Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Masahiko
Hiroshi Isoda * Tachibana** Naohito Kawai*** Mikio Koshihara****
*
Shinshu University, hisoda@shinshu-u.ac.jp ** Tokyo Denki University, tatibana@cck.dendai.ac.jp
*** Building Research Institute, kawai@kenken.go.jp ****The University of Tokyo, kos@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
Some mixed members and structure consisting of steel and timber have been developed recently. As one of the
background, revision of the Building Standards Law in 2000 allowed the construction of timber-based buildings four
stories or taller with fire-resistance performance. Some examples of combination ways of steel and timber member are
presented in the paper. They are not only members but also connections and structures. These hybrid structures may
lead to new utilization of steel material.
1. Introduction
Steel is key materials and members in new timber
buildings as well as in retrofitted old buildings. In new
buildings, connections such as nails, bolts, plates and so
on are made of steel and steel member such as plate and
bar also used. The purpose of utilization of steel is
mainly reinforcement of stiffness and strength of timber
members. Photo 1 is a mid-rise timber wood frame
apartment in the US with steel construction of the base.
The weight of steel connections including tie-down
system which is used for resisting uplift of the building is
about 10% in woodfame story. Recently, steel begins to
be used for fire resistance in timber-based members. This Photo 1 Woodframe apartment with steel
method and member will be discussed in the next chapter. construction base
In retrofit measurement of timber old buildings, various
kinds of steel members and structures are used to
enhance the performance against vertical force and
horizontal force. Figure 1 is an example of reinforcement
against vertical load in famous hall of the Great Buddha
in Todai-ji Temple (height: 46.8m, area:2878m2). As
mentioned above Steel plays an irreplaceable role in
timber buildings.
This paper describes a state of the art of hybrid building
system of steel and timber. It consists of three parts. First,
the national project of hybrid timber structure is
introduced. Second, five story steel and wood composite
structure is shown. Third, recent steel and timber Figure 1 Retrofit measurement of the hall of the
composite structure mainly in Japan is introduced. Great Buddha (Red line shows steel truss)
2
2. The research and development project of timber- for the structural performance of hybrid timber structure
based hybrid structure in Japan is the dynamic behavior of the structures against
strong grand motions. There are some research needs
2.1 background and objectives adding these preceding researches from the point of
The effective utilization of timber is urged from the point seismic performance of such kind of buildings.
of preservation of natural resources and global
environment in Japan. And the effective mixture of 2.2 Fireproof Members with steel
timber and other materials is expected to extend the According to the current Building Standard Law (BSL)
possibility of building structures because of the of Japan, fireproof performance of more than 1 hour is
possibility to realize high performance in both structural required for the members such as columns, beams, floors
safety and fire safety. The Building Standard Law of and walls, for buildings with four stories or more. Table
Japan was revised in June 1998 and the potential to 1 shows briefly the requirement of fireproof performance
accept large-scale and high-rise timber buildings was for members in accordance with the stories of the
added with provisions of performance-based code. The building.
objectives of this research and development project are, Based on the requirement of BSL, fireproof performance
to develop high-performance timber-based composite tests on members were executed. According to the testing
members and hybrid structural systems (see Figure 2), to method under BSL to confirm the 1 hour fire proof
develop the evaluation methods for structural and fire performance of members with combustible materials, for
safety performance of these buildings, and to develop the example, members are exposed to the fire for 1 hour and
design methods for buildings with typical timber-based left in the furnace for 3 hours and confirmed that they
hybrid structure systems. can bear the load even after the test, it means, they can
This project started in 1999 as a five-year national bear the load during the test and there is no fear to lose
project (Sakamoto et. al, 2004). There are some the ability by re-ignition, progress of char, or a rise of
preceding researches or designs in this area, such as temperature after the test.
timber beams reinforced by steel or fibers, floor systems As the results of these tests, floors and walls with
with timber and reinforced concrete, structural systems covering of gypsum boards or other non-combustible
with reinforced concrete or steel core structure materials with some construction methods, revealed 1
surrounded by timber frames, and so on. These preceding hour or sometimes 2 hour fireproof performance. And for
researches are, of course, very useful for the starting of columns and beams, following two types are found to be
the projects. However, one of the most important issues solutions of fireproof members with using wood. One is
Stories of buildings
Uppermost story, and Fifth to fourteenth stories Fifteenth story or
Parts of buildings second to fourth stories from the uppermost story more from the
from the uppermost story uppermost story
Partition walls 1 hour 2 hours 2 hours
Bearing Walls
External walls 1 hour 2 hours 2 hours
Columns 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours
Floors 1 hour 2 hours 2 hours
Beams 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours
Roofs 30 minutes 30 minutes 30 minutes
Stairs 30 minutes 30 minutes 30 minutes
3
the type of members with covering of gypsum boards or summarized in Table 3. Other than these studies, the
other non-combustible materials, and another is the type evaluation method for the bond durability of joints in
of wooden members with shape steel inserted. The latter members and joints between members with using
type members have, if made with some special adhesives was discussed based on the results of series of
construction specifications, the self-extinguish property. bond durability tests.
