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CONTENTS:-
1. WHAT IS GIS? 1
2. NEED OF GIS 1
3. COMPONENTS OF GIS 1
8. CONCLUSION 22
What is GIS?
GIS is a” powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.”
Need of GIS?
Many professionals, such as foresters, urban planners, and geologists, have recognized
the importance of spatial dimensions in organizing & analyzing information. Whether a
discipline is concerned with the very practical aspects of business, or is concerned with
purely academic research, geographic information system can introduce a perspective,
which can provide valuable insights as
70% of the information has geographic location as its denominator making spatial
analysis an essential tool.
Ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non-spatial
(attribute data).
Visualization Impact
Analytical Capability
Sharing of Information
Components of GIS
Hardware
Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a
wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers
used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display
geographic information example: GIS software’s in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info,
AutoCAD Map, etc.
Data
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and
related tabular data can be collected in-house, compiled to custom specifications and
requirements, or occasionally purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS can
integrate spatial data with other existing data resources, often stored in a corporate
DBMS. The integration of spatial data (often proprietary to the GIS software), and tabular
data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality afforded by GIS.
People
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and
develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS users range from technical
specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform
their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialists versus end users is often critical
to the proper implementation of GIS technology.
Methods
A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that
can be linked together by geography. This simple but extremely powerful and versatile
concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems from tracking
delivery vehicles, to recording details of planning applications, to modeling global
atmospheric circulation. The thematic layer approach allows us to organize the
complexity of the real world into a simple representation to help facilitate our
understanding of natural relationships.
area is divided into cells identified by row and column. This data structure is commonly
called raster. While the term raster implies a regularly spaced grid other tessellated data
Advantages of GIS
The Geographic Information System has been an effective tool for implementation and
monitoring of municipal infrastructure. The use of GIS has been in vogue primarily due
to the advantage mentioned below:
Planning of project
Make better decisions
Visual Analysis
Improve Organizational Integration
Planning Of Project
Advantage of GIS is often found in detailed planning of project having a large spatial
component, where analysis of the problem is a pre requisite at the start of the project.
Thematic maps generation is possible on one or more than one base maps, example: the
generation of a land use map on the basis of a soil composition, vegetation and
topography. The unique combination of certain features facilitates the creation of such
thematic maps. With the various modules within GIS it is possible to calculate surface,
length, width and distance.
Making Decisions
The adage "better information leads to better decisions" is as true for GIS as it is for other
information systems. A GIS, however, is not an automated decision making system but a
tool to query, analyze, and map data in support of the decision making process. GIS
technology has been used to assist in tasks such as presenting information at planning
inquiries, helping resolve territorial disputes and to minimize visual intrusion.
Visual Analysis
Many organizations that have implemented a GIS have found that one of its main benefits
is improved management of their own organization and resources. Because GIS has the
ability to link data sets together by geography, it facilitates interdepartmental information
sharing and communication. By creating a shared database one department can benefit
from the work of another--data can be collected once and used many times.
As communication increases among individuals and departments, redundancy is reduced,
Environmental management
Transportation management
Water Resource management
Business and Services management
Automated City and rural area road network map
Applications in Urban infrastructure, waste management and comprehensive
planning
Disaster management
Agriculture / Forest management
Topographical surveying
Water resource agencies use to map the full extent of their water resources and link them
to a database defining each element including reservoirs, pipe segments, services, and
system appurtenances. GIS provides water resource planners and engineers with an
intelligent database so job planning, equipment inventory, and flow analysis become an
automated procedure integrated into one system. Planners and engineers can link their
current network modeling system to the GIS, tie it to the attribute data, and map the
results.
Transportation management
The use of GIS for transportation applications is widespread. Typical applications include
highway maintenance, traffic modelling, accident analysis, and route planning and
environmental assessment of road schemes. The applications of GIS to transportation can
be viewed as involving either (i) Data retrieval; (ii) Data integrator; or (iii) Data analysis
Pavement Management
Condition Survey: roughness on ride, pavement surface friction, rutting and distress
GIS is a logical approach for managing this programme, whereby analysis of pavement
section descriptions and pavement deficiencies collected in pavement condition surveys
could be maintained by location. Also the distribution of maintenance and resurfacing
funds may be made on the basis of lane kilometers in a geographic area and
corresponding pavement condition ratings.
