MNS 201: FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

Project Free Aklan- Kalibo Pilot School

USLS, Bacolod City
December 5, 2015
“ THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION ”
WHAT IS HISTORICAL? WHAT IS FOUNDATION?
• It is the chronological • serve as a source or basis
narration of the origin of
certain person, place, thing
THE BEGINNING OF EDUCATION
IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
 5000 BC - 7000 BC (Before Writing)
• Pre-literate Societies
• Educational Goals:
- To teach survival skills, Teach
group harmony
• Students: Their Children
• Instructional Methods:
- Informal, Children imitates adult
• Curriculum:
- Practice Hunting, Fishing , Songs,
Poems and Dances
• Agents:
- Parents, Tribal elders, Religious
leaders
• Influence in Education:
- Informal, Transmission of skills
 EGYPT
3000 BC - 300 BC
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- To prepare priests according to scribe for the empire

• STUDENTS: Males of upper class

• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
• CURRICULUM:
• AGENTS:
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
Memorizing and Copying
texts
Religious or Technical texts
Priests and Scribes
Restriction on Educational
controls to priest elites
 CHINA
3000 BC – 1900 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- Prepare the Elites to govern the empire according to
Confucian principles

• STUDENTS: Males of upper class

• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
• CURRICULUM:
• AGENTS:
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
Memorization and Recitation
Confucian Classics
Government Officials
Written Examination for Civil
Service
 INDIA
3000 BC UP TO PRESENT
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- To learn Behavior and Rituals based on “Vedas”
• STUDENTS: Males of upper class
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: Memorizing and Interpreting
sacred texts
• CURRICULUM: Vedas and Religious texts
• AGENTS: Brahmin Priests Scholars

• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION: Cultural transmission and

assimilation as well as
spiritual detachment
 GREEK
1600 BC - 300 BC
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS: To cultivate civic responsibility
• STUDENTS: Male children ages 7 - 20
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: Memorization and recitation in primary
schools, lecture, discussions, dialog in
higher schools.
• CURRICULUM: ATHENS: Reading writing arithmetic, drama,
poetry, music
SPARTA: Drill, Military Songs and Tactics
• AGENTS: ATHENS: Private Teachers and Philosophers
SPARTA: Military Teachers
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION: ATHENS: Well rounded, liberally educated
SPARTA: Concept of Military State
 ROMAN
750 BC - 450 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- utilitarian education, oratorical
• STUDENTS: boys and girls 7 to 10
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: Memorizing and recitation in primary
schools, imitation and discussion in higher
schools
• CURRICULUM: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Literature,
Scientific Studies
• AGENTS: grammaticus, litterator, rhetor,
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION: methods of organization, management and
administration
 ARABIC
700 AD - 1350 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- To develop religiousness in Islam, apply science for
practical purposes,
• STUDENTS: boys and girls at age 5
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: Repetition and drill,
memorization and imitation,
lecture and observation
• CURRICULUM: Religious or Technical texts
• AGENTS: Mosques, Kuttab
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION: Restriction on Educational
controls to priest elites
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
500 AD – 1400 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- Develop religious commitment, knowledge and ritual, establish
social order, prepare for appropriate roles
• STUDENTS: Male children of upper class, girls and women entering
religious community ages 7-20
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
- Memorizing and Recitation in lower schools, text analysis
and discussion in higher schools and universities.
• CURRICULUM:
- Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, philosophy, theology, military
and chivalry.
• AGENTS: Parish, cathedral schools, universities, knighthood.
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
- Structure and organization of the university, institutionalization
of knowledge
 RENAISSANCE
1350AD – 1500 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- Cultivate humanist expert in Greek and Latin
classics; prepare people to serve dynastic leaders
• STUDENTS: Male children of aristocracy and upper class, fr. 7-20
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
- Memorization, Translation and Analysis of Greek and
Roman classics, classical literature, poetry and art
• CURRICULUM:
- Latin and Greek classical literature, poetry and art.
• AGENTS: Classical humanist educators and Latin schools
• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
- Emphasis on literary knowledge, excellence and style
in classical literature, two track system of schools
 REFORMATION
1500AD – 1600 AD
• EDUCATIONAL GOALS:
- Cultivate commitment to a particular religious denomination and general literacy.
• STUDENTS:
- Boys and girls ages 7-12 in vernacular schools, young men of upper class in humanist
school.
• INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:
- Memorization, Drill, Indoctrination, translation and analysis of classical literature.
• CURRICULUM:
- Reading, writing, catechism, religious concepts and rituals, Latin and Greek Theology.
• AGENTS:
- School for general public and classical schools for upper class