They are burnt when exposed to the fire but the progress 420mm
of char stops while left in the furnace after the exposure
to the fire. Figure 3 shows examples of members whose
1 hour fireproof performance was confirmed using steel
member.
420mm
2.3 Structural Elements
Project team classified types of timber-based hybrid
structural members, and studied design equations of
stiffness and strength of typical flexural members. Also,
they conducted experiments in order to verify the Glulam H300-300-10/15
appropriateness of the equations, and conducted some
experiments. Table 2 shows the classification of flexural
Figure 3 Examples of members whose fireproof
members according to their structural performance.
performance was confirmed
Structural elements studied in this project were
Flange
reinforcement Horizontal splice plate Shear block Surface contact
type
Flexural
Glued in Rod, Bottom support,
reinforcement Surface contact
Horizontal splice plate Dowel
type
Web reinforcement
Dowel, vertical splice steel plate Surface contact
type
Splitting prevention
Dowel, Bolt Surface contact
type
Various types
Partial improvement
Various types, e. g. Dowel e. g. Surface
type
contact
(a) School building with RC core for corridor structure (b) Office building with external steel framing
terms of deformation
Degree of demand
timber framing)
Torsion
timber
Structural Systems
1. Ext. RC wall girder framing + Int. timber ● ● ○ ● ● ● ●
2. RC core wall + timber framing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
3. Ext. RC (or steel) framing + Int. timber ● ○ ● ● ● ○
4. RC independent wall + timber framing ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○
5. Ext. RC double-wall + Int. timber framing ● ●
6. RC framing at 2 sides + Int. timber ● ● ● ● ● ○
7. Super framing + Int. timber framing ●
3-1. Ext. timber shear wall + partial steel ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ●
f i
●: To be considered ○: To be considered on a case-by-case basis
4. RC independent wall
1. Ext. RC wall girder 2. RC core wall 3. Ext. RC (steel) framing + timber framing
Table 6 Types of hybrid structural system and adaptability in terms of building use
Type of structural system Office Shops School Apartment Others
2. RC center core wall type ◎ △ – △ Library, museum, theater, etc
3. External steel framing type ○ ◎ – – Showroom, etc
4. RC independent wall type ○ △ ◎ ○ Nursing facilities, Library, etc
7. Super framing type ○ △ △ ◎ –
6
3. Five story composite buildings construction, and structural elements are required 1 hour
This chapter describes the structural framing and fire fire resistive period.
resistance system for this building and details. M-Bldg.
was built in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa prefecture. In this
building, first-story was built in reinforced concrete
construction and from 2-5 stories was built in timber-
based hybrid construction. In structural framing, the
performance-based design method (“Calculation of
Response and Limit Strength”) was applied and some
static structural experiments were conducted about the
seismic performance of shearing wall and the buckling
stress of timber-based hybrid column. In fire resistance
system, fireproof construction was needed for this
building. Three fireproof elements, column, girder and
bracing, were tested for 1 hour fire resistive period. All
elements could have enough properties for 1 hour fire
resistance. The possibilities of mid-rise and high-rise
timber buildings are extended by completion of this Photo3 M-Bldg.
building.
Table 7 Outline of building data
3.1 Outline of the Building
The five-story Kanazawa M Bldg. (height: 14.237 m, Architect -architect office- Strayt Sheep
area: 6.195m x 12.100 m) was constructed in Kanazawa Structural Kirino Structural Engineering Office
City, Ishikawa Prefecture.(Photo.3) The first story has a Design
Reinforced Concrete structure and the second to fifth Area 374m2(total floor)
stories have a timber-based hybrid structure with built-in 74.96m2(building)
steel materials. Building data are listed in Table 7, and Use School
the floor plan and elevation are shown in Figure 4 and Height 14.237m
Figure 5. The building mainly uses the structural Structure R/C construction(first story) Timber-based
members listed below to satisfy the requirements for hybrid construction(2-5storied)
vertical load performance, seismic performance, and fire
resistance. This building is required fire resistive
(1) Column, beam, and brace The timber and steel frame function together as a
The building uses laminated timber with built-in steel structural member in the second to fifth stories of a
materials for columns, beams, and braces to satisfy the timber-based hybrid structure. To clarify the function of
structural and fire resistance requirements of a five-story the timber and the steel frame about each member, the
building. The cross section of each member is shown in joint was designed as follows:
Figure. 6. The column is square laminated timber (larch (1) Beam
E105-F300, 200 x 200 mm) with built-in square steel Since the vertical deformation is equal between the
bars (SS400, 65 x 65 mm). The beam is laminated timber timber and the steel frame, vertical load should be shared
(200 x 330 mm) with steel plates (SS400, PL-22x300). depending on their ratio of flexural rigidity, EI (E:
The cross section of a brace looks identical to that of a Young's modulus, I: Geometric moment of inertia). The
column, which is necessary for fire resistance flexural rigidity ratio EI / ΣEI is shown in Table 8. The
certification. timber and steel frame of the beam are joined at a beam
(2) Floor and roof edge using drift pins to transmit the load from the timber
The floors and roofs are made of reinforced concrete to the steel frame, so the steel frame bears all the shear
slabs joined together with lag screws and steel plates force at the edge. The gusset plate from the steel frame of
built into the beams. the column and the steel frame of the beam are joined
(3) Wall with high tension bolts for the column-beam connection.
