced seismic interpretation along
with Geological and petrophysical analysis
SPE 93192 5

led to building a sedimentary facies map that References

allowed an improved understanding of the 1. Ou Yang Jian: “Log Interpretation and Reservoir
sand bodies and improved placement of the Description” Beijing Petroleum Industry Publishing
wells. House, Beijing, 1994.
3. It was determined that a good reservoir can 2. P.D. Poe: “Advanced Fractured Well Diagnostics for
be identified via the neutron density Production Data Analysis,” paper SPE 56750 presented at
crossover technique in most wells in the 1999 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Wushenqi. Advanced processing (ELAN) Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 3-6 October.
was utilized to determine reservoir 3. Reservior Stimulation, Economides, M.J., Nolte, K.G.,
parameters. Zones in 4 wells were selected John Wiley and Sons Ltd., West Sussex (2000) 10-1 - 10-
to be fractured based on ELAN results. 6.
4. A linear correlation was identified which 4. Al-Qarni, A.O., et al, “From Reservoir Specifics to
adjusted the log-derived permeabilities in Stimulation Solutions,” Oilfield Review (Winter 2000-
order to more closely match permeabilites 2001), 42-60.
obtained from transient testing and 5. “Log Interpretation Principles/Applications,
production analysis. The more realistic Schlumberger, Sugar Land, Texas (1989) Chap. 13.
permeability estimates were used for 6. Morales, R.H.: “Fracturing of High-Permeability
improved fracture design optimization.
Formations: Mechanical Properties Correlations,” paper
5. Stress profiles were built using a correlation
SPE 26561 presented at the 1993 SPE Annual Technical
built by Nolte to obtain shear transit time Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 3-6 October.
from clay volume and the compressional
transit time. More accurate stress profiles 7. Guangjun, C.: "Fluvial Reservoir Characterization in
Wushenqi Gas field of PowerStim Project," presented at
were used to provide improved prediction of
fracture geometry as part of the improved the 2004 MEA Rock and Geophysics Forum, Kuala
fracture design optimization. Lumpur, April.
6. NPV analysis using the calibrated data sets 8. Guangjun, C., Baojiang, W.: "Seismic Attributes
provided a optimized fracturing treatment Inversion on Fluvial Reservoir Characterization,"
design tailored for expected KH and presented at the 2004 SEG Share Earth meeting, Paris,
deliverability requirements for each zone. June.
Available data indicated that a 750 foot half 9. Clarke, D.L., Clare, A.P.: "An Integrated Petrophysical
length fracture and 1500 md-ft conductivity Workflow to Generating Fluid Substituted Logs for AVO
was in the optimum range. Characterization-Gipsy and North Gipsy Fields Case
7. A 35 lb/1000 low guar system combined Study, Northwest Shelf, Australia,” APPEA Journal
with ceramic proppant and an aggressive (2002) 477-493.
breaker system were used to achieve the
optimum fracture treatment.
8. Optimizing the completion architecture and
procedures were key to maximizing results, Description Value Unit
acquiring data to facilitate continuous average reservoir depth 10300 ft
improvement and to minimize rig time and average porosity 9.8 %
total costs. An on-site test program using a initial gas saturation 65 %
pre-fracture treatment injection test was used net pay 24 ft
to verify the permeability. This information core permeability 0.4 md
will be evaluated and used to calibrate pressure 3600 psi
reservoir models and to shorten the learning temperature 212 ºF
curve.
Table 1: Initial Formation Characteristics

Acknowledgments
The authors express thanks to the management of PetroChina
and Schlumberger for their support and permission to publish
this paper. We also thank all the dedicated and committed
field personnel from both companies. We appreciate the
endless efforts of the laboratory personnel who spent long
nights running multiple tests to meet our unreasonable
schedules. Finally, we would like to give special thanks to Dr.
Ken Nolte who spent many hours discussing the various
explanations for the results we obtained. His determination
and patience are an inspiration to us all.
6 SPE 93192

