Derivatives

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Room #513

October 15, 2012

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 1 / 30

Definition
Derivative of a function f at a point a is
f (x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0(a) = lim = lim
x→a x −a h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 2 / 30

Definition
Derivative of a function f at a point a is
f (x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0(a) = lim = lim
x→a x −a h→0 h
If f is defined in an interval containing a and the
limit exists, we say f is differentiable at a.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 2 / 30

Definition
Derivative of a function f at a point a is
f (x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0(a) = lim = lim
x→a x −a h→0 h
If f is defined in an interval containing a and the
limit exists, we say f is differentiable at a.
One-sided limit is used for the endpoints of the
interval. If f is differentiable at a point, it is also
continuous at that point.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 2 / 30
Examples
Every polynomial P(x) is differentiable at every
P(x)
point. Every rational function Q(x) is also
differentiable at almost every point, except where
Q(x) = 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 3 / 30

Examples
Every polynomial P(x) is differentiable at every
P(x)
point. Every rational function Q(x) is also
differentiable at almost every point, except where
Q(x) = 0.
P(x) = x 2 + x is differentiable everywhere.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 3 / 30

Examples
Every polynomial P(x) is differentiable at every
P(x)
point. Every rational function Q(x) is also
differentiable at almost every point, except where
Q(x) = 0.
P(x) = x 2 + x is differentiable everywhere.
x
R(x) =
x −1
is differentiable at every point except 1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 3 / 30
Derivative of P(x) = x 2 + x

P(x + h) − P(x)
P 0(x) = lim
h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 4 / 30

Derivative of P(x) = x 2 + x

P(x + h) − P(x)
P 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) + (x + h) − x 2 − x
2
= lim
h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 4 / 30

Derivative of P(x) = x 2 + x

P(x + h) − P(x)
P 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) + (x + h) − x 2 − x
2
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (2x + 1 + h)
h→0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 4 / 30

Derivative of P(x) = x 2 + x

P(x + h) − P(x)
P 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) + (x + h) − x 2 − x
2
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (2x + 1 + h)
h→0
= 2x + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 4 / 30

 x
Derivative of R(x) = x−1

R(x + h) − R(x)
R 0(x) = lim
h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 5 / 30

 x
Derivative of R(x) = x−1

R(x + h) − R(x)
R 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
x+h x
x+h−1 − x−1
= lim
h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 5 / 30

 x
Derivative of R(x) = x−1

R(x + h) − R(x)
R 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
x+h x
x+h−1 − x−1
= lim
h→0 h
−1
= lim
h→0 (x + h − 1)(x − 1)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 5 / 30

 x
Derivative of R(x) = x−1

R(x + h) − R(x)
R 0(x) = lim
h→0 h
x+h x
x+h−1 − x−1
= lim
h→0 h
−1
= lim
h→0 (x + h − 1)(x − 1)
−1
=
(x − 1)2
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 5 / 30
Not differentiable at a point
1 2
Functions x 3 and x 3 are continuous but not
differentiable at 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 6 / 30

Not differentiable at a point

|x| and this piecewise-defined function are

continuous but not differentiable at 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 7 / 30

Proof of non-differentiability
f (x) = |x| is not differentiable at 0 because

f (0 + h) − f (0) |h| 1 h>0
= =
h h −1 h < 0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 8 / 30

Proof of non-differentiability
f (x) = |x| is not differentiable at 0 because

f (0 + h) − f (0) |h| 1 h>0
= =
h h −1 h < 0

f (0 + h) − f (0)
lim =1
h→0+ h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 8 / 30

Proof of non-differentiability
f (x) = |x| is not differentiable at 0 because

f (0 + h) − f (0) |h| 1 h>0
= =
h h −1 h < 0

f (0 + h) − f (0)
lim =1
h→0+ h
f (0 + h) − f (0)
lim = −1
h→0− h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 8 / 30

Proof of non-differentiability

1 − x2 x < 0

f (x) = 1
x+1 x ≥0
is not differentiable at 0 because
(
f (0 + h) − f (0) −h h<0
= 1 −1
h h+1
h h≥0
converges to 0 as h → 0 on the left and converges
to -1 as h → 0 on the right
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 9 / 30
Tangent line
f 0(a) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point (a, f (a)). The equation of that
tangent line is
y − f (a) = f 0(a)(x − a)
Example. Let f (x) = x 2 + x and a=0.5, then
f (a) = 0.75, f 0(a) = 2(0.5) + 1 = 2 and the
tangent line is y − 0.75 = 2(x − 0.5) or
y = 2x − 0.25
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 10 / 30
Exercise
The volume of lumber V in a tree varies with the
age t of the tree (see the graph)

Estimate the rate at which V

is changing with respect to
time when t = 30 years.
What happens to the rate of
change of V as t → ∞?

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 11 / 30

Increasing-Decreasing
f is increasing on a set A ⊂ R if
∀x1, x2 ∈ A, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≤ f (x2).
f is decreasing on a set A ⊂ R if
∀x1, x2 ∈ A, x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2).

