I ye UNE ~ fit wa, Noise s/f xX PA =) Genewally she. Sounds oste. of “tivo types, —> pleasant sound b Ea: Mugic . —? Unpecromt sound b Gc Nove, a > The unwoasted slap ose rething but te cvige . 2 The renin +p thir noise. Senko —s of he, Comenucicatin a Alnts ie Saeed due. ‘lp —> req o| 7? 5hy Rattin . 2 he. noise ip-an Q Pp: 2 TA ip difsibubd oll awund dee rysten . 7 There uslh no eapal dlistitution of the move VE will _ Snequal : : =) Hence measusti et We vol ¢ Curent Potameton usill le difficult. _Thesimah Noige;- > = het up consider a sevstr, ak > we) Cyst = The Casent moving Through the stesistor makes the elec to -move alk axcund the sierstor . = Due +o thts election movement oa poticttial tp creatid | > ex the srerivtosy - >) Tohevoo was “the. Pest penn who aeposted the Coseful Measurement OP Mine I Bevstorn. =) Nagase explained she. Consequence oy Brownian Hotion. Tt Sates, Wat Thesenelly agitand Chonge Cassiers in a. Conductor Constchrtis a-oaadom Voxiging Cumenk Ahek qe Mx by a Sando en Nosying Noltoge - =) Hence Re Thermal neise ip obo sefered cr the Tehvon None. ev Nyquist Nove. Ly The thermal newe ig abmat Constant” ustth the hence it Can abo be Called os* whit. Netee”é Becowre the nee. an s0ndem Process, one Cone . idectipy a- Specific value of Noltage ot -o poutticulas pe =] Hence the only Aerource toy Caleuleting ‘fe noize iz with dectertioal menureg such a he Smear aquane’os) Rook mean Sqpore values” =) Hence the awailable Meise, power , tua = Krap =o K= Bolkararts ‘Constant (se X10"5 YR) where T = Absolith Temp in Kelvias - Af = Nee Bw in hexta- ) Pua —> ako specifi % Re mnatimun power that Con he delivered 4p We Doad. eiskor Thesmal Noise. Model, :— )) Fhevenins Say cee - oS Hodelled o— ey = Notte. Retutos Noby Rordtpy4 The available neise. power is, fe = KTAP = eF —_—__ »> whese, We ° 7 €o 1B the tims noire Vol i tmge ener atid by te Meaty ~ d e v ~R FLD ag as tim ver te The MEAN — SqOHE OF the npis, q P eo Volkage %p, ey = KTR OL —>® Novtacts Sq chs Re Hedetled = R = ty ead Revisto y + The owvoilable mise power ip, — fra = eo Re” os HkT£ae a ow. The SEAN -Lqyare of the Meise. Cassent je, ia RETE BL = UT€ £® Too Restos in Series, : a, m ee ae en 2 GQeTR AL & ey, ny Reiutors L &, = UKTR AP Neisyles Reristors- with vol Source - * The Rondoe Procem By the uncorrelated ovine reuttance Bin ce Rertioo noises cow rot identical 4p eachother. Rte, ~ BET (ate) ae.oD Two Rextstoys in porattel to each offer . “Le ~t N T= = UeTas 4, E oly Rexirtoy \ ars a CULE Source » Rando, proce CXPLEIOn tor the. Ree Neoistan sWirtors ip, * The Ww +i oe to oor + Qin, aco ar = = in +18, + ato, Ta. Uw (0) (et 9, = We +t 1 \ ey ge werk hs) R- ETAP eee) Re“6. No: © Re Nhs S R —“— 1 ile . lp Nodeled + = Un UETAPR f eed Re A.) af * TF Uy applied ‘then “fe ole voltage Ceres ~He. Capos: Con be oulained by doplace Promore 0», a Nturle) = ies) \tsce 7 O Set Safu- Nour (jus) = Vow) epee D oitinde. , rous-tin| = | Guy)” so. = MRT AE 7 lw %> >© " Aforde a. \Nout >) = YRTR gy. w= auf on V+w%%%e Edw = aap @ lpr =p)& The vena Value of te Vol ‘otiqad ef the opitade 5 Hoyt AOC Gn te akin ho ‘ 7 / Nett = fore } 0 A leykpten deo. 0 = Ukre (dw ar d lag PO 2 o. sth @ ttt erer i" ray tet % = wee. I+y> de = Re dw. ae. “Re ~ dw: = 2 dH Nout = “ete € dx ar S$ Ure) -ee SO = urre co rec layne = Ukre pres [aa] oe are 2) Nap = kr cut = KT — .frenenal Neine_io “Nosret = =9 The noite in Whe Hosrer % generated due +o, 2 Gott Awiminal which ix voade Up of poly encitinial bs Reristive elemenk ls Noite . The chanel (oevon dpe chancel), oy Mayen: Charged portion’. 