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● When the time required to open, close, throttle, or regulate the valve manually is longer
than that required by system-design criteria
● When the valve must attain a position (open or close) in the event of an accident or in a
particular mode of system operation
The valves to be furnished with an actuator utilizing external source(s) of energy, such as
electricity, pneumatics, hydraulics, mechanical springs, or a combination of one or more
of these energies, are called actuated valves. Upon failure of the external source of
energy, a valve may not be in the required position for accomplishing the design function.
One must be aware of failure modes prior to selecting a valve actuator.
Failure Modes
Fail-As-Is (FAI): The valve remains in its last position following upon an external
power failure.
Fail-Closed: The valve is provided with external source(s) of energy to place it in the
closed position, regardless of valve position before power failure.
Fail-Open: The valve is provided with external source(s) of energy to place it in the open
position, regardless of valve position before power failure.
Fail-Locked: Air or inert gas actuators may be provided with a device or devices to seal
in actuator pressure upon the loss of normal pneumatic source control.
Types of Actuators
The following are some of the commonly used valve actuators:
Gear Actuators
Spur, bevel, or worm-gear actuators are used to reduce the manual force required to
operate a valve. Spur gears are used with globe, angle, and nonreturn valves. Bevel-gear
actuators are used on gate valves. Worm-gear actuators are usually used on quarter-turn
valves. The use of a gear actuator is warranted when the rim pull force required to
manually actuate a valve exceeds a given value, which varies from 50 lb (22 kgf) to 250 lb
(113 kgf).
An electric motor provides the actuating energy to place the valve in the desired position.
Upon loss of power, the failure mode is fail-as-is. The stem speed may vary from 12
in/min (30 cm/min), known as manufacturer’s standard, to 60 in/min (150 cm/min).
Special features are required to accomplish stem speeds over 45 in/min (112 cm/min).
Pneumatic Actuators
Pneumatic actuators utilize the motive force provided by a compressed gas such as air,
nitrogen, or other inert gas. There are many different types of pneumatic actuators.
These include linear, rotary, and linear-to-rotary. Linear-type actuators are used with
valves having translating stems. Rotary and linear-to-rotary pneumatic actuators are
used on valves having rotating stems. Pneumatic actuators can generate very high thrust
and an extremely high torque.
The length and speed of stroke may vary considerably, depending upon the type of
pneumatic actuator. These actuators are capable of providing either fail-open or fail-close
failure mode upon loss of air. Piston-type air actuators are furnished with springs to open
or close the valve upon air failure. Diaphragm air actuators have limited thrust and
torque generation capabilities due to limits on air pressure because of diaphragm
strength. In addition, the diaphragm actuators have limited stroke ranging from 1 to 4 in
(25 to 100 mm).
Air-vane pneumatic actuators are used with quarter-turn valves, and they can be directly
mounted on the valve stem.
Hydraulic Actuators
Hydraulic actuators utilize pressurized liquids, usually oils but sometimes water or the
process liquid is used to provide the motive force for actuating the valve. Like pneumatic
actuators, these actuators can help achieve fail open or fail-close failure modes.
Solenoid Actuators