Analysis of Space Norms For Low Cost Buildings & Laurie Baker

LOW COST BUILDING-VIII.
1:- ANALYSIS OF SAPCE NORMS FOR LOW

COST BUILDINGS.
2:- LAURIE BAKER.
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Ar. Deepak. Himani, Amritanshu, Himanshu Ch.,
Abhishek T., Dinesh, Ritesh &
Manika.
ANALYSIS OF SPACE NORMS FOR LOW COST BUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION
R.B.I definition of “Low cost affordable housing project” for E.C.B. (External commercial Borrowings) as a
project in which at least 60% of the Floor area Ratio would be for units having maximum carpet area up to 60 sq.mt.
Furthermore ,the National Urban housing & habitat policy, 2007 (N.U.H.H.P), defines affordable housing as
Houses having Super Built-up Area of
300 sq.ft. ~ 27.8 sq.mt. for E.W.S. (Economically Weaker Section)
500 sq.ft. ~ 46.4 sq.mt. for L.I.G. (Lower Income Group)
600-1200 sq.ft. ~ 55.7 - 111.4 sq.mt. for M.I.G. (Middle Income Group)
In Terms of Carpet Area:-
E.W.S. have minimum of 25 sq.mt. of carpet area
L.I.G. have maximum of 48 sq.mt. of carpet area
M.I.G. have maximum of 80 sq.mt. of carpet area
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojna, Housing for all, 2015 also states that:-
E.W.S.:- Annual House hold income up to 3 lakh & house size up to 30 sq.mt.
L.I.G.:- Annual House hold income between 3-6 lakh & house size up to 60 sq.mt.
Any affordable housing in partnership with private sector or public sector must have 35 % of constructed
houses are of E.W.S. Category.
States/UTs shall provide additional F.A.R/T.D.R & relaxed density norms for low cost housing/ Slum
redevelopment.
Haryana affordable policy also states that:-