2 D> a4 Modeled Ve s iz Noisy | Hesre? - Iselin Hose R Foy Re MeseEer, dyain Seuree >Syuree vel.as e oh KTV 9 "HX 4p the 00: of -elactions avai to the Channot - ’ * In HosteT a d Change : ® HenG the Moser iB P2eporbonal, to 2 eck Qecem ix-nok powible J channel AL tow ney the pontoritic Copacionce becomes ne igithy ama , hemes neglect them - KO Tre neivy Goin Cunent , Ee oO a y8ub 0 = UIT Raub dre AP ETNA Gk the nite genesatid by tha vain tominal. oth Hos eet .x The noise due to the gate Cuutent , => 8inee We. Fe ch as a random asire owistive elim, the nese ig generated ace tt. ¥* Due to dhe fucttating Channels he polintial is Creatid | “OeweHw, the channel . Henes, Ug eS kT ¥g Ap. De he Channel WR ook Plochoft seg thon, ea ‘ag ~ UT Ag sp e y= ET 8.,-ap.oki - Fhe pespeney dependant enipsiesion By Hie Mose Can be obtained by we drain Curren - ‘FReprency dependent Extpresion , or Yd) Sub = URT Re LI ae a AP. | + (wean oe 7 Tre denominator ties ie Nhe haplace Tins bose of the eapokion. Lp op Pe. I J4(wre)? , €Ge Noize Band usidth :- # The Meire Bi ef an amplifier depends upon the. rage ape PE HCP). o — can Ag = Tipe Jia dP 3 7 Hen ie the. peak Wolue dhe snagaitnde af he fitta: vith Apa ons Juoetion 4 (8). =) Comider a rangle pole. Re LPF uth ade B= ULnee . = The Eqpivalent reke BS ip, “P= id Wesearnt i]. saec : $ ae sree 0 l+errfec)®” “a fone ~ (TL) Faas * Ch) (ee) 7 n= Je) wo PER) = TRL nobe B10 iB 153 Lima the 848 8. Fampeory:No = any Sho he Thesmal nese involves, For —> op Nowe —_ pias} op =u Bp nelesed neie —s rau oe The Ve srefeued Nese = aa Gain * Pe aenae “Rae The lp Nollage, Nou. = TWetyy®. = Neat = & lhe) @ Toto meine. wl ip 7 Voae = (Bilge)? (2x rae). * (Plhass)™ (were HTg,)-ap.5 a & Vrout = (@hs)™ ( Yaw fs Geo) uterap >@ 2. The Gain of on cs Amp tp, v= Qm(Rl rds) 3 @- The Alp stehexted meise Can be. oPlained os , —— = Nine = Wout “Gantay) © 7 “0 = Bsc (ih + aha, )urrap = .. 2 ls * Sa]: sae Naiey - "ET. dp ag Akie® de. eS J Pesrtine Channe| ~Neixe - Noe c+ Hente the -ip nekused nese Con be obtained bythe duwenator fF he channel prise, G the sentanu-ooire-Flicker Noire + (tow fraqrency noire) =) At high Preqercies te noise 1® Callod.as white reine) (@ince WF spectral Aenity doers, Nasig with fay). = at low fuspendaathe nese fp dependent one. spechal denny atkich vosdies with hanency. poe AY 2 =) Hence flicker noise ig atio Called ay” Yp Motse’. =) The flicker nese Oppearg ot fee below fea kil Hs . athe farapency at which the noise state do ose is kann o i cotnen Pasa, (2). 