Traffic Engineering
Safety Management
The analysis of accident data coupled with roadway features and characteristics, traffic
volumes, bridge inventory and other data and the geographical presentation of this
information in GIS environments will be very useful to develop safety management
system. Inventory files such as traffic signals, narrow bridges and railroad crossings could
be analyzed more efficiently using GIS.
Bridge Maintenance
A major benefits derived from GIS use will be in obtaining bridge information through
general query capability. Example includes bridge condition surveys, sufficiency ratings,
functionally deficient bridges, posted capacity distribution, clearness etc. Through
relational database, bridge maintenance engineers could access important information like
average daily traffic, as well as system and functional classification from planning and
research maps.
Urban planning
With the rapid growth in population throughout the world, it is crucial to have a well-
concerted plan for urban expansion. Satellite or Airborne images give Urban planners
synoptic views of large areas which allow them to lay plans for urban expansion
effectively
Planning for utilities like water supply, sewerage and storm water drain within the
framework of Development Plan is an equally important task. Augmentation of their
capacities in relation to the projected population and economic activities in different
urban pockets is a major responsibility of the urban local body. This gives rise to design
challenge that can be adequately addressed by GIS functions.
Solid waste management in urban areas is emerging as a major issue. Identifying new
dumping sites, evaluating the residual potential of the existing sites, formulation of waste
collection and transportation strategies are some of the critical components of this task
and GIS can substantially assist in these activities
Environmental Studies
Introduction
In the process of human evolution the issues confronting today are safe guarding the
natural environment and maintaining good quality of life. While taking up developmental
activities, the assimilative capacities of the environmental components i.e., air; water and
land to various pollution are rarely considered. The developmental activities being
haphazard and erratic are leading to over use, congestion, incompatible land use and poor
living conditions. Hence the problems of environmental pollution are becoming a heated
topic of high-risk environment.
GIS can play a vital role for analysis and in formulating the quick mitigation plans for
high risk environments. GIS is one of the key tools in the environmental data framework
for data validation, digital data transfer standards, data retrieval/dissemination and
analysis. It can serve as the ultimate communication of environmental information to the
public and policy makers since it is the technical basis for the multimedia approach in
environmental decision-making. GIS technology allows all types of users to access the
environmental information in its proper spatial context.
GIS helps in Planning and Managing the environmental hazards and risks. In order to
plan and monitor the environmental problems, the assessment of hazards and risks
becomes the foundation for planning decisions and for mitigation activities. GIS supports
activities in environmental assessment, monitoring, and mitigation and can also be used
for generating Environmental models.
Applicable Areas:
Wild Land Analysis
Emergency Services like Fire Prevention
Hazard Mitigation and Future planning
Air pollution & control
Disaster Management
Forest Fires Management
Managing Natural Resources
Waste Water Management
Oil Spills and its remedial actions
Apart from data analysis in laboratories GIS can also help the environmental data analysts
in the field, the GIS tool is flexible enough to work in the field to give the exact location
of devastation and amount of devastation. Some of the examples in field where GIS is
applicable are.
Using GIS in the field, an environmental inspector can rapidly map waste storage
sites; describe the volume, content, and state of waste containers.
Retrieve previous inspection records to compare with the existing environmental
conditions.
View environmental data in relation to adjacent geographic features such as
waterways, neighborhoods, or other sensitive areas such as high-risk zones for
landslides, water pollution etc.
Integrated with a global positioning receiver, a field crew can use GIS to
accurately ground truth satellite imagery in oil spill mapping and its affects on
surrounding ecosystem
CONCLUSION
“GIS has proven to be a valuable tool to assist in decision making & Management of
attributes that need to be analyzed spatially “ (With regard to space).
Environmental problems can also be solved by using GIS method efficiently.
Reference:
www.gisdevelopment.net
Principles of Geographical Information System by Peter A. Burrough and Rachael
A.Mcdonnell