All projects under this policy must be completed under years from approval of building plans or
environment clearance date whichever is later.
Site area must be between 5 acres to 10 acres.
Maximum Allotment rates are 3000 sq.mt., 3600 sq.mt., &4000 sq.mt. as/ low, medium & high potential
zones as mentioned in the policy.
Savera College Subject:- Title:- Sheet No. :- Date:- Submitted by:- Submitted To:- Remarks:-
Of Architecture, Low Cost 3rd Feb. Himani, Amritanshu, Ar. Deepak
Gurgaon Building-VIII. 2016 Himanshu Ch., Abhishek T.,
Dinesh, Ritesh & Manika.
B.I.S SPACE NORMS FOR LOW INCOME GROUP HOUSING
1:- SCOPE
This standard provides guidelines for the planning & general building requirements of low cost houses having a maximum plinth area
of 40 sq.mt.
2:- PLANNING
2.1:- At least 75% of the plots may be of the size less than or up to 60 sq.mt./dwelling unit in metro-Politian towns & 100 sq.mt. in
other towns & hill areas.
2.2:- Remaining 25% of the plots may be more than 60 sq.mt., however, no plot shall be more than 200 sq.mt.
2.3:- In case of group housing or flatted development at least 75 % units should have a plinth area (excluding external
circulation such as stairs, lifts, lobbies etc.) up to or not exceeding 40 sq.mt.
2.4:- The minimum plot size with ground coverage not exceeding75%, shall not be less than 40 sq.mt. in small & medium
town & not less than 30 sq.mt. in metropolitan cities.
2.5:- Plot sizes below 30 sq.mt. but not less than 15 sq.mt. maybe permitted in case of cluster planning, however, in such
cases the ground coverage and FSI shall be 100% & 2% respectively.
2.5.1:- In exceptional cases in metropolitan cities with
population of more than 1 million the size of the plots
may be brought down to 25 sq.mt. in cases of low
income housing colonies located in congested areas as
decided by the authority.
2.5.2:- A minimum of 25% of the plot size shall be left
open without adversely affecting light and ventilation
for habitable spaces & toilet. It shall not be made
mandatory to leave set back on any side.
2.6:- Minimum frontage of the plot shall be 3.6M in Width.
2.7:- Height of the building shall not exceed 15 Meter.
3:- GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
3.1:- Every dwelling unit is to be provided should have at least 2 habitable rooms. 3.31:- Minimum headroom for stairs:-
3.2:- Minimum carpet area of the multi-purpose single room:- 15.5 sq.mt. 2.1 m
3.3:- (In case of two rooms) Minimum area of first room:- 9.0 sq.mt. 3.32:- Maximum Circulation area
3.4:- Minimum width of first room:- 2.5 m. (Including Staircase):- 8 sq.mt.
3.5:- Minimum area of second room:- 6.5 sq.mt. 3.33:- Maximum roadways &
3.6:- Minimum width of second room:- 2.1 m. pathways:- 20% of site area.
3.7:- Total area of both room (maximum):- 15.5 sq.mt. 3.34:- Paved foot-paths:- 2m.
3.8:- In case of mezzanine floor (minimum):- 6.5 sq.mt. & 3.35:- Right of way:- 6 m.
3.9:- Must not cover more than 50% of the room area of which it is a part. 3.36:- 1/4th of total shopping area
3.10:- Minimum height below & above mezzanine:- 2.4 & 2.1 m respectively. should be reserved for shopping &
3.11:- Minimum rise for mezzanine floor:- 250 mm informal occupation.
3.12:- Minimum angle of inclination of stairs for mezzanine:- 22°
3.13:- Size of independent W.C.:- 0.90 sq.mt.
3.14:- Minimum width of W.C.:- 900 mm
3.15:- Independent bathroom:- 1.20 sq.mt.
3.16:- Minimum width of bathroom:- 1 m
3.17:- Combined bathroom & W.C.:- 1.80 sq.mt.
3.18:- Minimum width of combined bathroom:- 1 m
3.19:- Minimum Cooking Alcove:- 2.4 sq.mt.
3.20:- Minimum width of Alcove:- 1.2 M
3.21:- Minimum size of individual kitchen (in two room house):- 3.3 sq.mt.
3.22:- Minimum width of individual kitchen:- 1.5 m
3.23:- Maximum balcony width (shall not project beyond the plot line):- 1.2 m
3.24:- Minimum Height of Bath/W.C./Corridor:- 2.1 m
3.25:- Habitable Room/ Kitchen:- 2.6 m
3.26:- Windows:- 1/10th of floor area in dry-hot climate & 1/6th of floor area in wet-hot climate.
3.27:- Minimum width for 2 & 3(or more) storied straight stairs:- 0.60 m & 0.75 m respectively.
3.28:- Minimum width for 2 & 3(or more) storied winding stairs:- 0.75 m & 0.90 m respectively.
3.29:- Riser Maximum:- 200 mm
3.30:- Minimum Tread for 2 & 3(or more) storied:- 225 m & 250 mm respectively
DIFFRENCE IN PLANNING & AREA PARAMETERS OF H.U.D.A. FOR GROUP HOUSING
DESIGN PARAMETERS. AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING GROUP HOUSING
Max. & Min. Density. (900ppa-850ppa respectively.) (100ppa-300ppa respectively.)
Max. Permitted F.A.R. 225% 175%
Max. Permitted G.C. 50% 33.33%
Max. Area under Commercial Use. 4% of Built-up area at 175% F.A.R. -
Min. Open Space. Min. 15% of T.B.A. Min. 10% of S.A.
Avg. Household Size. 5 persons/Flat. 5 persons/Flat.
Area Range. Carpet area:- 28 sq.mt. – 60 sq.mt. Super Area:- General:- 76 sq.mt. – 350 sq.mt.
E.W.S.:- Up to 75 sq.mt.
Parking ½ E.C.S each Dwelling unit Only two wheeler Open Parking (25%):- Up to 75 sq.mt. = 6 sq.mt./unit&
parking/flat (0.8m x 2.5m) Above 76 sq.mt. = 35 sq.mt/unit
Basement (75%):- 1.5 E.C.S./Dwelling Unit
Amenities 1 Community hall min. 185 sq.mt. No restrictions.
1 Aanganwadi cum crèche min. 185 sq.mt.
No other community site
Site Area Limits Min. 5 Acres, Max. 10 Acres No restrictions.
Basements -- Free of F.A.R, up to 4 Level Basement. (15% for Services)
Allotment Rates Mentioned in Table -2 -
TABLE 2:- MAXIMUM ALLOTMENT RATES FOR AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING

