STRESS

Which material is stronger? • The unit strength of a material is usually

defined as the stress in material.
Load capacity per unit area:
Bar 1 Bar 2 • It is the ratio of the applied force divided by
500 N
1   50 MPa the resisting area.
10 mm 2

5000 N
  force / area
2   5 MPa
500 N 5000 N 1000 mm 2 • Stress is the lead to accurately describe and
Area 1 = 10mm2 Area 2 = 1000mm2 predict the deformation of a body.
Bar 1 is ten times as strong as Bar 2

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SIMPLE STRESS Simple stress is possible if the

following conditions exist:
- The body is homogenous,
• The condition under isotropic and prismatic.
which stress is constant - The resultant of the
or uniform throughout applied loads passes through
the surface of a body is the centroid of the cross-
known as simple stress section.
or uniform stress. - The section to be
considered must be located at
a distance from the end of the
body at least equal to the its
minimum width.
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1. NORMAL STRESS under AXIAL LOADING

• Axial force is a load that
is directed along the
• Simple stress can be classified as normal longitudinal axis of the
stress (axial stress), shear stress, and member.
bearing stress. • Axial tension forces –
tend to elongate a
member
• Axial compression
forces – tend to shorten
A rectangular bar subjected to a member
an axial force.
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• To investigate the internal effects, a bar is cut
by a transverse plane:
The surface area perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the
bar is called the cross-section.
A distribution of internal force
is develop on the exposed cross
section.
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• Two types of normal stresses:
- Tensile stress tends to elongate the bar
- Compressive stress tends to shorten the bar
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• The load is transmitted from the axial member
to the support by shear force (a force that
tends to cut) distributed on a transverse cross
section of the pin.
V=P
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NORMAL STRESS develops on a
surface perpendicular to the
direction of the internal force. F=P
F
  internal force
A cross-sectional area
σ = average normal stress at the
cross-sectional area.
F = internal resultant force
external force
which acts through the centroid
of the cross-sectional area. P
A = cross-sectional area normal
to the applied load
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2. SHEARING STRESS
• A shearing stress is produced whenever the
applied loads cause one section of a body to
slide past its adjacent section.
• It is caused by internal forces acting along or
parallel to the area resisting the forces.
• Shearing stress is also called tangential stress
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V
Shear stress,  
A
where:
V = resultant shearing force
A = sheared area
(ex. cross-sectional area of the
bolt)
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 Shearing stress can be single shear, double shear or
punching shear
V
Shear stress,  
SINGLE SHEAR:
A
where:
V = resultant shearing force
A = sheared area w
(ex. cross-sectional area of the
plate) b

Shearing stress in lap joint

V V
 
A bw

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DOUBLE SHEAR:
P

P
V A P A = cross-sectional

V V
Abolt
V = P/2   2 area of bolt
Shearing stress in bolt   A
A Abolt
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PUNCHING SHEAR:

t Sheared area = πDt

D
Double Shear Failure
Single Shear Failure in pin specimen V V V = resultant sheared force
in pin specimen   D = diameter of hole
A  Dt t = thickness of plate
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 • Example of Punching Stress: 3. BEARING STRESS
• Bearing stress is caused by contact pressure
between separate bodies.

Bearing stress:
P P
b  
Ab dt

Ab = area of contact between 2

components
150 1000 N
  397 .89 MPa
 20 6 mm 2

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• Example of Bearing Stress:

The bearing stress on concrete slab:

The bearing stress on steel plate:
P P
b  b 
Ab Ab
(1) (2)
Ab = area of base plate Ab = dia. of bolt x thickness of plate
axa

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• Units:
Quantity SI English
lbs
Force N
kips
m2
Area in2
mm2
N/m2 = Pa lbs/in2 = psi
Stress
N/mm2 = MPa kips/in2 = ksi

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