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FOUNDATION AND ITS

REINFORCEMENT

Prepared by: Atiq Ur Rehman


FOOTING
A structural element who takes the load
from super structure and then transfer
to soil is known as footing. Foundation is
that part of the structure which is in
direct contact with soil.
SUPERSTRUCTURE & SUBSTRUCTURE

 Most of the structures built by us are


made of reinforced concrete.
 Here, the part of the structure above
ground level is called as the
superstructure. E.g. Slab, beam and
column etc
 where the part of the structure below
the ground level is called as the
substructure. E.g. footing
CONTINUED…
The R.C. structures consist of various
structural components which act
together to resist the applied loads
and transfer them safely to soil. In
general the loads applied on slabs in
buildings are transferred to soil
through beams, columns and footings.
Footings transfer the vertical loads,
Horizontal loads, Moments, and other
forces to the soil.
 The important purpose of foundation are
as follows:
1) To transfer forces from
superstructure to firm soil below
2) To distribute stresses evenly on
foundation soil such that foundation
soil neither fails nor experiences
excessive settlement.
3) To develop an anchor for stability
against overturning
4) To provide an even surface for smooth
construction of superstructure.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
 Due to the loads and soil pressure,
footings develop Bending moments
and Shear forces. Foundations are
generally divided into two categories:
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
A shallow foundation is a type
of foundation which transfers building
loads to the earth very near the surface,
Shallow Foundations are provided when
adequate SBC is available at relatively
short depth below ground level. Here,
the ratio of Df/B < 1, where Df is the
depth of footing and B is the width of
footing.
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 Isolated Footing
 Combined footing
 Strap Footing
 Strip Footing
 Mat/Raft Foundation
 Wall footing
ISOLATED FOOTING
These are independent footings which are
provided when
 SBC (Soil Bearing Capacity) is generally
high
 Columns are far apart
 Loads on footings are less
The isolated footings can have different
cross section. Some of the popular shapes of
footings are;
 Square

 Rectangular

 Tapered
 The isolated footings essentially consists
of stepped or sloping in nature. The main
reinforcement is designed for flexural
stresses in slab and footing. The shear
stresses are restrained only by concrete
depth in slab and footing.
COMBINED COLUMN FOOTING
These are common footings which
support the loads from are provided
when:
 SBC is generally less
 Columns are closely spaced
 Footings are heavily loaded
 When exterior column came closer to
property line in such cases footings
cannot be extended on one side.
Here, the footings of exterior and
interior columns are connected by
the combined footing.
 Combined footings essentially
consist of a common slab for the
columns it is supporting. These slabs
are generally rectangular in plan.
Sometimes they can also be
trapezoidal in plan.
STRAP FOOTING
 An alternate way of providing combined
footing located close to property line is
the strap footing strap footing,
independent slabs below columns are
provided which are then connected by a
strap beam. The strap beam does not
remain in contact with the soil and does
not transfer any pressure to the soil.
STRIP FOOTING

 Strip footing is a continuous footing


provided under columns or walls. Strip
footing is provided when more than 2
column comes in same line and their
centre to centre spacing is small.
MAT FOUNDATION
 Mat foundation covers the whole
plan area of structure. The detailing
is similar to two way reinforced solid
floor slabs or flat slabs. It is a
combined footing that covers the
entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the walls and columns.
It is normally provided when
1. Soil pressure is low
2. Loads are very heavy
3. Spread footings cover > 50%
area
DEEP FOUNDATION
 Deep Foundations are provided
when adequate SBC is available at
large depth below ground level. Here
the ratio of Df/B >= 1. There are
different types of deep foundation.
Some of the common types are listed
below.
1. Pile Foundation
2. Pier Foundation
3. Well Foundation
REINFORCEMENT IN ISOLATED
FOOTING
GIVEN DATA
 Column Size 9” ×12”
 Column reinforcement 4#8 and #3@6”c/c

 Footing size 5’ ×8’ ×18”

 Footing reinforcement #6@6”c/c

 Dowels bars 4#8

 Concrete Pad 4”
#6@6”c/c

12”

#6@6”c/c
9” 5’

8’
4#8

#3@6”c/c
16d to 60d

4#8
#6@6”c/c

18” #6@6”c/c

4” P.C.C Pad

24d

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