43.

This set of Power Electronics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Powe
Which of the following devices does not belong to the transistor family?
A.IGBT
B.MOSFET
C.GTO
D.BJT
Answer: C
Explanation: GTO is gate turn off transistor, it belongs to the Thyristor family. All the other devic
44.In a power transistor, ____ is the controlled parameter.
A.VBE
B.VCE
C.IB
D.IC
Answer: C
Explanation: The collector current is the controlled parameter.

45.In a power transistor, _________ is the controlling parameter.

A.VBE
B.VCE
C.IB
D.IC
Answer: C
Explanation: The base current controls the collector current. Hence, the base current Ib is the cont

46. In a power transistor, the IB vs VBE curve is

A.a parabolic curve
B.an exponentially decaying curve
C.resembling the diode curve
D.a straight line Y = IB
Answer: C
Explanation: The B-E junction of a BJT resembles a p-n junction diode, hence the curve.

47.The forward current gain α is given by

A.IC/IB
B.IC/IE
C.IE/IC
D.IE/IB
Answer: B
Explanation: Collector current by emitter current is the current gain, its value is close to one but n
48. The value of β is given by the expression
A.IC/IB
B.IC/IE
C.IE/IC
D.IE/IB
Answer: A
Explanation: Collector current by the base current is beta, its value is in the range 50 to 300.

49.A power BJT is used as a power control switch by biasing it in the cut off region (off state) or in
A.both the base-emitter & base-collector junctions are forward biased
B.the base-emitter junction is reverse biased, and the base collector junction is forward biased
C.the base-emitter junction is forward biased, and the base collector junction is reversed biased
D.both the base-collector & the base-emitter junctions are reversed biased
Answer: A
Explanation: When base-emitter & base-collector junctions are forward biased only than both the

50.This set of Power Electronics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Cyclo
A cycloconverter is a _________
A.one stage power converter
B.one stage voltage converter
C.one stage frequency converter
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: C
51.Explanation: A cycloconverter converters input power at one frequency to output power at a d
Applications of cycloconverters include
A.speed control of ac drives
B.induction heating
C.static VAr compensation
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: D
Explanation: Speed of induction machines can be controlled by controlling the input frequency. In

52.The single phase mid-point type cycloconverter uses __________ number of SCRs.
A.4
B.8
C.6
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: 2 negative and 2 positive SCRs are employed in mid-point type cycloconverter.

53.The single phase bridge type cycloconverter uses __________ number of SCRs.
A.4
B.8
C.6
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: 4 negative and 4 positive SCRs are employed in bridge type cycloconverter.

54.The principle of three phase cycloconverter is to

A.add and remove number of SCRs
B.vary progressively the firing angle of the devices
C.keep the firing angle as 0° for all the devices
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: The basic principle of three phase cycloconverter is to vary progressively the firing a
55.In three phase cycloconverters, the reduction factor is given by
A.input frequency/output frequency
B.(input frequency/output frequency) -1
C.(input frequency/output frequency) -1/2
D.(input frequency/output frequency) 1/2
Answer: B
Explanation: Reduction factor = output frequency/input frequency.

56.In a three phase half-wave cycloconverter ___________

A.both inverting and converting action takes place
B.only inversion action takes place
C.only converting action takes place
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: During the conversion process, the current flows in both the directions, hence both i

57.A three-phase bridge inverter requires minimum of _____________ switching devices.

A.3
B.4
C.6
D.8
Answer: C
Explanation: It requires a min. 6 devices, 2 in each leg. Switching devices could be anything BJT, M
58.In the three-phase bridge inverter, each step consists of
A.30°
B.60°
C.90°
D.will depend on the value of the firing angle
Answer: B
Explanation: It is a 6 step inverter. Hence, 360/6 = 60°. This means that the SCRs are gated every 6

59.In inverters, to make the supply voltage constant

A.an inductor is placed in series with the load
B.capacitor is connected in parallel to the load side
C.capacitor is connected in parallel to the supply side
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: C
Explanation: A large C connected across the input terminal keep the supply voltage from altering

60.In the 180° mode VSI, ___________ devices conduct at a time.

A.5
B.2
C.3
D.4
Answer: C
Explanation: Three devices conduct at a time. One from the upper pair and two from the lower pa

61.Consider the block diagram shown below:

If the transfer function of the system is given by T(s)=G1G2+G2G3/1+X. Then X is:

A.G2G3G4
B.G2G4
C.G1G2G4
D.G3G4
Answer: B
Explanation: Use the technique of making two different block diagram by dividing two summers
62.For the block diagram given in the following figure, the expression of C/R is:

A.G1G2G3/1-G2G1
B.G1G2/1-G1G2G3
C.G1G2G3/1-G1G2G3
D.G1G2/G3(1-G1G2)
Answer: A
Explanation: Block diagram is being converted into signal flow graphs by considering each take o

63.The transfer function from D(s) to Y(s) is :

A.2/3s+7
B.2/3s+1
C.6/3s+7
D.2/3s+6
Answer: A
Explanation: Y(s)/D(s)=2/3s+1/1+3*(2/3s+1)=2/3s+

64.The closed loop gain of the system shown in the given figure is :

A.-9/5
B.-6/5
C.6/5
D.9/5
Answer: B
Explanation: C(s)/R(s)=-3/1+3/2=-6/
65.The advantage of block diagram representation is that it is possible to evaluate the contribution
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: The advantage of the block diagram is that it is possible to get the contribution of ea

66.The overall transfer function from block diagram reduction for cascaded blocks is :
A.Sum of individual gain
B.Product of individual gain
C.Difference of individual gain
D.Division of individual gain
Answer: B
Explanation: Gain of block get multiplied when they are cascaded where cascaded means that the

67.The overall transfer function of two blocks in parallel are :

A.Sum of individual gain
B.Product of individual gain
C.Difference of individual gain
D.Division of individual gain
Answer: A
Explanation: The gains get added as the blocks are connected in parallel with the summer in betw

68.Transfer function of the system is defined as the ratio of Laplace output to Laplace input consid
A.1
B.2
C.0
D.infinite

Answer: C
Explanation: By definition transfer function is the ratio of the laplace output to the input but the in
69.In the following block diagram, G1=10/s G2=10/s+1 H1=s+3, H2= The overall transfer functio

A. 10/11s2+31s+10
B. 100/11s2+31s+100
C. 100/11s2+31s+10
D. 100/11s2+31s
Answer: B
Explanation: C/R=G2G1/1+G2H2+G1G2H2
C/R=100/11s2+31s+100.

70.Oscillations in output response is due to :

A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. No feedback
D. None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Oscillations are the unwanted sinuoidal signals with high gain in positive feedback

71. A signal flow graph is the graphical representation of the relationships between the variables o
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: By definition signal flow graphs are the graphical representation of the relationships

72. A node having only outgoing branches.

A.Input node
B.Output node
C.Incoming node
D.Outgoing node
Answer: A
Explanation: Nodes are the point by which the branches are outgoing or ingoing and this can be i

73.Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the given signal flow graph:

A.abd/1-(ac)
B.abdeg/1-(bc+ef)+bcef
C.abd/1-(bc+ef)+bcef
D.adcdef/1-(bc+ef)+bcef
Answer: B
Explanation: Using mason’s gain formula transfer function from signal flow graph can be calculat
74.Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the following signal flow graph:

A.abcd+efg/1-cd-fg-cdfg
B.acdfg+bcefg/1-cd-fg-cdfg
C.abef+bcd/1-cd-fg-cdfg
D.adcdefg/1-cd-fg-cdfg
Answer: B
Explanation: Using mason’s gain formula transfer function from signal flow graph can be calculat

75.forward path gain to the various paths and loops.

