Prepared by Vivien How, Email: vivien@upm.edu.

my
INTRODUCTION TO OHS MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM STANDARDS

Standard is a document established by consensus

and approved by a recognized body, that provides
rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities ,
aimed at achievement of the optimum degree of
order in a given context
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF OHSAS 18001
AND MS 1722:PART 1 STANDARD
OHSAS 18001
• A standard developed by a
group of national standards
bodies, accreditation bodies
and certification bodies
• First published by British
Standards Institution (BSI) in
1999.
• The latest revised version
was published in July 2007.
MS 1722: Part 1
• A Malaysian Standard
• Developed by Industry
Standards Committee on
Occupational Safety and
Health (ISC W)
• Published by Standards
Malaysia in 2005.
 COMPARISON - CONCEPT

All OHS MS standards mentioned are

• Based on Plan, Do, Check, Act concept
• Continual improvement concept

They are all intended to assist

organizations to develop an
approach to management of OHS
in such a way to protect
employees and others whose
health and safety may be affected
by the organization's activities
 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN
OHSAS 18001 & MS 1722: PART 1
CLAUSE OHSAS 18001 CLAUSE MS 1722: PART 1

4.1 General 3.5.2 Continual improvement

requirements
4.2 OH&S policy 3.11 Occupational safety and
health
3.5.2 Continual improvement
4.3.1 Planning for 3.3.1 Initial review
hazard 3.3.4 Hazard prevention
identification, risk
assessment and
risk control
4.3.2 Legal and other 3.3.4 Hazard prevention
requirements 3.3.1 Initial review

4.3.3 Objectives 3.3.2 System planning,

development and
implementation
3.3.3 Occupational safety and
health objectives
CLAUSE OHSAS 18001 CLAUSE MS 1722: PART 1
4.3.4 OH&S management 3.3.2 System planning,
programme (s) development and
implementation
4.4.1 Structure and 3.2.1 Responsibility and
responsibility accountability
3.3.2 System planning,
development and
implementation
4.4.2 Training, awareness 3.1.2 Employee participation
and competence 3.2.2 Competence and
training
4.4.3 Consultation and 3.1.2 Employee participation
communication 3.2.4 Communication
4.4.4 Documentation 3.2.3 Occupational safety and
health management
system documentation
4.4.5 Document and data 3.2.3 Occupational safety and
control health management
system documentation
CLAUSE OHSAS 18001 CLAUSE MS 1722: PART 1
4.4.6 Operational control 3.3.4 Hazard prevention
4.4.7 Emergency 3.3.4 Hazard prevention
preparedness and
response
4.5.1 Performance 3.4.1 Performance monitoring and
measurement and measurement
monitoring
4.5.2 Accident, incidents, 3.4.2 Investigation of work-related
nonconformance and injuries, disabilities, ill health,
preventive action diseases and near misses, and
their impact on safety and health
performance
3.5.1 Preventive and corrective actions
4.5.3 Records and records 3.2.3 Occupational safety and health
management management system
documentation
4.5.4 Audit 3.4.3 Audit
4.6 Management review 3.4.4 Management review
 4.3.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK
ASSESSMENT & DETERMINING CONTROL

Identify work activities

Identify all Hazards

Assess Risk

Decide if Risk is acceptable or

not

Determine necessary controls

 4.4.7 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE

 Identify potential emergency situation, e.g. Fire,

Explosion, Chemical Spillage, Release of Toxic
Gases/Fumes, etc.
 Plan on how to response during emergency situation
(ERP)
 Test the ERP – Fire drill, Evacuation drill, Spillage drill,
etc.
 Maintain the emergency equipment
 Review ERP after drill or actual incident
 4.5.3.1 INCIDENTS INVESTIGATION

The organization shall establish, implement and maintain

a procedure to:

 investigate and determine the root cause of the

incidents
 identify corrective action and opportunities for
preventive action
 verify effectiveness of corrective and/or preventive
action
 (Threats & Hazard Identification &
Risk Assessment)
• OSH is all about the safety and health of People
(P). Standards are OHSAS & MS 1722. The main
techniques used are HIRARC, JHA, PTW, LOTO,
SOP
• PSM (Process Safety Management) is focused
towards Asset (A = plant and equipment),
Process, and Production, but of course,
ultimately, the concern will be on People and
Environment. Techniques : HAZOP, FTA
• PSM is required under CIMAH: Regulations 10
(NMHI) & 14 (MHI)
CSDS as a Reference for ERP Planning
for Chemical Hazard