The longitudinal walls are load-bearing and made of The holes in the side of the timber frame are filled with
nailed plywood. The lateral walls are non-load-bearing, timber after high tension bolts are clamped (Figure 7).
because of setting braces. Snow load stress on both the timber and steel frame of
(4) Stairs the beam are designed not to exceed the short-term
The stairs are made of steel frames. allowable limit, even in the very rare case of a snow load
with a vertical depth of 1.2 m (multiplied by 1.4).
3.2 Structural Planning (2) Column
Similar to ordinary timber buildings, a five-story timber- Vertical load is transmitted to the steel frame of a column
based hybrid structure requires verification of its safety through a gusset plate, and vertical loading of the timber
against self weight, live load, vertical load by snow is avoided using a 3 mm clearance, which is essential for
coverage, and horizontal load under a horizontal force, combining the timber with the steel frame. The timber of
such as an earthquake or wind. Fire resistive buildings the column functions as a buckling restraint for the steel
are also required to maintain building integrity in the frame, and, as the structural experimentation in Chapter
event of a fire. Based on these structural performance 4 shows, alone, the steel frame of the column buckles at
requirements, the following structural verification was about 20% of the yield stress. However, the timber-based
conducted on the Kanazawa M Bldg (Koshihara, Isoda et hybrid column did not buckle when the steel frame
al 2005, Yusa, Yoshikawa, 2005). yielded to axial force compression because the timber
functioned as a buckling restraint.
Vertical Load
8
4. Introduction of steel and timber composite potential to produce fascinating architectures. And they
structure in Japan also have the potential to reinforce timber member and
Recent cases of hybrid of steel and timber structures and joint and enhance a fire safety. But they are still unique
members have been studied in the committee of because of the lack of understanding and information of
collection and analysis of new hybrid buildings at JSSC their performance and design method.
for last two years (JSSC Report 2009). In this chapter,
some typical cases are introduced. 6. Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank all the members of
4.1 Roof Truss (Tokorozawa Civic Gymnasium) research committees, sub-committees and working
Roof structure of this main arena consists of steel and groups under the project on timber-based hybrid building
timber truss as shown in Figure 9. The timber arch structures. Thank you also members of committee of
loading only compression force is connected using steel collection and analysis of new hybrid buildings at JSSC.
bar which is subjected to tensile force. All nodes of chord Thank you for providing photos from Dr kamiya of
and stud were connected using special connecter former researcher of FFPRI and Saito Mokuzai co.
resisting shear force and tied by special screw nuts.
7. References
4.2 Column of four glulums and steel plate (Saitama
Prefectural Budokan) Sakamoto, I., Kawai, N., Okada, H., Isoda, H and Yusa,
Cross shape steel plate is covered with four glued S. “Final report of a Research and Development
laminated timber stud. Horizontal member is also project on Timber-based Hybrid Building Structures”,
composed of center steel plate and cover timber. Dorift- Proceedings of 8th WCTE, Aug., 2004
pin which is simple steel round bar is used to connect Yusa, S., Yoshikawa, T and et.al “ Research in practice
steel and timber. Long span frame is made up by the on 5-story fire resistance hybrid wooden structure
spaced truss mentioned above. Glued laminate timber is building”, Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual
made of small dimension lumbers which are useless as Meeting Japan Society for Finishings Technology,
normal structural members laminated (Figure 10). pp.7, 2005
Koshihara, M., Isoda, I. and et al.: “A Study of five
4.3 Retrofit (Totally collapse house) storied timber based hybrid building for practical use
This house was totally collapsed during Kobe earthquake (Part 1-3)”, Summary of Technical Papers of Annual
and retrofitted using steel moment frame. Timber frames Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan, C-1, pp.201-
still exist as a component of design (Figure 11). 206, 2005
JSSC report “Case study and analysis of new hybrid
5. Conclusions building systems”, 2009
The hybrid structures of steel and timber have the
Detail of connection
Photo of connection
10
Section
断面図
First story
1階平面図
Second
2階平面図 story
断面図
Section