Loop which do not possess any common node are said to be ___________ loops.
A.Forward gain
B.Touching loops
C.Non touching loops
D.Feedback gain
Answer: C
Explanation: Loop is the part of the network in which the branch starts from the node and comes

76.Signal flow graphs:

A.They apply to linear systems
B.The equation obtained may or may not be in the form of cause or effect
C.Arrows are not important in the graph
D.They cannot be converted back to block diagram
Answer: A
Explanation: Signal flow graphs are used to find the transfer function of control system by conver

77.Signal flow graphs are reliable to find transfer function than block diagram reduction techniqu
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: As one set technique and formula is used here but in block diagram technique variou

78.The relationship between an input and output variable of a signal flow graph is given by the n
A.Overall gain of the system
B.Stability
C.Bandwidth
D.Speed
Answer: A
Explanation: The relationship between input and output variable of a signal flow graph is the ove

79.Use mason’s gain formula to calculate the transfer function of given figure:
A.G1/1+G2H
B.G1+G2/1+G1H
C.G2/1+G1H
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: Use mason’s gain formula to solve the signal flow graph and by using mason’s gain

80. Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the given figure:

A.G1+G2
B.G1+G1/1-G1H+G2H
C.G1+G2/1+G1H+G2H
D.G1-G2

Answer: G1+G2/1+G1H+G2H
Explanation: Using mason’s gain formula transfer function from signal flow graph can be calculat

81.Which of the following is not the feature of modern control system?

A.Quick response
B.Accuracy
C.Correct power level
D.No oscillation
Answer: D
Explanation: For a good control system the speed of response and stability must be high and for t

82.The output of the feedback control system must be a function of:

A.Reference input
B.Reference output
C.Output and feedback signal
D.Input and feedback signal
Answer: D
Explanation: Feedback control system has the property of reducing the error and that is by differe

83.The principle of homogeneity and superposition are applied to:

A.Linear time invariant systems
B.Nonlinear time invariant systems
C.Linear time variant systems
D.Nonlinear time invariant systems

Answer: C
Explanation: Superposition theorem states that for two signals additivity and homogeneity prope
84. In continuous data systems:
A.Data may be continuous function of time at all points in the system
B.Data is necessarily a continuous function of time at all points in the system
C.Data is continuous at the inputs and output parts of the system but not necessarily during inter
D.Only the reference signal is continuous function of time
Answer: B
Explanation: Continuous signals are the signals having values for the continuous time and if imp

85.A linear system at rest is subject to an input signal r(t)=1-e-t. The response of the system for t>0
A.(s+2)/(s+1)
B.(s+1)/(s+2)
C.2(s+1)/(s+2)
D.(s+1)/2(s+2)
Answer: C
Explanation: C(t)=1-e-2t
R(s)=1/s-1/s+1
C(s)=1/s-1/s+2
Tf=2(s+1)/(s+2).

86. In regenerating the feedback, the transfer function is given by

A.C(s)/R(s)=G(s)/1+G(s)H(s)
B.C(s)/R(s)=G(s)H(s)/1-G(s)H(s)
C.C(s)/R(s)=G(s)/1+G(s)H(s)
D.C(s)/R(s)=G(s)/1-G(s)H(s)
Answer: D
Explanation: Regenerating feedback is positive feedback and it increases the infinitely and hence

89.A control system whose step response is -0.5(1+e-2t) is cascaded to another control block whose
A.1/(s+2)(s+1)
B.1/(s+1)s
C.1/(s+3)
D.0.5/(s+1)(s+2)
Answer: A
Solution: Laplace transform is the transformation that transforms the time domain into frequency

90.A transfer function has two zeroes at infinity. Then the relation between the numerator(N) and
A.N=M+2
B.N=M-2
C.N=M+1
D.N=M-1
Answer: B
Explanation: Zeroes at infinity implies two poles at origin hence the type of the system is two and

97.When deriving the transfer function of a linear element

A.Both initial conditions and loading are taken into account
B.Initial conditions are taken into account but the element is assumed to be not loaded
C.Initial conditions are assumed to be zero but loading is taken into account
D.Initial conditions are assumed to be zero and the element is assumed to be not loaded
Answer: C
Explanation: When deriving the transfer function of a linear element only initial conditions are as

98.If the initial conditions for a system are inherently zero, what does it physically mean?
A.The system is at rest but stores energy
B.The system is working but does not store energy
C.The system is at rest or no energy is stored in any of its part
D.The system is working with zero reference input
Answer: C
Explanation: A system with zero initial condition is said to be at rest since there is no stored energ

99.The mechanism of control of body temperature is non feedback system?

A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: It is feedback system as the temperature of our body is regulated periodically and be

100.Benefits of feedback:
A.Performance of system is greater.
B.Need for system much larger path gain and system instability.
C.Controlled variable accurately follows the desired value
D.Affected by parameter variations
Answer: D
Explanation: Closed loop system is the system with the feedback and this can be positive or negat

101.Feedback always increases the gain?

A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: It cannot always increase gain it can also reduce the gain as gain of Open loop contro

102.Effect of feedback on sensitivity is minimum in:

A.Open loop control system
B.Closed loop control system
C.None of the mentioned
D.Both of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: Sensitivity is defined as the change in output with respect to change in parameter or

103.Feedback control systems are:

A.Insensitive to both forward and feedback path parameter changes
B.Less sensitive to feedback path parameter changes than to forward path parameter changes
C.Less sensitive to forward path parameter changes that to feedback path parameter changes
D.Equally sensitive to forward feedback path parameter changes
Answer: C
Explanation: Feedback control system can be positive and negative but positive feedback systems

104.Consider the following statements with respect to the feedback of the control systems:
Feedback can improve stability or be harmful to stability if it is not properly applieD.
Feedback can always improve stability
In many situations the feedback can reduce the effect of noise and disturbance on system perform
In general the sensitivity of the system gain of a feedback system of a parameter variation depend
A.1,2 and 3 only
B.1,3 and 4 only
C.1,2 and 4 only
D.1,2,3 and 4 only
Answer: B
Explanation: Negative feedback increases stability but not positive positive feedback reduces the

105.The closed system has higher ________ than open loop control system, this implies increased
A.Gain
B.Bandwidth
C.Frequency
D.Speed
Answer: B
Explanation: As transient response of the system is improved by the use of feedback and it causes

106. Feedback can always reduce the effects of noise and disturbance on system performance?
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: Feedback has many advantages as it can reduces the effects of noise and disturbance

107.Multiple signals as input can be used in which systems:

A.Feedback systems
B.Non feedback systems
C.Feedforward systems
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: As in feedback system output can be obtained for more than one input as output can

108. Feedback can cause a system that is originally stable to become___________.

A.Stable
B.Unstable
C.Conditionally stable
D.Either more stable or unstable
Answer: D
Explanation: Feedback can either make a system stable if not stable previously or may be it can ca

109.This set of Control Systems Questions and Answers for Freshers focuses on “Control of the Ef
Regenerative feedback implies feedback with
A.Oscillations
B.Step input
C.Negative sign
D.Positive sign

Answer: D
Explanation: Regenerative feedback that is the positive feedback implies feedback with Positive si

110. The output of a feedback control system must be a function of

A.Reference and output
B.Reference and input
C.Input and feedback signal
D.Output and feedback signal
Answer: D
Explanation: The response of the control system is the output of the control system that depends u

