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Aluminum casting
showing T1, T2
and T4 IQI holes
Digital Radiograph of Metal Casting
Aluminum casting
showing T1, T2 and T4
IQI holes
Digital Radiograph of Metal Casting
An incomplete weld of a
bike frame which failed.
Apparent in the image is
the bright weld material in
the center, the
surrounding lighter heat
affected zone (HAZ), and
dark outer unaffected
base metal.
Types of Defect of weld:
Surface Defects
Internal Defects
Surface Defects of Weld
Surface Defects of Weld
Surface Defects:
• Crown (Face) Defects
o Excessive Reinforcement
o Insufficient Fill
o Crown Undercut (gouging)
• Root Defects
o Excessive Penetration
o Incomplete Root Penetration
o Root Undercut
o Root Concavity (aka Such Back)
Radiograph of Excessive Reinforcement
Undercut (SUC)
An irregular groove at the top
edge (toe) of a weld caused
by contraction of the weld
metal, or by burning away
(gouging) of the parent metal.
Appears as a dark irregular
band along the top edge of
the weld metal.
Radiograph of Excessive Penetration
Excessive penetration
(SXP)
Weld metal protruding through the
root of the weld. Appears as a
light continuous or more often
intermittent, irregularly shaped
band within the image of the weld.
Undercut (SUC)
Undercut can also occur at
the root of the weld,
although this can easily be
confused with lack of root
fusion.
Radiograph of Root Concavity
(aka Suck Back)
Can cause
splitting
Radiograph of Lack of Inter-run Fusion
Inclusion (IN)
Slag or other foreign matter
trapped between weld runs or
between the weld and the
parent metal. Appears as
mostly irregular shapes.
Oxide
Radiograph of Linear Inclusion
Lack of
Fusion
Porosity Excessive
Penetration
Tungsten Inclusion