• INFLUENCE ON EDUCATION:
- Commitment to universal education to provide literacy for everyone, origins of school
systems, dual track school system based on socio-economic class and career goals.
The Philippine Educational System
HISTORY

 Education From Ancient Early Filipinos

- Children were provided more vocational training but
less academics in their houses by their parents and in
the houses of their tribal tutors. They were using a
unique system of writing known as the baybayin.

 Spanish Period
- During the early Spanish period most education was
carried out by the religious orders. The schools
focused on the Christian Doctrines.
 First Republic
-The schools maintained by Spain for more than three
centuries were closed for a short period but were reopened
on August 29, 1898 by the Secretary of Interior. The Burgos
Institute in Malolos, the Military Academy of Malolos, and
the Literary University of the Philippines were
established. Article 23 of the Malolos Constitution mandated
that public education would be free and obligatory in all
schools of the nation under the First Philippine Republic.
 American Period
-Building on the education system created in 1863, an
improved public school system was established during the
first decade of American rule upon the recommendation
of the Schurman Commission. Free primary instruction
that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and
avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per
instructions of President William McKinley.
-Education during this time also emphasized nationalism,
vocational education and good manners and discipline.
 After World War II
-In 1947, by the virtue of Executive Order No. 94, the
Department of Instruction was changed to the Department of
Education. During this period, the regulation and supervision
of public and private schools belonged to the Bureau of Public
and Private Schools.

 Marcos Era
-In 1972, the Department of Education became the
Department of Education and Culture by the virtue
of Proclamation 1081 which was signed by President Ferdinand
Marcos.
 Fifth Republic
-On February 2, 1987, a new Constitution for the Philippines
was ratified. Section 3, Article XIV of the 1987
Constitution contains the ten fundamental aims of education
in the Philippines.
-In 1987 by virtue of Executive Order No. 117, the Ministry of

Education, Culture and Sports, became the Department of

Education, Culture and Sports. The structure of DECS as
embodied in the order remained practically unchanged until
1994.
• Implementation Of The K-12 Program
- The implementation of the K-12 program is "phased". The first
phase of the implementation will start on SY 2012-2013. During
this school year, universal kindergarten will be finally offered,
and will now be a part of the compulsory education system; and
a new curriculum for Grade 1 and Grade 7 students would be
introduced. By SY 2016-2017, Grade 11/Year 5 will be
introduced, and Grade 12/Year 6 by SY 2017-2018; with the
phased implementation of the new curriculum finished by the
SY 2017-2018. Students in 2nd year to 4th year high school this
SY 2012-2013 are not included in the program. It is only
applicable to students from Kinder to 1st year high school which
is now called Grade 7.
EDUCATION SYSTEM
Three Modes On Delivery Of Instructions:
1. Normal Education
2. Alternative Learning System
3. Alternative Delivery Mode
 COMPULSORY
EDUCATION
(Pattern of Education)
 Elementary School

- Elementary school, sometimes called primary

school or grade school (Filipino: paaralang elementarya;
mababang paaralan), is the first part of the educational
system, and it includes the first six years of compulsory
education (grades 1-6). These grades are further grouped
(informally) accordingly into: primary level, which includes
the first three grades (grades 1-3), and intermediate level,
which includes the last three grades (grades 4-6).
The elementary school education covers a smaller but wider
than the junior and senior high school because of the spiral
approach educational technique.
 Secondary School

- Secondary school in the Philippines, more commonly known as

"high school" (Filipino: paaralang sekundarya, sometimes mataas
na paaralan), consists of four levels largely based on the American
schooling system as it was until the advent of the comprehensive
high schools in the US in the middle of last century. The Philippine
high school system has not moved much from where it was when
the Philippines achieved independence from the US in 1946. It still
consists of only four levels with each level partially
compartmentalized, focusing on a particular theme or content.
 Tertiary Education

-Tertiary education in the Philippines is increasingly less

cosmopolitan. From a height of 5,284 foreign of
students in 1995–1996 the number steadily declined
to 2,323 in 2000–2001, the last year CHED published
numbers on its website.