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 12 / 30

Increasing-Decreasing

If f is increasing on (a, b) and differentiable at

c ∈ (a, b), then f 0(c) ≥ 0.
If f is decreasing on (a, b) and differentiable at
c ∈ (a, b), then f 0(c) ≤ 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 13 / 30

BASIC RULES
Power Rule
d n
x = nx n−1
dx
Linearity Rule
(f + g )0 = f 0 + g 0
(cf )0 = cf 0
Example
√
 
d 2 1 2
3x 4 − x − = 12x 3 − √ + 2
dx x 2 x x
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 14 / 30
BASIC RULES
Linear function f (x) = mx + b, the slope is
f0 ≡ m
Quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c ,
b
f 0(x) = 2ax + b = 0 ⇒ x = −
2a
that is where the vertex of the function is,
where the slope is zero,
where f gets its maximum or minimum value.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 15 / 30
BASIC RULES
Product Rule: (fg )0 = f 0g + fg 0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 16 / 30

BASIC RULES
Product Rule: (fg )0 = f 0g + fg 0
Quotient Rule:
 0
f f 0g − fg 0
=
g g2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 16 / 30

BASIC RULES
Product Rule: (fg )0 = f 0g + fg 0
Quotient Rule:
 0
f f 0g − fg 0
=
g g2

Chain Rule:
[f (g (x))]0 = f 0(g (x))g 0(x)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 16 / 30

Examples
√ 1 √ 2 x
( x + 1) = ( x + 1)−1/2(2x) = √
2 0
2 x2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 17 / 30

Examples
√ 1 √ 2 x
( x + 1) = ( x + 1)−1/2(2x) = √
2 0
2 x2 + 1
Let f (x) = x 2, f 0(x) = 2x, then
x2 − 1
lim = f 0(1) = 2
x→1 x − 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 17 / 30

Examples
√ 1 √ 2 x
( x + 1) = ( x + 1)−1/2(2x) = √
2 0
2 x2 + 1
Let f (x) = x 2, f 0(x) = 2x, then
x2 − 1
lim = f 0(1) = 2
x→1 x − 1
√
Let f (x) = 1 + x, then
√
1+x −1 1 1
lim = √ =
x→0 x 2 1+0 2
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 17 / 30
Exercises
1. Find the derivative of f (x) = √ x2
x +1
2
2. Use derivative of f (x) = x , find
(3 + h)2 − 9
lim
h→0 h
√
3. Use derivative of f (x) = x, find
√
t2 + 9 − 3
lim
t→0 t2
4. Find a strictly increasing function f (x) and a
point c such that f 0(c) = 0?
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 18 / 30
Trigonometric Functions

(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 19 / 30

Trigonometric Functions

(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x

Proof. Let h → 0 in the following equations
sin(a + h) − sin a sin h cos h − 1
= cos a + sin a
h h h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 19 / 30

Trigonometric Functions

(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x

Proof. Let h → 0 in the following equations
sin(a + h) − sin a sin h cos h − 1
= cos a + sin a
h h h

cos(a + h) − cos a cos h − 1 sin h

= cos a − sin a
h h h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 19 / 30

More Trigonometric Functions
 0
1 0(cos x) − 1(− sin x)
(sec x)0 = =
cos x cos2 x
sin x
= = sec x tan x
cos2 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 20 / 30

More Trigonometric Functions
 0
1 0(cos x) − 1(− sin x)
(sec x)0 = =
cos x cos2 x
sin x
= = sec x tan x
cos2 x
0
(cos x)2 − (− sin x)2

0 sin x
(tan x) = =
cos x cos2 x
1
= 2
= 1 + tan2 x
cos x
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 20 / 30
Exponential, Logarithmic functions

d x
a = (ln a)ax
dx
(e x )0 = e x
d 1
ln |x| =
dx x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 21 / 30

Exponential, Logarithmic functions

d x
a = (ln a)ax
dx
(e x )0 = e x
d 1
ln |x| =
dx x
Example
eh − 1
lim = e0 = 1
h→0 h

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 21 / 30

Fish tank

Water pours into a fish tank at the rate of

3ft 3/min. The base of the tank is a 2 × 3 ft
rectangle . How fast is the water level rising?

h = V6
0
h0 = V6 = 0.5ft/min

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 22 / 30

Conical tank

Water pours into a conical tank of 10-ft height at

the rate of 10ft 3/min. The radius of the top of
the tank is 4 ft. The water level is rising fast at
the begining and then slower because the surface
is larger. How fast is the water level rising when it
is at 5-ft high?

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 23 / 30

Conical tank

r = 4h
10
V = 31 πhr 2 = 4π
75 h
3

V 0 = 4π 2 0
25 h h
When h = 5,
V0
h0 = 4π 10
= 4π = 2.5
π ft/min

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 24 / 30

Ladder problem

A 16-ft ladder leans against a wall. The bottom of

the ladder is 5 ft from the wall at time t=0 and
slides away from the wall at a constant rate of
3ft/s. Find the speed of the top of the ladder at
time t=1.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 25 / 30

Ladder problem
2
(5 + 3t)p + h2 = 162
h(t) = 162 − (5 + 3t)2

h0 = √−(5+3t)(3)
2 16 −(5+3t)2
√
h0 = 48
− 16 3 = − 3
√

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 26 / 30

Homework 5-1, 5-2

1. Find derivatives of
e x sin x, x 2 ln x
2. Find derivatives of
sin x
sin5 x, x 2 sin x, .
x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 27 / 30

Homework 5-3
A 6-ft man walks away from a 15-ft lamppost at a
speed of 3 ft/s. Find the rate at which his shadow
is increasing in length

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 28 / 30

Homework 5-4
A particle moves along the x-axis, its position at
time t is given by
t
x(t) = 2
t +1
where t is measured in seconds and x in meters
Find the velocity at time t.
When is the particle moving to the right? When is
it moving to the left?
Find the total distance traveled during the first 4
seconds.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 29 / 30
Homework 5-5

A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity

of 80 ft/ s, and its height after t seconds is
s = 80t − 16t 2
What is the maximum height reached by the ball?
What is the velocity of the ball when it is 96 ft
above the ground on its way up? On its way
down?

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Derivatives October 15, 2012 30 / 30