111. A control system with excessive noise, is likely to suffer from

A.Saturation in amplifying stages
B.Loss of gain
C.Vibrations
D.Oscillations
Answer: A
Explanation: Noise is defined as the unwnated output due to the input and this is due to the exces

112.Zero initial condition for a system means

A.Input reference signal is zero
B.Zero stored energy
C.Initial movement of moving parts
D.System is at rest and no energy is stored in any of its components
Answer: D
Explanation: Zero initial condition means that the system is at rest and no energy is stored in any

113. Transfer function of a system is used to calculate which of the following?

A.The order of the system
B.The time constant
C.The output for any given input
D.The steady state gain
Answer: C
Explanation: Transfer function of a system is that ratio of Laplace output to the Laplace input at z

114. The band width, in a feedback amplifier.

A.Remains unaffected
B.Decreases by the same amount as the gain increase
C.Increases by the same amount as the gain decrease
D.Decreases by the same amount as the gain decrease
Answer: C
Explanation: The bandwidth is defined as the difference in the higher frequency to the input frequ

115.On which of the following factors does the sensitivity of a closed loop system to gain changes
A.Frequency
B.Loop gain
C.Forward gain
D.All of the mentioned
Answer: D
Explanation: Sensitivity is defined as the change in the output with respect to the change in the pa

116.The transient response, with feedback system,

A.Rises slowly
B.Rises quickly
C.Decays slowly
D.Decays quickly
Answer: D
Explanation: Transient response is the response that is between time t=0 and at any time and beha

The second derivative input signals modify which of the following?

A.The time constant of the system
B.Damping of the system
C.The gain of the system
D.The time constant and suppress the oscillations
Answer: D
Explanation: The time constant is the time required to attain the final value of the steady state and
This set of Control Systems Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Linearizin
The effect of adding feedback makes the system__________
A.Linear
B.Non-linear
C.Time variant
D.Time invariant
Answer: A
Explanation: Consider the single loop system with forward path transfer function as the square fu

The relation between output response and input signal in closed loop system is :
A.Exponential
B.Parabolic
C.Linear
D.Nonlinear
Answer: C
Explanation: Due to the linearizing effect of the feedback the relation between output response an

Regenerative feedback is also called as_________________

A.Negative feedback
B.Positive feedback
C.No feedback
D.Negative and Positive Feedback
Answer: B
Explanation: As the name implies that is regenerates the oscillations hence by name it can be posi

Which of the following are the characteristics of regenerative feedback:

A.Zero damping
B.Stable
C.Least sensitive to parameter variations
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Output response is slow and sluggish and transient time is more due to the oscillatio

Which of the following are true:

A.Sensitivity of regenerative feedback is more than negative feedback but less than non-feedback
B.Sensitivity of regenerative feedback is more non-feedback system but less than negative feedbac
C.Sensitivity of regenerative feedback is less than both.
D.Sensitivity of regenerative feedback is more than both.
Answer: C
Explanation: Sensitivity of the positive feedback system is even more than non-feedback system a

Loop gain provided by the regenerative feedback makes the closed loop transfer function insensit
A.True
B.False

Answer: A
Explanation: As if the positive feedback loop gain is nearly considered to be unity then transfer fu

Which of the following statements is correct for any closed loop system?
A.All the co-efficient can have zero value
B.All the co-efficient are always non-zero
C.Only one of the static error co-efficient has a finite non-zero value
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: C
Explanation: Closed loop systems are the systems with positive and negative feedback and for sta

Due to which of the following reasons excessive band width in control systems should be avoided
A.It leads to slow speed of response
B.It leads to low relative stability
C.Noise is proportional to bandwidth
D.Presence of feedback
Answer: C
Explanation: Excessive Bandwidth causes increases in the noise with the same proportion as the b

In a stable control system backlash can cause which of the following?

A.Underdamping
B.Overdamping
C.Poor stability at reduced values of open loop gain
D.Low-level oscillations
Answer: D
Explanation: In stable control systems backlash is the form of the error which may cause low leve

In an automatic control system which of the following elements is not used?

A.Error detector
B.Final control element
C.Sensor
D.Oscillator
Answer: D
Explanation: In an automatic control system oscillator is not used because the oscillator increases

In a control system the output of the controller is given to

A.Final control element
B.Amplifier
C.Comparator
D.Sensor
Answer: A
Explanation: In control system the output of the controller is given to the final control element it m

A controller, essentially, is a
A.Sensor
B.Clipper
C.Comparator
D.Amplifier
Answer: C
Explanation: A controller is essentially the comparator which compares the given input with the r

Which of the following is the input to a controller?

A.Servo signal
B.Desired variable value
C.Error signal
D.Sensed signal
Answer: C
Explanation: Error signal is the input to the controller and it causes the output to be the desired ou

The on-off controller is a _____ system.

A.Digital
B.Linear
C.Non-linear
D.Discontinuous
Answer: D
Explanation: The on-off controller is discontinuous at the point when the system changes its state

The capacitance, in force-current analogy, is analogous to

A.Momentum
B.Velocity
C.Displacement
D.Mass
Answer: D
Explanation: The capacitance in the force current is analogous to the mass and this analogy is also

The temperature, under thermal and electrical system analogy, is considered analogous to
A.Voltage
B.Current
C.Capacitance
D.Charge
Answer: A
Explanation: The temperature under thermal and electrical system analogy is considered analogo
In electrical-pneumatic system analogy the current is considered analogous to
A.Velocity
B.Pressure
C.Air flow
D.Air flow rate
Answer: D
Explanation: In electrical-pneumatic system analogy the current is analogous to the air-flow rate.

The use of feedback element in the feedback loop is:

A.It converts the output variable ‘c’ to another suitable feedback variable ‘b’ to compare with the
B.It is the actuating element
C.To increase the stability
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: The feedback can be positive and negative and so applied is to produce the error sig

The major components of a controller are:

A.Control element
B.Error detector and control element
C.Feedback element
D.Error detector and feedback element
Answer: B
Explanation: Controller is the extra block used in the system to get the desired characteristics and

Practically all the elements are:

A.Linear
B.Non-linear
C.Exponential
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: It is not practically possible to achieve linear elements as there is some error present

The need of assuming non-linear element as linear:

A.Simplicity of analysis and accuracy of results
B.Ease of calculations
C.Less time consuming
D.Mathematical tool available
Answer: D
Explanation: All the mathematical tools are available as per ideal cases so it is necessary to make a

A non-linear element can be treated as the linear element.

A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: It is possible to make non-linear elements linear to make necessary calculations as pr

A variable reluctance stepper motor is constructed of ……………… material with salient poles.
A.Paramagnetic
B.Ferromagnetic
C.Diamagnetic
D.Non-magnetic
Answer: B
Explanation: A variable reluctance stepper motor is the motor that has motion in steps with respe

In a three-stack 12/8-pole VR motor, the rotor pole pitch is

A.15º
B.30º
C.45º
D.60º
Answer: C
Explanation: Pole pitch is defined as the number of armature slots to the pole pitch and here this h

A stepper motor having a resolution of 300 steps/rev and running at 2400 rpm has a pulse rate o
A.4000
B.8000
C.6000
D.10,000
Answer: C
Explanation: Pulse per second is mathematically given as PPS = (Rpm/60)*(number of steps per m

If a hybrid stepper motor has a rotor pitch of 36º and a step angle of 9º, the number of its phases m
A.4
B.2
C.3
D.6
Answer: A
Explanation: Step angle is defined as =(Ns-Nr)/(Ns+Nr)*360.