Perm Xf Hf Wf KfWf kh Production

Well
md ft ft in md.ft md.ft Mscf/day

Wu20-7* 0.15 380 112.8 0.047 200 5.76 1500

Shan231** 0.10 Without Fracture 2.85 200

Wu22-7*** 0.05 400 115.0 0.135 274 1.20 400

Table 2: Production History Match Summary

* Leaking wellhead and manifold cause multiple shutdowns
and multiple pad interspersed with proppant stages.
** Two stages ball sealer job & pump sand in first a few
sand stages.
*** Normal job with N2 energized.
Figure 1: Wushengqi Location in China

Well Petrophysics

Net Pay Porosity Permeability Gas Gas Volume

Saturation
m % md % Fraction

**Wu25-4 13.4 11.1 1.17 54.4 0.813

**Wu24-5 8.8 9.7 0.30 70.7 0.606
**Wu20-4 8.3 9.6 0.35 61.5 0.491
Wu19-7 10.6 10.2 0.57 40.7 0.438
**Wu19-8 8.7 9.7 0.30 37.7 0.320
Wu19-5 4.7 8.5 0.20 64.6 0.258

Table 3: Average Well Parameters from Petrophysics

Geophysics
Well Gas Volume Potential Connecting to Figure 2: Optimization Process
Fraction Better Area
**Wu25-4 0.427 Low
**Wu24-5 0.487 Moderate
**Wu20-4 0.450 Moderate
Wu19-7 0.724 Low
**Wu19-8 0.739 High
Wu19-5 0.456 Moderate

Table 4: Average Well Parameters from Geophysics

KfWf
Pad Slurry Flush Proppant Xf
Well (bbl) (bbl) (bbl) (lbs) (ft) (md-
ft)
Wu19-8 714.5 970.0 60.4 200,900 786 3034 Figure 3: Wushenqi Productive Zones
Wu24-5 808.8 760.0 62.3 141,534 551 3675
Wu20-4 666.7 732.1 62.9 120,900 873 1676
Wu25-4 1094 962.3 63.5 143,800 908 1053

Table 5: Fracturing Design Summary

SPE 93192 7

Figure 7: ELAN results

Figure 4: Sedimentary Facies Map

0.16

0.14

Validated Permeability
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06
y = 0.0522x + 0.0373
0.04

0.02

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Figure 5: Depositional Environment Log derived Permeability

Figure 8: Preliminary Permeability Model

Figure 6: Conventional Log

Figure 9: Permeability vs. Porosity Correlations
8 SPE 93192

Seisclass result W17-6

Shan241
Wu19-7
Wu19-5 Wu19-8

Wu20-4 Wu20-7
Wu20-6

Shan231

Wu22-7
Shan240
Shan233
Wu24-5

Wu25-4

Shan174

Figure 10: Original Seisclass Inte rpretation

Figure 12: NPV Analysis

10100

10150

< 0.0 lb/ft2

0.0 - 0.2 lb/ft2
0.2 - 0.5 lb/ft2
10200 0.5 - 0.7 lb/ft2
Well Depth - ft

0.7 - 1.0 lb/ft2

1.0 - 1.2 lb/ft2
1.2 - 1.5 lb/ft2
1.5 - 1.7 lb/ft2
10250 1.7 - 2.0 lb/ft2
> 2.0 lb/ft2

10300

10350

∆Tcal, final
6500 7500 8500 -0.45 -0.30 -0.15 0 0.15 0.30 0.45 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Stress - psi ACL Width at Wellbore - in Fracture Half-Length - ft

∆Tcal, initial Figure 13: Wu19-8 Fracture Profile

∆T actual

Figure 11: Shear Wave Slowness Curves

Figure 14: Post-Frac Production Forecast

SPE 93192 9

Tubing Hanger

2 7/8" Tubing

5 1/2" On Off Tool

7" x 2 7/8" SOT 1 Mechanical

Set Packer

2 7/8" EUE Perforated Pup Joint

2 7/8" XN Nipple
2 7/8" Wire Line Entry Guide

Figure 15: Sample Completion Drawing