Sr. No. Development Plan Max. Allotment Rate/sq.ft. carpet area. Additional recovery on balcony of min.
5ft Projection**.
a. Gurgaon, Faridabad, Panchkula Ext. Pinjore- Rs.4,000/sq.ft. Rs.500/sq.ft. & balcony area must be less
Kalka. than 100 sq.ft/flat.
b. Other High & Medium Potential Towns. Rs.3,600/sq.ft. (**Cantilevered balconies unsupported
from 3 sides are free of carpet area & F.A.R)
c. Low Potential Towns. Rs.3,000/sq.ft.
AREA COMPARISON BETWEEN E.W.S, L.I.G, M.I.G & H.I.G. DWEILLING UNITS.
Housing Board Signature Global, Grand Iva, Sector 103, Tulip Orange Sector
Haryana, Sector 42, Gurgaon (Under Haryana Affordable 70, Gurgaon
Gurgaon Policy, 2013)
PARAMETER E.W.S. L.I.G. M.I.G. H.I.G.
Sq.ft. Sq.mt. Sq.ft. Sq.mt. Sq.ft. Sq.mt. Sq.ft. Sq.mt.
Carpet Area. 324.8 30.1 419.2 38.9 621.2 57.7 723.7 67.2
Balcony 30.1 2.8 69.8 6.4 94.9 8.8 80 7.4
Bedroom(s) Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:-
97.9 9.1 106 9.8 122 11.3 120 11.1
Bedroom 2:- Bedroom 2:- Bedroom 2:- Bedroom 2:-
119.7 11.1 100 9.3
Bedroom 3:- Bedroom 3:-
100 9.3
SANITATION:- Attached:- Attached:- W.C.:- 26.6 W.C.:- 2.4 Attached 1:- Attached 1:- Attached 1:- Attached 1:-
W.C/Bathroom/ 25.8 2.4 Bathroom:- Bathroom:- 35.7 3.3 36.2 3.3
Attached 19.6 1.8 Attached 2:- Attached 2:- Attached 2:- Attached 2:-
40.5 3.7 35 3.2
Kitchen 53.8 5.1 102.2 9.4 181.5 (Inc. 16.8 (Inc. 62.5 6
Dining) Dining)
Living &Dining 139.9 13.5 164.6 15.5 121.8 11.5 270 25
(Exclusive (Exclusive
Dining) Dining)
Parking 1 scooter/bike per unit 1 Car/unit 1 Car/unit 1 Car/Unit & 1.0 Lakh/car
thereof
Tentative Price 6.79 Lakhs 15.09 Lakhs 22.36 Lakhs 51.02 Lakhs
LAURIE BAKER
Introduction.
Life
Laurie Baker or Laurence Wilfred Baker was
born on March 2, 1917 into a very staunch Christian Methodist family. In his
childhood he would accompany his father every weekend to visit cathedrals
and other old buildings and then he would build models and draw pictures of
what he had seen.
After his matriculation, he joined the
Birmingham School of Architecture and became an Associate Member of the
Royal Institute of Architects (ARIBA) in 1938. Hardly had he got the
opportunity to start working in England when World War II broke out just a
year later in 1939.
Born : March 2,1917,Birmingham, England He came into contact with some Quakers
Died : April 1, 2007, Thiruvananthapuram or members of the Society of Friends who believed in the power of non-
violence and to live in respect of every person small or big, rich or poor. The
Education : Birmingham Institute of Art Design. Quakers' interpretation of Jesus' teachings attracted Laurie. Later, he would
Awards : Padma shri, Order of British Empire. similarly be drawn to the similar beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi who would be a
major influence on his work in India.
China
Laurie baker’s Quotes In 1941, Laurie volunteered to go on a
mission to help at a medical camp at Kutsing in inland China. Laurie used to
“I don't think I've ever been inspired by what other architects have make several journeys from the base camp to the north.
After four years he came to England.
done but more by what ordinary craftsmen have created. “
Himalayan era : Pithorgarh
When Baker and his wife shifted to Kerala, many people and institutions, including the By the late 1940s, the British had quit India
Church in Kerala expressed interest in reducing costs of building. Baker showed and Gandhi had been assassinated, and he was settled in independent India.