2D The Plteker noire appeore to ptak colour hence abo © Called oy “pink noire” Pink Note”é 1 The general eapr which deresibes te soland cuuent Move Rrectial deaity io the Ye eget, Cuin HK YR. ip 30 Where K is the torel oe uhike Custentlunl noise - Fo ip the Yp corner Freq, - =) The best Lous freg, ENA hove Corner Frag, of te songe From Ig to totlg. >) The FELT devices” CoB F more genenal PENprle. op-ompts have the Corner foaq of obeut wots . RMs_ Noise Comride satiny: =) Nove. dpectial denuicy ipa function of Prsquenay — 29 order 4p obtain the vane mebe, the noite spechal devi Cusive enait be voteqeatid overt the Apecified bandusdt 2 > UM the Ip *egion, the en nvite ip in the Bs of Fito fe then Te is gen Dy be : No yx @ (FoF) 7 k-Jec- i‘ ie dg. FL |=) He inf) @ | a where ~k ip the. Voltage rnise Spectral density in the why : “Region. FL > Lowest Fagpency. Fo = Ye covnen Fougpency . hy 2a The ‘ment MEG09 ip the bt noine segion which erttinds rem Fo bb Fy - Ney vous Cp, Fa) = «TEP ay. fe 2 [Fe ts ff) 36). ai, Hence the total ams noige of the sgrat Feoon the _ merge Fito Fy tp , t No, Ya (EL, fu) 2 K- Jee - ha. FL a€ pNoige tn a Slip Con -be defined to thee. di erent <=t © But They ort intiunelatid to each other. =) They ose, —> Netge Factor > Noige Figuae- > noi ge Pecrparictisre.. W) Neise Facto :- Serene 1B the oeise factor denotd by (R)- =)'Pes the indiviual componest rmnance, OF Sh.3 Buch os sxevstor, the Mote. Packor Com be produced by the cratic of real resister cto he -Hermal noise oh an deal ntetston. | =) The Meine Pactoy FO Sha Be “natio of op Doise, Power ('F,) +o the. Me nove, Poser ( Pre!) fo = Total dlp Nese power 30 ete dlp neie due 4p Vp Source=)the. ‘lp Noise prwen ip defined on the product of He. Pee ot rtandad tbsolut. emp (Ty) and te aroptifie, quin Ca). fi; = Gket, —>@6 Gker, | ~© Fog D olp none power . US oe Bollgrory cont. G28 xm 5]y). To 3 Pbanlick timp . BSN BH in Ha: Ga Amp Gain- % Db ip also pywible to dehine neise fetor Uy ) in terms Pf olp and ile S|q ratte. vs Fe = Sls) (ord (Say; 7dps Flquoe (Ne) = Nowe figue is pespentty wed bo measure the Qoedren (gain) of the arn plifien- . =) NE Ae the moive factor expremed tn dectbe| NolektLon Ry [AF = Wo myth] @ 3) Noige Pen emnpent ative :- * The neike in the amplifier changes wth te pat * The selation of the mebe biguee use ceixe timp te Fo = i+ Tn Treg * Pat Felis 5) Nolse tampescthinre. te portioulady useful for tn Cortaded Oreplifiers. _ “Y Dy We Value of NE is (-3y8 tran the Sh, 5 aid toy Sy te fp ide ten it Ip excellent -oS j Ran t- AY xB nese “ 25 The. Riva stage of eceiver (Rx) Typt cally th ine: 2) The. main ‘tunctton sf LNA ip bo potovide “eneuch Gate Ao overcome the neise. of dub seqpent shoes . =) LNA oligo provides doorge lq osfrout ony ditwtion . = The minionum Deine Feguve. ‘pe The devices Cag at obta ines \roen Ose Potomekers, Thay On: —> Ge — Be > Ro wert por? . a Derivation of Anbrinsie HoseeT To -por Noise. porramétin,. : = The WoOsET noise model const of tivo POUNCE , — Hean Sqpane dusin Cusenk | By oo er? Auch? sO 7? Got cusent noire , Tg - UT 9 85-7 Ghee ay og >®4, The corvelerction Coefficient fox ts, @ drain e qa current cz tng . id 52 =. tn + Ty intiniall, 7t . eapoions of two port neire poramets e@ = URTRAL Ry = a UETAP 6 wd oF . PET Gap G@o= ao) WeTAg Ye = Ge +je.