Technical and Vocational Education

-Technical and vocational education is offered to
enhance students' practical skills at institutions
usually accredited and approved by TESDA.
Government Sector
The government has 3 main branches that manage
education system in the Philippines; these are the:
 Department of Education (DepEd)
 Commission on higher Education (CHED)
 Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA).
The K to 12 Program

The K to 12 Program covers kindergarten and 12

years of basic education (six years of primary
education, four years of junior high school, and two
years of senior high school [SHS]) to provide sufficient
time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary
education, middle-level skills development,
employment, and entrepreneurship.
A. Salient Features
1. Universal Kindergarten Education
Kindergarten has now been integrated into the
basic education system to ensure that all grade 1
students are ready for academic learning. Universal
kindergarten started in SY 2011–2012 with a budget
of P2.3 billion and was made mandatory starting SY
2012–2013 through the signing of Republic Act No.
10157 entitled “An Act Institutionalizing the
Kindergarten Education into the Basic Education
System and Appropriating Funds Therefor” on
January 20, 2012.
2. Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education.

The mother tongue will be the medium of instruction from

kindergarten to grade 3. This includes the following:
Tagalog, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, Iloko, Bikol,
Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Tausug, Maguindanaoan,
Maranao, and Chabacano. Medium of instruction will be
English and Filipino starting grade 4.
3. Core Academic Areas.
The core academic areas include Math; Filipino;
English; Araling Panlipunan; Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao;
and Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health
(MAPEH). These are based on the College Readiness
Standards of the Commission on Higher Education and
are equivalent to the courses offered under the General
Education Curriculum of Higher Education Institutions.
Science will be taught in grade 3, but its concepts will be
integrated in other subjects like Health (under MAPEH),
Math, and Languages in grades 1 and 2. Edukasyong
Pangtahanan at Pangkabuhayan will be taught starting
in grade 4. Technology and Livelihood Education and
technical–vocational specializations, consistent with the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
training regulations, will start in grade 7.
4. Specializations.
The additional two years (grades 11 and 12) or
SHS will allow students to choose among
academic, technical–vocational, or sports and arts
tracks depending on their interest, the community
needs, and the results of their skills assessment.
The SHS will allow mastery of core competencies
for lifelong learning and preparedness for work,
higher education, middle-level skills development,
or entrepreneurship.
B. Implementation and Transition Management
Program implementation will be in phases starting this June for
SY 2012–2013. Grade 1 entrants in SY 2012–2013 will be the first
batch to fully undergo the program, and incoming first-year high
school students (or grade 7) in SY 2012–2013 will be the first to
undergo the junior high school curriculum. To prepare teachers for
the new curriculum, a nationwide summer training program for about
140,000 grades 1 and 7 public school teachers will be held in May.
The Department of Education (DepEd) is also working with various
private school associations to cover teachers in private schools. To
facilitate the transition from the existing ten-year basic education to
12 years, the DepEd will also implement the SHS Readiness
Assessment and K to 12 Modeling.
C. Social Benefits of the Program
The perceived benefits of the program include: i)
placing the Philippine education system at par with
international standards, following the Washington
Accord and the Bologna Accord; and ii) contributing
to the development of a better educated society
capable of pursuing productive employment,
entrepreneurship, or higher education disciplines.
D. Ensuring Sustainability of the Program
Enhancing the basic education curriculum and increasing
the number of years for basic education was adopted as a
Common Legislative Agenda during the February 28, 2011
Legislative–Executive Development Advisory Council
(LEDAC) meeting. The administration-supported bills that
aim to increase the number of years for basic education
are Senate Bill 2713 (Recto), House Bill (HB) 4219
(Belmonte), and HB 4199 (Escudero). These bills are
pending at the Committee Level.