that this was possible by actually building a house for a poor family at a meager The Bakers stayed in Pithoragarh from 1948 to 1963.
cost of Rs. 3000. Rural : Kerala, Vagamon
So Baker began building government and semi-government institutions also. He In 1963 the Bakers moved to Kerala,
organized a group of masons and carpenters who agreed with his style of building Elizabeth Baker's homeland. Laurie happened to meet a Belgian monk Francis
to avoid opposition and problems. Baker says that he owes a lot to them. Baker’s who followed the Hindu way of monasticism and had started an ashram at
low-cost housing techniques were a blessing for the lower middle class. Kurisumala in a place called Vagamon in the Kottayam/Idukki border
As his work spread, Baker gives two important characteristics of his architecture – ‘small’
is not only ‘beautiful’ but also essential and more important than ‘large’; and that
architects must learn how to build as inexpensively as possible.
About its Work and concepts : Techniques :
• He was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective 1)Rat-trap Bond
energy-efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light • This double-wall technique uses bricks on edge with a cross brick
and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. between each and produces a 9-inch thick wall with an insulating air
• Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he cavity in between.
promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and • Requires approximately 25% less bricks and 40% less mortar than
combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent traditional masonry
use of resources and energy. • Reduced material requirement results in considerable cost saving
• He was a pioneer of sustainable architecture as well as organic architecture, • Strength of wall is not compromised, it remains same as traditional
incorporating in his designs even in the late 1960s, concepts such as rain-water masonry wall.
harvesting, minimizing usage of energy-inefficient building materials, minimizing • Cavity induced in wall provides better thermal insulation, resulting in
damage to the building site and seamlessly merging with the surroundings. cooler interiors during summer and warmer interiors during winter.
• All vertical and horizontal reinforced bands, lintels (for standard size
openings), electrical conduits are hidden inside wall, resulting in better
Baker’s Architectural Principles : aesthetic appearance without plastering (exposed brickwork).
1) Only accept a Reasonable Brief and an which you think you are capable carrying it.
2) Discourage extravagance & snobbery &don’t take a job which either.
3) Always study your site soil ,topography ,water, climate, or neighbors' (noisy temples,
smelly factories.
4) See Potential service water , drainage, access, fuel etc. if not possible what u will do.
5) You yourself ,get accurate detail of site in the site facts, such as trees, rocks as well
as wind, rain directions.
6) Study & know local materials- their availability, performances, costs , techniques ,
workman know how to use them.
7) Study & to know energy.
8) Building codes are advisory but not mandatory.
9) Don’t rob National Resources.
10) Be honest & truthful in design & material usage, const. cost, about your own
mistakes .
11) Avoid opulence & showing off .
12) Make cost efficiency your way of life not merely “low cost for the poor “practice
whom you preach,
“Cost effective houses are not just for the