> 8: # The none Noltage source tatines of Cute nt and transcondl, f2, i= z @ = wer yg ag >®© Ved~Ne Hence He mewstanee ea Ro = UkKTAP we Lek urs comider te t]p admittance Of a MOSFET & poly Copactive , ey te, = \nd Cheregsy™ | de RT ae Cjweas)® ei = OF Guep)* 3. : # The. total eqpivalint ‘lp Current noire ig the stm othe | refluetid Avain meire ond the induced qa Cuntent moire - a ab be qe Caosaelatid . exes oith {1030 rain Owe" quent role t “tnge) (tego) "Ye. = tn tinge ran : Ye = Cn S wxegs) + inge en Yo = galiwey) + tinge Ss en , oa Swegs + fnge en [. eas bale : "Me = fee + ger Noga - | “thd wn value of , Bh Bm. tng, “Ind Complex Conjugate with toy, Sry tinge i) ina: ink do ing [i tage © v4): = > = ®mo | > a ® Mem Seegs aye] ETE ae URT ¥qy oe Ve = % weet Bee arg . . stg [ y= a Vr) . Sho |* c= Ip Be. 0 (8 bo sy OY >= TAPE Ae pusely Serastnany 7 Ye . ; ee Sep — Sop to fey | 8 do s¥ Yo = Jwegs fi-stey 1 |=6ae aICes cee o=0- 28 Be = vdeqs fi-atel 1%] “38 * Th e UNcoweliatid, portion of Be qae noise, Cument, Q@= lyerae Go = UKEP S95 (1- 121%) Ue Gu = 3 94 (1 lel?) UD ie i, = weg z 3 8de Qu = Slog fi—ter') —————_—€#_——| -5 5 545 © L ALNA Topologiens- Power. Hatch vA Noise: Hatch. wer Hatch vA_Neige Hotel 2) power match fp alo Called 03 Noise match. =) DB provides Nigh gen bo the amplifiers. 4) The noise match ip aved ty: provide the, minimum Of meive ax an olp of the orplifien. © Renrtive Hatching :. ——4 Rg. S io No‘ = hE low Faagpreney he MOSFET acts as open ckt dueto the He provide bight}p impedanes - =) Fox power matching , R= he - ithe tle sel -ip hance Vig = Vol, > The rlp cuuent ts, fut = Thumal Meise +HosreT nisise . . ee“The Aeia-by ~-2) ushieh Gun oth quati, Re signal by a factor op a’. | =) The ivalent ext ig, [272 eqpivalen ts Fs Pod . Vn Y ip @ thermal ose sievator & ie Pour) 7 fa enn Now = iy Be Vo = yer Pay af — ae Wet eg ae Mout) = a) yuo vote { fen Cument ious= atime, Gm’ Rg og ain ype Pout) = uy? tuo le Gm Gn Ra, . tt InRe ee] @) Feedback Amplifier a » Shunk - sertes Aenplifien:- D Composed ty the seristive motching ‘nj the aviator, WRC provides it own alkiuation Signal by 0. factor of 2’ © ip ack Present - =) Hence the additional note in the feedbock amplifters orl be quiet by the feedback sreristnee RF” Awume hock Wor Gta ing Ore Uncorvelenated tp Coch otten. TE whee che te Tag, ow - Bnvgs = -Gae 2 O where , GeTth e. ‘oy * m Jans * thou: ee] Trou | den |W + togut) Re). ‘notte + Trout ‘Res Tee ‘dem Treuy [Kates] = rowsl Ht] 2 “Ves, = Uno. Gen ‘neur) = — Nes ex]. : Yes anf a | | [ > Je] ee wut) = iY Vee —+e)- ace ®7 x 5 ,, d bo Ing i- (b) ole Nove due lb From he Fs , ar c= tnoug’ Bs 286 7 where, © eur) = Favs eu Oat sub ea @ te iene) 3. on — ‘neut) = - 9 i owt) 8s] oe Rp =~ : MO + done Bs = “Tateut) {b+ a8] ones eae) teen I Fin Re, inet) = (vs dm Yea) - ‘ng \+ Uds) ‘ntout) = (ng ; a Cra ) Tay (out) > (ake : Peis Ba We URE Hence, = 4 Tuer ve oes OI eo oe BHT Re af = itr Yau. ek i = V4¥ au: ®s © But Since, € “am =Ve. R= Ye, _ : +P aay: ChayHay od ag oh poten =) fo addition bo noise figure (NF), Gain and matching . : Vinenstty. ip an Yenportant consickuation of on LNA- > dust