• Hazard Identification
• First Aid Measure
• Fire Fighting Measure
• Accidental Release Measure
• Toxicological information
• Physico-chemical Properties
 Example of Action Plan
Workplace Hazards: FIRE
(Preparedness & Response)
As with fire hazards at the workplace, it should
be dealt with by:
1. Identification of the hazard
2. Assessment of the risk
3. Control: Elimination or reduction of the risk
4. Review and evaluation of any control
strategies
 1. Identification of Fire Hazards
• Ensure to look for fire hazards as part of regular workplace
inspections. Use checklists to identify fire hazards & to check
the effectiveness of warning systems & emergency
procedures.
• Develop specific checklists to enable the process of
identification to be carried out. These checklists should be
developed either with other OHS reps or the OHS Committee.
• Ensure that the employer provided with all relevant
information to identify and assess any hazards. This includes
MSDS for all substances used and stored at the workplace,
properties of building materials, etc.
• Discuss the issue of fire hazards with designated work group.
• Ensure that all incidents are recorded
 2. Assessment of the Risk

• Check all MSDS to ensure that flammable substances are

used and stored correctly.
• Check any past incident
CIMAH
a) Injurious accident

b) Non-injurious incident
with asset damage
c) Occupational illness or
disease

d) Near Miss
 3. Control: Elimination/reduction of risk
• As with other hazards, the preferred order of control should
be followed - start by trying to eliminate the hazard at the
design stage.
• Sometimes a combination of control methods should be used.
 Considering : DESIGN
• Has the OHS Committee been given access to all relevant publications such
as Codes of Practice, Acts, Regulations, and Standards?
• Has the workplace been designed to eliminate/minimise the risk of fire?
• Can ignition sources (sparks, flames, and heat sources) be eliminated from
the workplace?
• Can inflammable materials be eliminated from the workplace?
• Have work practices been designed to eliminate/ minimise the risks
associated with fire?
• Has the workplace been designed to facilitate fire fighting and emergency
procedures in the case of fire?
• Has the Employer/OHS Committee contacted the Fire Brigade for advice on
fire prevention?
• Has the OHS Committee surveyed employees for suggestions and
recommendations for improvements in the area of fire safety?
• Have arrangements been made so that all new employees receive
induction training? This must include fire procedure training.
 Considering : SUBSTITUTION

• Can fire resistant furnishings and furniture minimise fire risks?

• Can less flammable materials be used in the workplace?
• Can the quantities be reduced and/or the form be changed?
 Considering: ENGINEERING
• Can inflammable materials and ignition sources be isolated from each
other and from workers? Isolation may mean isolation by distance, or by
barriers.
• Can ventilation/exhaust fans etc., prevent the build up of inflammable or
explosive gases?
• What warning systems can be installed to signal hazardous pre-fire
situations or actual outbreaks in the early stages?
• Can the workplace layout be changed to facilitate fire fighting and
emergency procedures?
• Can heat-producing equipment be kept away from the walls to enable air
circulation?
• Can fire doors, fire windows and shutters be installed to delay the spread of
fire?
• Can additional storage facilities be installed to reduce the fire risk?
• Are the means of access and exit adequately sign-posted and readily
accessible?
 Considering : ADMIN CONTROL
• Has a housekeeping program been implemented to minimise the fire risk?
Is it being practised?
• Is there a maintenance system to prevent fires? (eg maintenance of
electrical equipment, removal of refuse, etc.)
• Is there a maintenance system to ensure that warning systems and fire
fighting equipment are in working order?
• Are extinguishers appropriate for the type of fire risk?
• Is there a system to ensure emergency procedures will work? (eg to
ensure that exits are not blocked or locked?)
• Are signs adequate for fire prevention and for emergency procedures?
• Is all staff suitably trained in fire prevention and emergency procedures?
In some cases the training may need to be in different languages.
• Are all emergency response teams trained in the case of a fire situation?
 Considering : PPE
• Will the protective clothing and equipment issued minimise burns or
other harm such as smoke inhalation suffered by a worker in the event of
fire?
• Is breathing apparatus required/supplied/available?
• Are fire blankets provided?
 4. Review and Evaluation
Risk controls should be reviewed at regular intervals to
ensure that they have had the desired impact in
reducing the likelihood and/or consequences of a
hazard occurring. Consultation with, and feedback
from employees will provide information on the
application and effectiveness of risk controls at the
workplace level.