poor, they are for everyone”.
2) Jali Wall 3) Filler Slab
Creative bricklaying is a defining visual characteristic of COSTFORD buildings with varied Lightweight, inexpensive materials such as low-grade Mangalore tiles, bricks,
arrangements providing natural ventilation instead of costly and environmentally coconut shells, glass bottles, etc. n be used as filler materials. These materials
damaging air conditioning. Jali walls also provide privacy, security, cost reduction in are laid in the grids of steel reinforcement rods and concreting/concrete
windows needed, and – most dramatically -- aesthetic appeal topping is done over them.
1. Strength of conventional slab filler slab instead of conventional slab. 2.

Economic point of view, 30% of concrete is saving in filler slab cost is saving,
which is greatly effect on economy. 3. In manufacture of cement, filler slab
technique saves 30% of carbon emission which proves eco friendly. 4.
Aesthetic: There is no need of extra expenditure for interior decoration
purpose
Jali wall are used for windows & Corridors

4)Frameless Doors and Windows
Window is necessity it is quite costly top right, the simplest window
Consists of a vertical plank set into two holes (or pivot hinges), consist of two short
wood pieces with circular whole in each. This strong & inexpensive, very little labour.
DOOR frames cost a lot of money & are often not actually necessary.
Arrangements of filler slab & Mangalore tile as filler material.
How planks can be screwed together by strap Iron hinges to form a door And
this can be caried by “hold-fast”built into the Wall ,thus eliminating the outer
5) Arches
Door frame together. One of the most effective ways of spanning an opening is by constructing
The door shutter itself is arches. Arches can be a cost-effective alternative to the lintels. In addition,
Costly because it uses a lot they look more appealing than flat and dull lintels. Arches can be of different
Of wood Quite a lot of shapes and sizes depending upon span and availability of skilled masons.
costly labour. Most common arch shapes come in semi-circular, pointed, corbelled, and bell
shapes`
HOUSES HOW TO REDUCE BUILDING COSTS . House on a terraced site, it is less
expensive to place it in the middle
of the terrace.
The extra & more costly
•The ‘old fashioned’ house has a sloping roof
foundation & basement wall that
which quickly sheds heavy rain, protects walls
has to be built if the building is
from getting damp and from absorbing heat
near the edge of the terrace.
from the sun.
The site is a sloping one, less
•Whereas, the roof in the modern house does not
excavation & less filling up is
protect the walls from sun and rain as a result
needed if you place the building
very uncomfortable environment to live in.
parallel to the contours, as in the
•Some of the windows have jali’s for better
picture ,and not cutting across the
ventilation and light.
contours .
When excavating the trenches for the house foundation s, SOME building materials are
Laborers dig out the soil and throw it in all directions, there for direct using. Cut them
especially outwards . . Or dig them out & carry them
After the basement walls have been completed they then To the site.
shovel all the soil back again as infilling. If they shovel For e.g. .some lime stones can
the soil inwards it will already be where it is wanted be used as building stones.
For infillings and some of the expense of excavation and Burnt them in a Kiln & they turn
infilling will have been saved . Into lime which can be used
With water as mortar or plaster
These days we use very little

Stone & we also now use vary
FROM structural stability point of view, a 4.5” thick brick Little lime but we are very
wall is often adequate for small single stoney houses, extravagant in the use of
& certainly for interior partition walls. An isolated cements ,lime would be just as
straight 4.5” wall is weak & can either fall over ,be Effective, efficient & serviceable
knocked over, or can be crushed by the weight of the & obviously at very much smaller
roof it carries. But it can be perfectly strong & capable cost.
for carrying the load of roofs and floors . At present ,India spends a lot
If it has either thin buttresses every five or six feet or Of money of different forms of
If recesses are created. Energy to buy cement.
Only use cement when really necessary.
Similarly corners & intersecting walls are strengthening Lower picture shows ,by using lime which
points in a thin wall. We can make, simply & very little energy
& transport ,we can save lot of building
These recesses can be used for shelves & animals at Money.
Almost no extra cost .
10

LINTELS are usually made of reinforced concrete. Steel & cementare used in it.
Very often a lintel is not necessary over door & window openings up to 4 feet up to
Four feet in width
Ordinary brick-on-edge ,as shown in the middle picture ,is all that is required .
If something is stronger is needed, a hollow arrangement of bricks-on-edge, as in

the
lower picture ,filled with one or two steel rod sin concrete will carry very large
weights of wall and roof etc.
Small flat-roofed boxes in long rows absorbs a lot of
This type of lintel is less than half the cost of the orthodox reinforced concrete lintel heat from the sun,
Pitched ,or sloping roofs absorb less heat and of
course
Still less heat is absorbed if fruit & shade trees are
Materials :- grown
On the South & west side of houses, the houses are
1) Mud : very much
All over the country mud of some sort or other is found. Even if the surface soil is Comfortable to live in.
Unsuitable for wall building, there may be suitable mud beneath. Or by adding
Stabilizers our mud may be be made suitable.
Comparatively few areas have suitable mud for the purpose of burning mud into
A burnt brick.
A cigar test , Biscuit test, hand washing test.
2) Brick : BAKER’S HOUSE IN TRIVANDRUM ( The Hamlet)
• This is Baker's home in