oraptkuing the signal, “wsithouk adding Ooige ip rok only aegpived . >) The alg ASE Olso be bneay « FE the. Banal Ya non—Linear then fH ures theo effec, > Srtermoduletion distortion Joey Courses Hocking of signals). > Cro - Modulation - i Crarsjesing of evedulating she to the andtten Corsion +ig)- >) Meaning of Mocastty Con be donee erany wary . =I Among thers Whe. Corenenly uaed method ig the, “Thttd - order Ontincept Nethod (2273) “and I dB comme oe PE (Pug). =) @E wa, Pivate propre by No Abu -& Anabis te x I) Let us comicler that the omplibieys “lp Agra be Aepoterented by & power Resde5, Ce tY ow CotG + +60 sq New consider tino tle qe OF equal amplitiace wtth slighit, AipPesent. Fougy : Ws AY cents) + cosluait)] —@ tick. 2, ® io ea ® we get Sp + AL eosuot) + calea,)] + Cy Ar feoseae) + Ces tag) i +o (cos (uot) + os tt)” : Subsi upant A) costot = copuyt Cost 71h fices (uxt twat) + cos (uy “at)] Yo feos (aunt) casto}] a bo fees (aut) + 7 : “Cory WT heosrt + —>@Wied b) colt = Verayt +4 ® ©) acosupe cosat = flows (un tat) + Cosluoit.- t,t) >6)\ * 3 RYH connate Y, cos auyt +f) + cos tot 409,t) + cos (uot -ab =Car) “A J" corse + fh Co 200, +1 + FP coBluaet wt) + certon-uag] : = QR + GR So oee aN fe — ; wok + cos 2ugt [ + GAPS cos Cun tun) e+ cos (v9 to,)¢f cubic. Hatens a. (d) a —_—__ Cos WE =) COOL CeBLOt Cos wt > (at Ya.co8 awit) cosa: © Ma commit +, Cook cone m1 yh carrore+ Vol thf cos Cunt-+2u) ot coh out cnt Y Coy = Vaca oj + Yiy Corsi + Ycoseoye 8 | L ee _€ ALD comae + Yyomaunt = ay coswit + Vy CB swt a ® uty (© Coat 2 Ycoas + y,cotauyt © A scovust Cost Lb 3 PY corse + J Cos tot « 3 ZB CHAU ECUDE + & Cost 3 @) wg (paces wt coPiob lbs af fh ceraue+ v, | C08 U3,t - Be Cos Duk cob +2) caw it (9) - @+©, 3 Lit Cosw + + 3 > C820} 5 > osu TZ Cos 2 Cos WETS ae SB feomge + cou | FB) coset Cosaugk + Comateos.ia:t L@ 3 f Cok ls mgt t Y) corso +3 mug +9, cm al + 41 @ Le.2 The pe % fundamental Components one , (a2) a feorean’) + [eva + Ay car)) (castors) + eortas)] @ * La qeneeal he De Components Comes froen the even Poreey ta the Sexieg Ex parion Bile te foodomental texmg Come, Fron Whe odde, factors: * The Becond and 4&tvd hoxmervc. tam, Counred by qpadsatic ond cube Loctors, one, oN : 2 Cos (aust) + cosbuas)] 1") [axev08) rong) L>® * The Vighex ovdex hoxmontc distortion product being af euch, bigness Sexy ane Usa ott nuatd \ytuuned armpli bea - ~*~ The. apadrectic. ABin abo coma Of Second _pyder tatircode : -\ettion product (1m) | [cone ] [es bea) + eas(t4/- 4] 3@ * The hoxmonic Austoriion product: of these, dung differance: By teiw ave elfectid and axe abbinuatad by ha | NaRSeband amplifies .ieee te utc tea ave wise to a tRivd-order tnttimodu —tion product oO, Rs") Feo tara + cos (19-248) 44 } cosas, ru9,) + cos (209-1 et] i L356 . & From the eqpaction Whe. ‘ile neferved third - order tatice ph pink (WPS) Can be done. by netting Ae amplitude of 1M3 Products eqpal to Re amplitide of te Linear fundamental tE10 - lal = aor] ak o® * From en ® the aqpane of Volbage asp, dividing by tisice thy lp reistance Re dives the power at whichte (M3 eccuis ups = Ay {lGacer 38) Be 2ko é io Wea = Als ie B les] RRsMethod