The rotor of a stepper motor has no

A.Windings
B.Commutator
C.Brushes
D.All of the mentioned
Answer: D
Explanation: The rotor is the rotatory part of the motor of a stepper motor and has no windings, c
Which of the following phase switching sequence represents half-step operation of a VR stepper m
A.A, B, C,A…………………..
B.A, C, B,A………………….
C.AB, BC, CA, AB…………………..
D.A, AB, B, BC…………………..
Answer: D
Explanation: In the half step operation of a Variable reluctance motor physical step resolution is m

A stepper motor may be considered as a ……………… converter.

A.Dc to dc
B.Ac to ac
C.Dc to ac
D.Digital-to-analogue
Answer: D
Explanation: A stepper motor is a motor in which the motion is in steps and it is an increemental

What is the step angle of a permanent-magnet stepper motor having 8 stator poles and 4 rotor po
A.60º
B.45º
C.30º
D.15º
Answer: B
Explanation: Step angle is defined as =(Ns-Nr)/(Ns+Nr)*360 where Ns is the number of stator po

Consider a simple mass spring friction system as given in the figure K1, K2 are spring constants f

A.1/(Ms2+fs+KK2)
B.1/(Ms2+fs+K1+K2)
C.1/(Ms2+fs+KK2/K1+K2)
D.K2/(Ms2+fs+K1)
Answer: B
Explanation: Force balance equations are formed where force from both the springs will be balanc

The output of an first order hold between two consecutive sampling instants is:
A.Constant
B.Quadratic Function
C.Ramp Function
D.Exponential Function
Answer: C
Explanation: Inverse Laplace of the equation of first order hold gives the ramp function and henc

Which of the following is an example of an open loop system?

A.Household Refrigerator
B.Respiratory system of an animal
C.Stabilization of air pressure entering into the mask
D.Execution of program by computer
Answer: D
Explanation: Execution of a program by a computer is an example of an open loop system as the f

A tachometer is added to servomechanism because:

A.It is easily adjustable
B.It can adjust damping
C.It reduces steady state error
D.It converts velocity of the shaft to a proportional Dc voltage
Answer: B
Explanation: A tachometer is a device to control the speed and adjust damping and it is used in se

A synchro Transmitter is used with control transformer for:

A.Feedback
B.Amplification
C.Error detection
D.Remote sensing
Answer: C
Explanation: Synchro transmitter is used as the error detector to get the desired speed and it is acc

The below figure represents:

A.Lead network
B.Lag network
C.PI controller
D.PD controller
Answer: B
Explanation: The equations of performance are
B1(dX1/dt-dX2/dt)+k1(X1-X0)=k2X0
T=k1(1+B1s/K1)/k1+k2(1+sB1/k1+k2)
X0(s)/X1(s)=1/a(1+aTs/1+Ts).

Backlash in a stable control system may cause:

A.Under damping
B.Over damping
C.High level oscillations
D.Low level oscillations
Answer: D
Explanation: In a servo system, the gear backlash may cause sustained oscillations or chattering p
Tachometer feedback in a D.C. position control system enhances stability?
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: Tachometer feedback is derivative feedback and hence increases the stability and sp

For a tachometer, if a(t) is the rotor displacement, e(t) is the output voltage and K is the tachomete
A.Ks2
B.K/s
C.Ks
D.K
Answer: C
Explanation: e(t)=Kw
E(s)=Ksa(s)
E(s)/a(s)=Ks.

Gear train in the motor is used to reduce the gear ratio?

A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: Gear ratio refers to the ratio of the number of teeths in the respective gears and gear

The lagrangian is defined as:

A. Sum of kinetic energy and hydraulic energy
B. Mechanical energy
C. Difference of kinetic and potential energy
D. None of these
Answer: C
Explanation: By definition lagrangian is defined as difference of kinetic and potential energy.
L=K-P.

A gantry robot consists of a manipulator mounted on an overhead system that allows movement
A.Horizontal
B.Inclined
C.Vertical
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Gantry robot allows motion only in horizontal plane and this is made in this geomet

An object stationary or moving in a uniform motion w.r.t A will appear to be traveling in a straigh
A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: An object stationary or moving in a uniform motion w.r.t A will appear to be traveli

The PWM control of DC motor varies

A.linearly with speed
B.inversely with speed
C.parabolically with speed
D.exponentially with speed
Answer: A
Explanation: In PWM technique duty ratio is a linear function with respect to speeD.

Ward-Leonard system of system of speed control is not recommended for

A.constant speed operation
B.Wide speed
C.frequent-motor reversed
D.very slow speed
Answer: A
Explanation: Ward-Leonard system of system of speed control is not recommended for constant s

Mark the wrong option. Which of the following cause and effect behaviour in speed control is cor
A.Decrease in flux
B.Increase in armature current
C.Increase in EMF
D.Decrease in speed
Answer: C
Explanation: When field resistance is increased, emf actually decreases, not increases due to fall in

At a very low speed, increase in field resistance will

A.decrease the speed of motor
B.increase the speed of motor
C.not have signicant effect on speed
D.no effect
Answer: A
Explanation: At low speed increase in armature current caused by decrease in emf, will not be eno

Small DC motors have best speed control by

A.armature voltage control
B.field resistance control
C.any of the methods
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: For the small dc motors it is difficult to vary the speed using their field control.
To implement armature voltage control, it must be ensured that
A.it is used on separately excited machine
B.it is used on shunt machine
C.it is used on series machine
D.any of the mentioned machine
Answer: A
Explanation: It must be separately excited mahcine to implement the armature voltage control.

Armature voltage control works for speeds _____ base speed and field resistance control works w
A.below, above
B.above, below
C.above, above
D.below, below
Answer: A
Explanation: For armature voltage control, armature current is increased so as to reduce speed be

A laboratory group was working with a set of 3-hp shunt DC motor. But there was a mistake tha
A.a flash occurred instantly
B.it ran for 3s and fuse was blown
C.it ran normal
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: Due to the wrong usage of the fuse wire, it could not sustain the current and in few s

Run-away for large DC machine is avoided by using

A.a turn or two of cumulative compounding
B.compensating winding
C.stablizer winding
d0 any of the mentioned
Answer: B
Explanation: The runaway in large machine is avoided by using compensating winding.

Why does DC motor sometimes run too fast when under-loaded?

A.Due to weak fielD.
B.Due to high line voltage
C.Due to brush-shifted to neutral
D.All of the above
Answer: A
Explanation: All of the reasons cause the dc motor to increase in speed when under loadeD.
The qualities aspired to obtain a good permanent magnet is/are
A.high residual flux
B.low coercivity
C.high coercivity
D.high residual flux and high coercivity
Answer: D
Explanation: Its both high residual flux as well as coercivity is desired for a good permanent mag

The type of field winding required in PMMDC is

A.series winding
B.shunt winding
C.cumulative winding
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: D
Explanation: There is no field winding used in PMMDC to create the flux.

PMMDC are smaller in size due to

A.ansence of field winding
B.presence of smaller field winding
C.present of magnets
D.Any of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: There is no field winding used in PMMDC to create the flux. So it is lighter.

PMMDC offers ______ characteristics.

A.shunt
B.series
C.armature
D.cumulative
Answer: A
Explanation: As the field remains constant due to the constant field, it has shunt characteristiC.

PMDC had no ________ excited machine.

A.electrically
B.magnetically
C.none of the mentioned
D.least
Answer: A
Explanation: It has no electrical excitation.

How to manage run-away issue for dc shunt motor in industry?