• Electricity wiring is not concealed. Trivandrum.
• Family eats in kitchen i.e. no separate area for dining • A remarkable and unique
house built on a plot of land
The Ground Floor and First Floor of The Hamlet are circular in plan with the along the slope of a rocky
diameter of 5m. hill, with limited access to
water
Façade is of exposed brick work.
• Material used from
Height of the ground floor is 3.45m. unconventional sources
Height of the first floor is 3m.
SILENT FEATURES OF THE HOUSE
THE HAMLET
STEPS LEADING UP TO A VIEW FROM THE STEPS DIRECTLY CUT
FRONT DOOR OPPOSITE SIDE IN ROCK
ENTRANCE HAS SMALL THE WALL IS DECORATED FROM USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
SITTING AREA FOR GUESTS BROKEN POTTERY, PENS, GLASS
13
SILENT FEATURES OF THE HOUSE
Inner courtyard: close to Arches lead
THE HAMLET
Never cut trees instead
nature into beautiful incorporated them.
open rooms
Courtyards had many gardens

Baker’s fondness for Simple yet beautiful
and ponds.
arches. windows.
Pitched roof made of
Mangalore tiles.
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
• STEPS DIRECTLY CUT IN ROCK
ENTRANCE HAS SMALL SITTING AREA
FOR GUESTS
THE WALL IS DECORATED FROM
BROKEN POTTERY, PENS, GLASS
A CALLING BELL FOR VISITORS TO
ANNOUNCE THEIR PRESENCE
USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
NEVER CUT TREES INSTEAD ADAPTED
HIS DESIGN ACCORDINGLY
INNER COURTYARD …CLOSE TO
NATURE
ARCHES LED INTO A BEAUTIFUL OPEN
ROOM
COURTYARD HAS MANY GARDENS
AND PONDS Gable roof for air Grills made of bits and pieces Cost effective
Pitched roof made of Mangalore tiles
BAKER’S FONDNESS OF ARCHES circulation and Baker’s window
GABLES FOR PROPER AIR ventilation. Louvered windows
CIRCULATION AND VENTILATION
SIMPLE YET BEAUTIFUL WINDOWS typical Baker’s
GRILL MADE OF BITS AND PIECES style.
CONICAL STRUCTURE USED.
COST EFFECTIVE BAKER’S WINDOW
Louvered window typical of baker’s
type
STAINED GLASS EFFECT
WATER TANK FOR STORING RAIN
HARVESTED WATER
SILENT
FEATURES Water tank used
Stained glass window Conical structure used
OF THE HOUSE for rain water
harvesting
THANK YOU.
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Ar. Deepak. Himani, Amritanshu, Himanshu Ch.,
Abhishek T., Dinesh, Ritesh &
Manika.

Analysis of Space Norms For Low Cost Buildings & Laurie Baker

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LOW COST BUILDING-VIII.

1:- ANALYSIS OF SAPCE NORMS FOR LOW

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Haryana affordable policy also states that:-

TABLE 2:- MAXIMUM ALLOTMENT RATES FOR AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING

“Cost effective houses are not just for the

1. Strength of conventional slab filler slab instead of conventional slab. 2.

Jali wall are used for windows & Corridors

These days we use very little

Gurgaon Building-VIII. 2016 Himanshu Ch., Abhishek T.,

If something is stronger is needed, a hollow arrangement of bricks-on-edge, as in

A cigar test , Biscuit test, hand washing test.

• This is Baker's home in

Height of the first floor is 3m.

Inner courtyard: close to Arches lead

Courtyards had many gardens

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

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