for Ertimading WPS i 3 * ‘ome of Abe another method uaed fox esttenating Ha > of pS tp “Thyee-peint Hethod™ 4 The power series expansion ip, Wee tv) S cpt e,9 44,0 0230 % The Yncremental gain Cdesivotive ef e9@) Gly) S C4248 +3¢,07 3 @ \ek Wao, Vg —V oste three diff) prints - “ qoee, 6 GW) & cy +26,.V430,V7 2 © BLY) & cy-2QN + 36,V" 36) Si! 40) >©- = 3g) -I™) 8 AY G- Wry © Gv WP3 = eee) | Soca | Ps = |g 8" | ow “Oe \Soracy oan |Dog : » Examples 7 4 oy Stogle-Ended Lvn:- Q. * Then the ole of the mines say be expremed asthe Lien of the three distinct Components , Nout = “Bund : \eapase * exes =O. where , Mun = [vee C25 (Utpe-t) +Yocertuni] 6. Neqpose = Vee Coweet) + (wocorag)l™ oo Nee Costopet Vr, coitg | >@.F Eroen Re rqpore component the CxO Component ip, exon = 2% NeeMLo ficoruret eonaict)}-s 6). The Lundometal tims ave Aenply Hie scaled versions ke original i\e> and Resefore They court le aemoved by pity =DThe Sqpore Component Contibukes second hormoaie distortion ‘le skp ond hence there ove also aemoved by jiltening =) The upelsl Component of the onivey ip the Ve tinne, Nexo = Nae “i [eos (ioe torp)t + coslupe- “oy, > for a Kaed Lo ompltade, Ste re tle ornplition ia toma proportional +p the Re ‘Je amp. = Wence “he convertion Qoin op the sien is, Ge = Nye Mo Vee 8: + The odvarstoge Of Rapate — Paws Lo maten is Rok We. urderixed ‘pins Apectnal component stich has tie py iP Peron poor 4Re TE Con be Sqprau ord MOSFEP - namnoed + aaa=) BO aldtnnctice astangement Wok seduces Re-elect we : oelatively Vosge Lo alg on the “RE post. ¢ wee ¢ 4 The -R& r\g drives Awe gate divecthy wile the Lo dv?ves the pouxce ttaminal . Yo = Aooxw® vey” oe Ra’ Up) ® +O, the got source. Nel Van’ as the wun of RE g Lo werals Then “Re bioing Cuuent acre the dkoin is , tbe = Moa } sen =) ee Cordpet + Vp Coro ty] 239 2TThe Conversion quinn [Ser ee 0.Piper Based Miser * Lo Raase- aus mixer He RE g to Signals ave Not well Bolat From each othext- * This Lack of ttatfon Comregp rome pacblems, —> evettoading of LF amp . q- > Chastmonte distor 7 > Radiation % Lo s\ tion eceurs). ue to 4B the signal “pe Lronseitkid back tothe . acttenna. =) Hiters based divectty 00 multiplication generally exhibit, beltin Perfcsimonce becouse +h. Up toa multiplier ent ak Aeperot ports, 49 ose Can be o high degree ¢ isplation Ye Yrwce alah leo, L0 5 2). Single - Balanced Witon: “Lo Toe thee castuap,t).| = =) The multiplier frat convert he toeoming RE volkage a Curent ¢ then performs a multiplication tr the. domain: 2) Pn fh miter, Wy ig chosen lage enough do that tt act a a switch. Dihe cuent ig *heelore efectvel, reultipbied by a, AApass _ bave ute papercy ie smiles fo He bo fuq,- =) Veoee te op Cunenb L bur Le) = Sgol ca | Sein et Tee cole) J 7 Signam functions. (\ ' nl ap ra ib Retaupe O MApaU uave conmuty of fodd hosimmonies of: the \undamental tine, tr roulte plication of “he Cument: by the Apne wore rel om ole apechal mm OB, 1 wWLy BUWLo 5SwLo FWLo Repaerertation of Single Balanced miter.