A.By using PMDC motor
B.By using constant field motors
C.This can not be avoided
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: A PMDC motor can be used to replace the dc shunt motor in industries as they have

A PMMDC motor has as armature resistance of 2 ohms. When 6 V supply is applied to motor it ru
A.81 mW
B.81 W
C.6 W
D.6 mW
Answer: A
Explanation: Rotational losses = E*Ia = 939* 15/1000 = 81 mW.

PMMDC can only be armature controlleD.

A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: Due to absence of the field winding there is no option of field control.

A starting resistance is inserted at the starting in an induction motor as well as dc motor.

A.Induction motor has to control starting torque whereas in dc motor, it is done to avoid large cu
B.To limit starting current in both the machines
C.To limit starting speed
D.All of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: For both the machines the purpose is different.

Considering a human handed control system for the dc motor speed control, if the resistance wire
A.starting resistance would burn
B.field winding would burn
C.speed will rise steeply
D.any of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Due to the slow cut off the resistance the current will be high for a large amount of t

A 100 hp, 250 V, 350 A shunt dc motor with an armature resistance of 0.05 ohms. To limit maximu
A.3
B.2
C.4
D.5
Answer: A
Explanation: n= log(Ra/Rt)/log(Imin/Imax) ; Rt = Vt/Imax= 250/700 = 0.357 ohms
2.835924
84
= 3 (approx).

Following are the observations due to large starting current in dc motor.

(i) Sparking at brushes
(ii) Mechanical shock at shaft
(iii) Source current fluctuations
(iv) Burning of the field winding
A.(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B.(i), (iii)
C.(ii), (iii), (iv)
D.(i), (ii)
Answer: A
Explanation: All the observations can be seen due to large starting current in dc motor.

The shunt motor starters that can be used is/are

A.3-point and 4-point starter
B.5-point starter
C.4-point starter
D.5-point and 3-point starter
Answer: A
Explanation: Both 3-point and 4-point starters can be useD.

The direct-on-line starter is used to start a small dc motor because it limits initial current drawn b
A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: The direct-on-line starter can not limit the speed by limiting the current.

Thyristor controlled starter is preferred over DOL starter due to

A.lesser losses
B.controlled direction
C.least resistance offered
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: A thyristor controlled method is more efficient as it has lesser resistance and losses w

For a 46 kW, 200 V dc shunt motor with full load efficiency of 85% has armature resistance of 0.25
A.788
B.038
C.688
D.588
Answer: A
Explanation: Full load current = 7460/(200*0.85) = 488 A
Starting current = 5*488 = 6883 A
R = V/I = 200/6883
= 038 ohms
Starting resistance = 038 – 0.25 = 788 ohms.

The effect of fringing increases as we

A.increase air gap
B.decrease air gap
C.increase in flux density
D.introduce more ferric core material
Answer: A
Explanation: Fringing is the effect in which the magnetic flux lines bulge out of the the flux. and i

The post effects of the armature reaction is

A.main field distortion
B.shift in MNA
C.reduction in main field
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: D
Explanation: There is no such post effect of armature reaction . The armature reaction phenomena

If the students give a forward shift of 10° to the dc generator, then it

A.reduces flux per pole
B.improves flux per pole
C.increases the flux density in core
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: A generator given a forward brush shift will get its flux density reduced at the pole a

A dc machine is run at rated speed in forward direction and then in backward direction. It is obse
it leads to the conclusion of
A.incorrect brush placement
B.incorrect pole and core alignment
C.incorrect field supply
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Given at the same speed of operation, if the speeds are different then the brushes are

For a dc machine , its commutator has a diameter of 50 c rotating at 1000 rpm. For a brush width o
A.0.382 ms
B.0.456 ms
C.0.573 ms
D.0.312 ms
Answer: A
Explanation: Time of commutation = brush width/peripheral velocity
###
= 0.382 ms.

Mark the correct option which affects the terminal voltage of a dc shunt motor.
A.Armature reaction
B.Source voltage variations
C.Compensating winding
D.Any of the mentioned

Answer: C
Explanation: If the dc motor has compensating winding, flux will remain constant regardless of lo

For a dc shunt motor of 5 kW, running at 1000 rpm, the induced torque will be
A.476 N
B.576 N
C.376 N
D.376 N
Answer: A
Explanation: Torque = Power/(speed in rev/s)
###
= 476 N.

The flux and the internally generated voltage of a dc machine is a ________ function of its magnet
A.non-linear
B.linear
C.constant
D.inverse
Answer: A
Explanation: The flux and induced emf are non linear function of its mmf.

It is advised not to run dc series motor with no loaD. Why?

A.Because zero torque at no load will make speed infinite
B.Because zero torque as no load will not let machine start
C.Because infinite torque will be produced
D.None of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: If the torque is zero in dc series motor then the speed will be infinite causing the dam

The voltage equation of synchronous motor is

A.Ef = Vt + Ia*(ra+jXa)
B.Ef = Vt – Ia*(ra+jXa)
C.Ef = Vt + Ia*(ra-jXa)
D.Ef = Vt – Ia*(ra-jXa)
Answer: A
Explanation: The voltage equation of synchronous motor is Ef = Vt + Ia*(ra+jXa).

Synchronous motor delivers lagging power at

A.leading pf
B.lagging pf
C.zero pf
D.unity pf
Answer: A
Explanation: As Q < 0 for synchronous motor at leading pf.

The zero power factor of an alternator can be obtained by _________ at rated IA.
A.over exciting
B.conducting short circuit of secondary terminals
C.under excitation
D.running as reluctance motor
Answer: A
Explanation: By over exciting an alternator gives the additional flux required to make it operate a

The operating point for an over excited alternator working near zpf lagging power factor gives ‘A
A.zpf leading
B.zpf lagging
C.upf
D.there will never be the same operating point for the machine as motor as well as generator.
Answer: A
Explanation: Yes, by making it from lag to leading power factor, a synchronous machine can have

We can increase the torque of a reluctance synchronous motor if we

A.Increase reluctance of the magnetic circuit along the direct axis
B.Decrease the reluctance of the magnetic circuit along the quadrature axis
C.Increase the ratio of the quadrature axis reluctance to direct axis reluctance
D.Decrease the ratio of quadrature axis reluctance to direct axis reluctance
Answer: C
Explanation: Te = -1/2(φ^2)(Rlq-RlD.sin2δ.

Switched reluctance motors are basically

A.salient pole synchronous motor but without excitation winding
B.stepper motor with salient poles
C.synchronous motor with salient poles on stator and rotor
D.stepper motor with closed loop control and with rotor position sensor
Answer: D
Explanation: A switched reluctance motor has stepper motor.

Synchronous motors are

A.not self starting
B.self starting
C.single excited
D.none of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: The average torque developed in the synchronous motor is zero.

Auxiliary method of starting is not possib1e due to the fact that

A.it can not be started under load
B.it can be only started under load
C.it is less efficient
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Auxiliary motors usually reduces the performance indices of the synchronous mach

Rating of the dc motor to be used in the starting of SM, should be higher than the synchronous m
A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: No, the dc motor used as pony motor is of lower rating than the synchronous motor

A synchronous machine with its field winding on stator and polyphase armature winding on rot
At steady state, which of the following is not true for its air gap field
A.stationary w.r.t. stator
B.rotating at double the speed Ns w.r.t. rotor
C.rotating in direction opposite to rotor
D.rotating at Ns w.r.t. rotor
Answer: D
Explanation: The air gap will not be at synchronous speed w.r.t. rotor.