OHS Activities Calendar

Workplace Inspection
Checklists
 Training guidelines follow a model
that consists of
A. Determining if training is needed
B. Identifying training needs
C. Identifying goals and objectives
D. Developing learning activities
E. Conducting the training
F. Evaluating program effectiveness
G. Improving the program
MATCHING training to EMPLOYEES
Type of work performed Use of hazardous substances
 A) Determining if training is needed
• Whenever employees are not performing their jobs
properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them
up to standard
• Problems that can be addressed effectively by training
include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work
process, unfamiliarity with equipment, or incorrect
execution of a task.
• Training is most effective when designed in relation to the
goals of the employer’s total safety and health program
 B) Identifying training needs
Appropriate training content can be developed through such
means as:
1. Using company accident & injury records to identify how
accidents occur & what can be done to prevent them from
recurring
2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own
words, descriptions of their jobs.
3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks
4. Examining similar training programs offered by other
companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions
from such organizations
 C) Identifying Goals & Objectives
• Using specific, action-oriented language, the
instructional objectives should describe the preferred
practice or skill and its observable behaviour.
• For example, rather than using the statement: “The
employee will understand how to use a respirator” as an
instructional objective, it would be better to say: “The
employee will be able to describe how a respirator
works and when it should be used.” Objectives are most
effective when worded in sufficient detail that other
qualified persons can recognize when the desired
behavior is exhibited.
 D) Developing Learning Activities
• Learning activities enable employees to
demonstrate that they have acquired the
desired skills and knowledge. To ensure that
employees transfer the skills or knowledge
from the learning activity to the job, the
learning situation should simulate the actual
job as closely as possible.
 E) Conducting the training
• The training should be presented so that its
organization and meaning are clear to the
employees:
– Provide overviews of the material to be learned;
– Relate, wherever possible, the new information or
skills to the employee’s goals, interests, or
experience; and
– Reinforce what the employees learned by
summarizing the program’s objectives and the key
points of information covered.
 F) Evaluating Program Effectiveness
• Evaluation will help employers or supervisors
determine the amount of learning achieved and
whether an employee’s performance has
improved on the job,

– Worker’s opinion
– Supervisor’s observations
– Workplace improvements
 G) Improving the Program
At this point, asking questions of employees and of
those who conducted the training may be of some help.
Among the questions that could be asked are:

• Were parts of the content already known and,

therefore, unnecessary?
• What material was confusing or distracting?
• Was anything missing from the program?
• What did the employees learn, and what did they fail
to learn?
 Emergency Warning System
A emergency warning system is a life safety system
installed to safeguard occupants from injury by
warning them of emergency and to safeguard
occupants during the orderly evacuation of a
building in an emergency. They assist in these two
functions by;
– Providing mass notification of an emergency; and
– Providing a method to communicate with and
direct building occupants in the event of an
emergency
 Example: Types of Alarm Devices
Hazards: Fire Hazards
Audible Alarms Visual Alarms
Visual alarms to alert workers to an
Audible alarms can be distinguished emergency situation where noise
above & apart from the normal levels are high (have ear protection
sound level within the workplace PPE and audible signals not be
heard or may misunderstood)
Vibrating Bells Flashing/Steady Lights

Horns Strobe Lights

Sirens

Speaker
 Emergency Shut Down System
• The employer shall develop and implement written
operating procedures that provide clear instructions
for safely conducting activities involved in each
covered process consistent with the process safety
information
– Steps for each operating phase
– Initial startup
– Normal operations
– Temporary operations
– Emergency shutdown
 Emergency Shut Down System
• While each equipment SOP will have normal and
emergency shutdown steps, consider an overall
emergency shutdown SOP.

– What conditions warrant shutdown?

– Location of the E-stop
– Manual button located at facility or remote via computer log-in?
– Who to contact (Chief Engineer, Fire Department, Plant
Manager, etc.)?
– Who is authorized/qualified to actuate the E-stop?
– What are the safety issues assoc. with activating the E-stop?
– How will personnel know it is safe to access the E-stop?
– How often the E-Stop is tested and what does it take to bring
the system back on line
Example: Emergency Shut Down System
Fire & Emergency Evacuation Plan
The emergency plan should cover:
• Immediate action to stop or minimise the hazard (e.g.
use of fire extinguishers if trained);
• The need to stay calm;
• Who to call to raise the alarm;
• How to notify emergency personnel (ambulance, fire
brigade, SES, electricity, gas, police);
• How, when and where to evacuate;
• Names of the key leaders responsible for making
decisions during the emergency (and their duties e.g.,
a warden);
• How to establish and use a fail-safe communications
system.
• Just because it has never happened before does not
mean it can never happen. There is always a first time.
• Just because it is a routine job, and does not require
PTW does not mean that it is always safe.
• Layers of protection should be introduced to prevent
hazards from realizing their potential.