“al Kineosit OF the \q CK Ls an fmpostark Conidesation of he Hoste? =) Hineasty ig enott Coroererly enhanced ly -rometype of dwurce. degenusation tnethods by wing Cages Aconaconduchts. Bo on b-evans Vee Tens Ca. * Hence the complet: Aogle-Lalanced oni ten th we bineorti sed tromeonductors, 13 LE lp Ve Re Hs ks ce o—WM_} Ny Vee ot incovpotaty, be Ves > Veins establishe the bias ouuect - ~) Re is Choo sen Aoage enough Avot 40 Load devon the gate ckt _ also aeduey We neiie ot fre qe “tea minal),x ee alg is applied to Re qe theough ade Hocking ? CB 2) Fhe. Converkion goie o Me tingle balanced ten ip, Qe = a Qn ° =) Buk o Me PF lq ip eqpally divided, Ge = a “fo / =) = = ‘Aen Active. Double Balanced) Nixes: Sa SS =) TO prevent fe po porcducts for geting to Ha dlp the active. daub. balanced miners os wed . =) Pwo ingle balanced cireuits mo be combined too Provide deble balanced miter:30, ow the dif Pevence of the biewing Cuseok gives , Tol + Tee couiget — The + Tee contiget - : | =) Hence Me, Lo tramp at +he ep axe Cancelled uk - 2 the Re tam tp doubled ot Yea. olp - QLPee Clete - & The. Vaneawide of Re Signal Con be psiovided Me Source. clegeneiatine eloments . bg Wing Linea diffeutial Re fv double balooad mixer: ese oste the diffeuntial. balanced miter okt meprerhing the. de genesative methode.cyan - ad '- MoS PRA Qui of foVpine 2BIns L * A® the Value Of Diy trereare,, The. gots - source voltages of Mo ¢ Ny inexeares by eqpal omeunt - * hee ag the godt - tourer Volbogen OF Mig Na decreoses. * The Voltage ob node A, Nain — (Nasy +Vg1) ae Voltoge ab node B , / Veins - (vasa + Vo): . | * Hence he voltage at the soureetominals js belo ht Veiag - / * Thy the Voltages at tov source pb axe eopal and the, : CRE pynthesines oy ao Ntrtnal short ekt-» & Such oa Shovt ekE Can provide the tnean Hy by using | Pomive — such oy steviitance . =) Became A $B axe ot tame pitiniial, the cunerh ingee into A ip equal to” Mole +. Veias t Tein, CHOW ~qpiad Banscondie toe - Subsam Hivers:- The high Spay. of: onos msttches ane dalled a Babstompl eae FH) Ths type Sf miters provides the information bandusid 4, Ff modulation 41g Rower than tte Gatiey tev: Henee This miney Sathisties We Ryquisk exitivia of Jorspling dod. ew thon’ “the Cossies fed.Po. Gisock ona a \d subse onpling miter. =) The Wignes- by, Aq & Sampled ot 1e instant indicates, by the dots. > The od vantage othe miter ig thot 1b Uf Corer ty sealize Somplers ok operates ob Oo Peqpency Lan thay, ‘he incoming RF Aignal.. eu Track -Hode =) Po kroek mode, H) Hg one timed on. 2 YWeGt rertumed ovr. = he devices Wa ty § Ne por o witage expalte te Commen-mode vw level New, of Te Sarnpling pacity.on ip -awreches Wig He Connect The a d the Re ‘ile s)q - I Reeae A, G Hate OPE, He Op-omp te imele in ths Practicing mode , and hance fu ‘racking banrdwigy ip det by Me Re time conta nt fremed by He yta switch redtance ¢ dompling Capacitance. a) By ‘rin mode use. Con delaig tracking bondwidtt,s Greate Ran 1Gtg . a Hold - d- Hode . Pr 4s mode all pusiteching tote one 6 eNersed ) “the only conducting devices ose Re Feedback device, He g Hy - 7 ttn Hin mode, the “okt degenevat, to a paby GZpocitors heeding back oxeund he Dp-omp, oh Chasses =) Henee tho bordustd asho ciated withthe, “racing re % dos Won tre ¢ le RE Ale.