A synchronous machine with its field winding on rotor and polyphase armature winding on stato
I. stationary w.r.t. stator
II. rotating at double the Ns w.r.t. rotor
III. rotating at -Ns w.r.t. rotor
IV. stationary w.r.t. rotor.
A.IV
B.I,II,IV
C.II,IV
D.I
Answer: A
Explanation: The excitation is given on rotor so the air gap field will be stationary w.r.t. rotor.

These days alternators are designed to have larger air gaps for
A.stable parallel operation
B.higher stability limit
C.sinusoidal mmf distribution
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Large air gap ensures more SCR value and better preformances.

Consider the following statements and mark appropriately

I. In a cylindrical-rotor synchronous machine, armature flux is in phase with armature current.
II. In salient pole machine, armature flux lags the armature current.
A.I is true
B.II is true
C.I and II are true
D.None of them are true
Answer: C
Explanation: In CRSM, there is no saliency and the armature flux follows armature current in pha

In a 3-phase cylindrical-rotor alternator, synchronous reactance is sum of mutual and leakage rea
A.True
B.False
Answer: B
Explanation: Xs = magnetizing reactance + leakage reactance.

A 3-phase, 400V, synchronous motor is providing load at 0.8 p.f. lagging. If the field current of the
A.power factor increases and then decreases.
B.power factor is not affected
C.power factor decreases upto a certain value of field current and then increases.
D.power facor increases simply
Answer: A
Explanation: The magnetization current is increased as we increase the excitation, so the power fa

A synchronous machine is operating at constant load and at unity power factor.

If its excitation is increased and then it operates as
A.motor at leading p.f.
B.motor at lagging p.f.
C.absorber of reactive power
D.generator at leading p.f.
Answer: A
Explanation: It will operate at leading p.f. if it was in motoring mode.

A synchronous machine is operating at constant load and at unity power factor. If its excitation is
A.generator at lagging p.f.
B.motor at lagging p.f.
C.absorber of reactive power
D.generator at leading p.f.
Answer: A
Explanation: It will operate at lagging p.f. if it was working as generator.

The reactive power output of a synchronous generator is limited by

A.armature current and field current
B.field current and load angle
C.load angle and prime mover input
D.armature current and prime mover input
Answer: A
Explanation: Q=f(Ia,If)

Power factor of a synchronous motor varies when

A.applied voltage is varied
B.load is changed
C.supply frequency and field excitation is changed
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: p.f. = f(V,E,f,Field current)

The magnetization current drawn from an AC supply a synchronous motor is used to _________.
A.set up flux in magnetic circuit of device
B.compensate core losses
C.set up magnetizing armature reaction
D.all of the mentioned
Answer: A
Explanation: Magnetizing current sets up the flux needed in the machine.

A 3 phase synchronous motor is working at normal excitation, then the flux deficient in circuit is
A.given by armature winding mmf
B.given by field winding mmf
C.supplied to armature winding mmf
D.supplied to field winding mmf
Answer: A
Explanation: it is given by armature winding mmf.

The excess flux in synchronous motor is neutralized by

A.armature winding by drawing demagnetizing component of the current from ac supply
B.armature winding by drawing magnetizing component of the current from ac supply
C.field winding by drawing demagnetizing component of the current from dc supply
D.field winding by drawing magnetizing component of the current from dc supply
Answer: A
Explanation: Excess flux is neutralized y the demagnetizing component.

The V-curves of synchronous motor is plotted between ________.

A.Ia Vs If with constant shaft load
B.If Vs Ia with constant shaft load
C.power factor vs If
D.power factor vs Ia
Answer: A
Explanation: The V-curves of synchronous motor is plotted between Ia Vs If with constant shaft lo

When a constant power output is desired to maintain

A.Ef*sinδ and Ia*cosθ are to be maintained constant
B.Ef*sinδ is be maintained constant
C.Ia*cosθ is to be maintained constant
D.Ef*sinδ and Ia*sinθ are to be maintained constant
Answer: A
Explanation: For constant real power output the component of the excitation voltage lagging to V

When the excitation voltage is increased from 1 to 3 pu of a 3-phase synchronous motor. Then loa
A.must be decreased
B.can also be increased
C.increased
D.decreased
Answer: A
Explanation: ‘Ef*sinδ’ is to be maintained constant. so if excitation voltage increases then the load

The inverted V plots is plotted between

A.power factor vs field current for constant shaft load
B.field current vs power factor for variable shaft load
C.armature current vs field current
D.terminal voltage vs power factor
Answer: A
Explanation: Inverted v-curves are plotted between power factor and field current for constant sh

For a power system having induction motor loads, an overexcited synchronous motor is also atta
A.improves
B.degrades
C.becomes upf
D.remains same
Answer: A
Explanation: An over excited synchronous motor acts as a source of lagging reactive power and s

For a power system having induction motor loads, an overexcited synchronous motor is also atta
A.lagging
B.leading
C.reduced power factor
D.increased power factor
Answer: A
Explanation: Adding synchronous motor will improve the pf of the system but then the induction

Synchronous compensators are

A.over excited synchronous motor with no mechanical load
B.over excited synchronous motor with mechanical load
C.under excited synchronous motor with no mechanical load
D.normally excited synchronous motor with no mechanical load
Answer: A
Explanation: Synchronous compensators are synchronous motor with no mechanical load which

The operating frequency and voltage of an isolated alternator ________, if the prime mover input
A.increases
B.decreases
C.remains constant
D.no relation exists between the power and frequency
Answer: A
Explanation: By varying the prime mover torque, the load angle as well as the operating frequenc

The active power delivered by an alternator will _______ when the prime mover input is increase
A.increases
B.decreases
C.remains constant
D.no relation exists between the power and prime mover droop characteristic

Answer: A
Explanation: The load angle will increase and so the real power will increase in case the prime mo

An induction motor can be said analogous to

A.transformer
B.synchronous motor
C.universal motor
D.stepper motor
Answer: A
Explanation: An induction motor has similar operation as a transformer.

A 3-phase induction motor with its rotor blocked behaves similar to a

A.transformer under short circuit of secondary terminals
B.transformer under open circuit of secondary
C.synchronous motor under slip test
D.synchronous motor under open circuit
Answer: A
Explanation: It is analogous to transformer under the shorted terminals of the secondary.

No load current in induction motor is 10-20% of full load current and the no load current of transf
A.True
B.False
Answer: A
Explanation: The air gap in induction motor is more prominent than transformer and so the flux r

The rated current in induction motor for a three phase system is 100A. What can be the no load es
A.12 A
B.20 A
C.30 A
D.5 A

Answer: A
Explanation: No load current in induction motor is 10-20% of full load current.

The no load current of the transformer is very less due to

A.mutual flux having low reluctance iron core
B.mutual flux having high reluctance iron core
C.leakage flux having low reluctance iron core
D.leakage flux having high reluctance iron core
Answer: A
Explanation: It is due to the low reluctance path, the flux requirement is low in the transformer.

The no load current of the induction motor is high due to

A.long and high reluctance path between stator and rotor
B.mutual flux having moderate reluctance path between stator and rotor
C.leakage flux having low reluctance iron core
D.leakage flux having high reluctance iron core
Answer: A
Explanation: It is due to the higher reluctance path, the flux requirement is low in the induction m
At no load induction motor has possible power factor as
A.0.2
B.0.5
C.0.65
D.0
Answer: A
Explanation: At no load the lower power factor is low and lagging in nature.

Mechanically air gaps in induction motor are kept very low to avoid
A.lower power factor
B.lagging nature
C.magnetizing current
D.all of the mentioned

Answer: D
Explanation: Air gap is kept lower to avoid the low value power factor, lagging behaviour and to

The low no load power factor

A.reduces full load operating pf
B.increases full load operating pf
C.reduces full load excitation voltage
D.increases full load excitation voltage
Answer: A
Explanation: The low no-load power factor reduces full load operating pf.

An induction motor when started on load,it does not accelerate up to full speed but runs at 1/7th
The motor is said to be
A.Locking
B.Plumming
C.Crawling
D.Cogging
Answer: C
Explanation: Running stably at low speed around 1/7th of normal motor speed is known as craw

The great advantage of the double squirrel-cage induction motor over single cage rotor is that its
A.efficiency is higher
B.power factor is higher
C.slip is larger
D.starting current is lower
Answer: D
Explanation: The outer cage has higher resistance and low reactance while vice versa for the inner
The rotor of 3-phase slip ring induction motor is fed from a 3-phase supply with its stator windin
clockwise at a speed of Nr, then
A.speed of air gap field w.r.t. stator is Ns-Nr anticlockwise
B.speed of air gap field w.r.t. stator is Ns-Nr clockwise
C.speed of airgap field w.r.t rotor is Ns clockwise
D.speed of airgap field w.r.t. stator is Ns-Nr clockwise
Answer: A
Explanation: The air gap field of stator = -(Ns-Nr).
s (MCQs) focuses on “Power Transistors – 1”

family. All the other devices belong to the transistor family.

e base current Ib is the controlling parameter.

hence the curve.

s value is close to one but never greater than.

n the range 50 to 300.

ut off region (off state) or in the saturation region (on state). In the on state

ction is forward biased

nction is reversed biased

d biased only than both the p-n junctions are forward biased and the device is on.

s (MCQs) focuses on “Cycloconverters”.

ency to output power at a different frequency with one-stage conversion.

lling the input frequency. In induction heating, eddy current is proportional to the square of input frequency.

mber of SCRs.

nt type cycloconverter.

ber of SCRs.
pe cycloconverter.

ry progressively the firing angle of the controlling devices.

the directions, hence both inverting and converting action takes place.

switching devices.

ces could be anything BJT, MOSFET or an IGBT. SCRs are used when very high power ratings are requireD.
t the SCRs are gated every 60° in proper sequence.

upply voltage from altering.

and two from the lower pair or vice-versA.

X. Then X is:

by dividing two summers and use the approaches of shifting take off point and blocks.
of C/R is:

by considering each take off point as a node and each forward transfer function as forward gain.
to evaluate the contribution of each component to the overall performance of the system.

o get the contribution of each block to the overall performance of the system.

caded blocks is :

ere cascaded means that the blocks are in series combination with no summer in between.

el with the summer in between and they are connected with the same sign.

tput to Laplace input considering initial conditions________

utput to the input but the initial conditions mainly the stored energy is zero.
The overall transfer function is given by :

h gain in positive feedback and s the damping factor is absent in the positive feedback system entirely oscillations are

hips between the variables of set linear algebraic equations.

entation of the relationships between the variables of set linear algebraic equations.

or ingoing and this can be input or output node and input node is the node having only outgoing branches.

signal flow graph:

l flow graph can be calculated which relates the forward path gain to the various paths and loops.
ing signal flow graph:

l flow graph can be calculated which relates the

___ loops.

s from the node and comes back to the same node and non touching loop must not have any node in common.

of control system by converting the block diagrams into signal flow graphs or directly but cannot be used for nonline

diagram reduction technique.

k diagram technique various methods are involved which increases complexity.

ow graph is given by the net gain between the input and output node is known as the overall______________

signal flow graph is the overall gain of the system.

and by using mason’s gain formula transfer function from signal flow graph can be calculated which relates the forw

l flow graph can be calculated which relates the forward path gain to the various paths and loops.

ility must be high and for the slow and sluggish response is not used and undesirable.

e error and that is by differencing the output with the desired output and as the equation of the output of the system

ity and homogeneity property must be satisfied and that is applicable for the LTI systems.
not necessarily during intermediate processing of the data

continuous time and if impulse response decays to zero as time approaches infinity, the system is stable.

ponse of the system for t>0 is given by c(t)=1-e-2t. The transfer function of the system is:

es the infinitely and hence the speed of response of the system reduces.

nother control block whose impulse response is e-t. What is the transfer function of the cascaded combination?

ime domain into frequency domain and of both the cascaded systems are 1/(s+1)(s+2).

ween the numerator(N) and the denominator degree(M) of the transfer function is:
pe of the system is two and degree of denominator is M=N+

to be not loaded

d to be not loaded

nly initial conditions are assumed to be zero, loading cannot be assumed to be zero.

t physically mean?

nce there is no stored energy.

gulated periodically and being warm blooded we regulate our body temperature w.r.t. to the climate.

his can be positive or negative feedback and having feedback have less dependence on parameter variation.

as gain of Open loop control system is more as compared to it.

t to change in parameter or input and for a good control system the sensitivity must be less and in closed loop contro

path parameter changes

ath parameter changes

t positive feedback systems less widely used as the positive feedback systems are more sensitive to parameter variati

the control systems:

operly applieD.

turbance on system performance.

parameter variation depends on where the parameter is locateD.

sitive feedback reduces the stability and for this reason negative feedback systems are used .

tem, this implies increased speed of response.

se of feedback and it causes the settling time to reduce and closed loop system has higher bandwidth than open loop

n system performance?

cts of noise and disturbance on system performance by increasing speed of response.

han one input as output can be generated for both the reference input and also for the disturbance input.

_________.

eviously or may be it can cause instability as it reduces the gain of the system and hence the system can become stabl

ocuses on “Control of the Effects of Disturbance Signals by Use of Feedback”.

es feedback with Positive sign and for complementary root locus is for the regenerative feedback.

ntrol system that depends upon the transfer function of the system and feedback system and also upon the input of t

t and this is due to the excessive bandwidth and control system with excessive noise is likely to suufer from saturatio
 no energy is stored in any of its component.

ut to the Laplace input at zero initial conditions and which is used to calculate the output for any given input.

frequency to the input frequency and increase in the bandwidth leads to the noise and in a feedback amplifier increas

oop system to gain changes and load disturbances depend?

pect to the change in the parameter variations and the change in the input and load disturbances depends upon freq

=0 and at any time and behaviors depends upon the value of damping factor and maximum peak overshoot.

value of the steady state and the value if less then the speed of response will be more and second derivative input sig
CQs) focuses on “Linearizing Effect and Regenerative Feedback”.

fer function as the square function then the response generated is nonlinear if system is open loop but will be approx

system is :

etween output response and the input signal in closed loop system is linear.

ence by name it can be positive.

is more due to the oscillations.

but less than non-feedback system.

t less than negative feedback system.

han non-feedback system and it is more by a factor of 1/1-GH.

op transfer function insensitive to G(s).

 to be unity then transfer function becomes insensitive to G(s).

egative feedback and for standard test signals error constants are defined and for one of the inputs one of the static er

systems should be avoided?

he same proportion as the bandwidth and hence noise is not good for any signal therefore the excessive bandwidth is

which may cause low level of the oscillations and hence can be useful sometimes as it increases the damping.

use the oscillator increases the oscillations but our aim is to reduce the oscillations and hence oscillator is not useD.
 he final control element it may be the plant or any other controller which-ever is used in the control circuit.

s the given input with the reference input and generates the error signal.

e output to be the desired output.

he system changes its state from on to off.

mass and this analogy is also called parallel analogy as mostly all the elements are parallel.

idered analogous to

logy is considered analogous to the voltage and is similar to the Force voltage analogy.
logous to the air-flow rate.

ble ‘b’ to compare with the input command signal.

d is to produce the error signal so as to get the desired output.

desired characteristics and consists of two major components as the error detector and control element in the forwar

there is some error present so practically all the elements present are non-linear but can be made linear only to some

so it is necessary to make assumptions for non-ideal to be nearly ideal and hence do the necessary calculations as ne
necessary calculations as practically non-linear elements are present and we make certain assumptions to make them

aterial with salient poles.

motion in steps with respect to increase in time and constructed of ferromagnetic material with salient poles.

he pole pitch and here this has been converted into degrees.

2400 rpm has a pulse rate of— pps.

/60)*(number of steps per minute).

º, the number of its phases must be

otor and has no windings, commutator and brushes.

operation of a VR stepper motor ?

physical step resolution is multiplied by 2 and control signals appear to be digital rather than analog.

s and it is an increemental device and may be considered as a digital to analog converter.

8 stator poles and 4 rotor poles?

s is the number of stator poles and Nr is the number of rotor poles.

1, K2 are spring constants f-friction, M-Mass, F-Force, x-Displacement. The transfer function X(s)/F(s) of the given sy

h the springs will be balanced by the mass system.

nstants is:

he ramp function and hence the output of an first order hold between two consecutive sampling is ramp function.
n open loop system as the feedback mechanism is not taken by the computer program and set programs are used to

damping and it is used in servomechanism to adjust damping and mainly is used in AC servomotors.

e desired speed and it is accompained with the synchro transformer which is used as an amplifier.

oscillations or chattering phenomenon and the system may even turn unstable for large backlash.
creases the stability and speed of response, so tachometer adds zero at origin.

tage and K is the tachometer constant, then the transfer function is given by:

e respective gears and gear train in the motor is specifically used to increase the gear ratio.

c and potential energy.

tem that allows movement only in ________ plane.

this is made in this geometry to fulfill the respective work.

r to be traveling in a straight path w.r.t B. This apparent path is attributed to Coriolis acceleration.
 A will appear to be traveling in a curved path w.r.t B. This apparent path curvature is attributed to Coriolis accelera

pect to speeD.

ecommended for constant speed operation.

viour in speed control is correct when field resistance is increaseD.

, not increases due to fall in flux.

rease in emf, will not be enough to compensate for decrease in flux in induced torque equation.

ing their field control.

rmature voltage control.

d resistance control works well for speed _____ base speeD.

ed so as to reduce speed below base speeD. In field control flux is reduced so the speed would be above base speeD.

But there was a mistake that it was fused with a 0.3A fuse instead 3A fuse. Then it was started

ain the current and in few seconds it was blown off.

ensating winding.

when under loadeD.

for a good permanent magnet.

lux. So it is lighter.

has shunt characteristiC.

r in industries as they have quite identical characteristics.

ply is applied to motor it runs at 1215 rpm drawing 15 mA on no-loaD. The rotational losses is

field control.

s well as dc motor.
it is done to avoid large current

ontrol, if the resistance wire cut out too slowly, then

high for a large amount of time and it will cause the machine to burn.

0.05 ohms. To limit maximum starting current to twice the rated of its value, what will be the number of stages of sta

= 0.357 ohms
rent in dc motor.

mits initial current drawn by armature circuit.

ng the current.

esser resistance and losses while operating.

s armature resistance of 0.25 ohms. Calculate the value of starting resistance in ohms for a current 5 times of the full l
ge out of the the flux. and it is introduced at the air gaps.

mature reaction phenomena affects the working condition only.

density reduced at the pole as the flux will be in the opposite direction.

ckward direction. It is observed that, speeds of the rotation are different, then

fferent then the brushes are placed in not aligned manner.

00 rpm. For a brush width of 1 cm, the time commutation taken by the machine will be
ain constant regardless of loaD.

____ function of its magneto-motive force.

l be infinite causing the damage of the machine permanently.

a*(ra+jXa).

t rated IA.

quired to make it operate at zero power factor.

gging power factor gives ‘A’ as the operating point. Then if the same machine is working as an over excited synchron

or as well as generator.

chronous machine can have same operating point for the alternator as well as synchronous motor.
s of the synchronous machine when started under loaD.

her than the synchronous motor.

han the synchronous motor it starts.

se armature winding on rotor.

e armature winding on stator. At steady state running condition, its air gap field is
e stationary w.r.t. rotor.

e with armature current.

ws armature current in phase.

of mutual and leakage reactance.

ng. If the field current of the motor is continuously increased, then

increases.

e excitation, so the power factor will increase upto the saturation and then again it will decrease.
wer factor. If its excitation is increased, then it operates as

motor is used to _________.

e flux deficient in circuit is ________.

 rent from ac supply
nt from ac supply
from dc supply
om dc supply

a Vs If with constant shaft loaD.

itation voltage lagging to Vt should remain constant as per the phasor diagram.

nchronous motor. Then load angle for the constant power operation

age increases then the load angle must decrease.

ield current for constant shaft loaD.

chronous motor is also attacheD. Then the over all power factor
gging reactive power and so the overall power factor improves.

chronous motor is also attacheD. The induction motor will now operate at

stem but then the induction motor will still work at lagging pf only.

no mechanical load which are overexciteD.

_, if the prime mover input to motor is increaseD.

ll as the operating frequency also get affecteD.

me mover input is increased for the alternator connected to infinite bus bar.

crease in case the prime mover input is increaseD.

s of the secondary.

he no load current of transformer is 2-6%.

ansformer and so the flux requirement will also be more.

What can be the no load estimated current for the machine

is low in the transformer.

nt is low in the induction motor.

r, lagging behaviour and to reduce the magnetizing current.

ull speed but runs at 1/7th of the rated speeD.

tor speed is known as crawling.

single cage rotor is that its

hile vice versa for the inner cage.So at starting the current is confined to outer cage with the reduction in starting cur
pply with its stator winding short circuited having rotor rotating
of input frequency.
ings are requireD.
tem entirely oscillations are present.

utgoing branches.
ny node in common.

cannot be used for nonlinear systems.

erall______________
lated which relates the forward path gain to the various paths and loops.

of the output of the system is C=GR/1+GH.

ystem is stable.

scaded combination?
 the climate.

arameter variation.
ss and in closed loop control system it gets reduced by the factor of 1/(1+GH).

nsitive to parameter variations but negative feedback are less sensitive to change in G than change in H.

bandwidth than open loop systems and this implies increase in speed of response.
urbance input.

he system can become stable if unstable or vice versA.

and also upon the input of the system.

ely to suufer from saturation in amplifying stages.

 for any given input.

a feedback amplifier increases by the same amount as the gain decreases.

rbances depends upon frequency loop gain and forward gain.

m peak overshoot.

second derivative input signals modify suppress the oscillations.

pen loop but will be approximately linear if closed loop.
he inputs one of the static error co-efficient has a finite non-zero value.

the excessive bandwidth is not desirable.

reases the damping.

nce oscillator is not useD.

he control circuit.
ntrol element in the forward path.

e made linear only to some extent.

necessary calculations as needeD.

 assumptions to make them linear.

al with salient poles.

han analog.

on X(s)/F(s) of the given system will be :

mpling is ramp function.

d set programs are used to get the set output.

ervomotors.
ributed to Coriolis acceleration.
ould be above base speeD.
the number of stages of starting resistances?
current 5 times of the full load current.
as an over excited synchronous motor will give same operating point at
he reduction in starting current improving the torque.
n change in H.