CH1 Introduction FPGAs

Complex digital systems design
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO
THE FPGAs
Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica y Automática

Universidad de Jaén
Complex digital system design. EPS de Linares. Vicente Muñoz Diez. Office: D-115. Email: jmunoz@ujaen.es
Index
1. A brief review about digital logic gates
2. What is an FPGA?
3. Applications with FPGAs
4. FPGAs Vs. Processors
5. Pitfalls of FPGAs
6. Main manufactures on the market
7. How can we program an FPGA? VHDL Vs. Verilog
8. Extra material on Internet
1. A brief review about logic gates
 The most basic and elemental digital logic gate is the inverter which is built
from two MOSFET transistors: NMOS and PMOS.
 The layout defines all the masks necessary for creating the device.
 The inputs and outputs of digital circuits can only be 0 (low level) or 1 (high
level).
 Digital logic gates are defined by their table of truth

Asynchronous circuit
How fast is the response of an inverter?

The propagation delay is the length of The propagation delay will depend on the

time from the input change till the number and size of the capacitors to charge.
output consecutively also change
Propagation delay achieves values around ps or ns
CMOS technology allows to obtain complex logic gates only using MOSFET
transistors (resistors, capacitors or whatever else is not required).

What kind of logic
gate do we have ?
A B OUT?
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
CMOS technology offers to digital designers a paramount feature: scalability
Basic elements Only connections Adding inputs is easy

are needed
Every logic
function can be
implemented by
NANDs gates
All the processes
can be developed
automatically from
the basic elements
The simplicity of the CMOS technology and its low power consumption are
the clues of its rise.

NAND GATE (CMOS Technology) NAND GATE (TTL Technology)
Homework: take a look to your notes about logic gates

OR NOR
NAND
XOR XNOR
Last challenge...

What kind of digital logic gate do we have ?
A B OUT?
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
2. What is a FPGA?
The acronym of FPGA comes from Field Programmable Gate Array
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Any connection is implemented inside the chip these ones have to be program by the user
Proximity land Land motor

sensor Function 1 controller
The proximity sensor FPGA The land motor is

provides a 2 bits digital controlled by the FPGA:
output:

Proximity land Land motor

sensor Function 1 controller
FPGA
Water sensor
Function 2 Water motor
controller
Adding new functionalities
to the system is easy
Proximity
water sensor
Land motor
Proximity land controller
sensor Function 1
Function 2
Driving System
Water sensor FPGA
Function 3
Water motor
Proximity controller
water sensor
The FPGA can be separately
programmed and the overall
system will still exhibit a real
time response
4. FPGA Vs. Processor
Land motor
sensor Function 1
Function 2
Driving System
Water sensor FPGA
Function 3
Water motor
water sensor The FPGA's response
depend on the
propagation time and the
fanout.
For CMOS technology
fanout is ~34.000
Land motor
sensor Stack
Stack
Inst.1
pointer
Inst.2 Driving System
Water sensor Inst.3
Inst.4 Water motor
water sensor Memory The processor is limited by the
internal clock.
If the processor needs too
much time for an instruction or
Processor cluster of them, the system
stops being a realtime system
 XQVR4000XL FPGA by Xilink was used for the landing

XQVR1000 FPGA by Xilink was used for controlling
wheels motors, arms, cameras and instrumentation.
The Curiosity was lunched in 2011 and landed on Mars in The FPGA has the advantage that
2012 . Although, it was governed by a processor, some can be reprogrammed from afar.
specifics tasks were controlled by FPGAs
5. Pitfalls of FPGAs
 Expensive (academic: $300. Commercial $600)

 High power consumption
 Volatile, the configuration has to be saved
 High pin-in and pin-out
 Complicated (take a look to the data sheet)
 Complex CAD tools (Quartus II 1.5 GB !!)
 Difficult for programming: VHDL and Verilog are
not intuitive
6. Main manufactures on the market
Xilinx
 On the market from 1984 Altera. No longer on the market!!
Widely used for automotive, defence and

 On the market from 1984. Bought by Intel 2015
aerospace applications Widely used for industrial and academic
Popular series devices: Artix, Kintex, Virtex and purposes
Spartan  Popular series devices: Stratix and Ciclone.
FPGAs can be easily program thanks to HDL

(hardware description languages). This ones
allow to simulate and synthesise FPGA and ASICs
VHDL Evolution
Hardware program language created by U.S.
Defence Department for ASICs designs in 1981
 Intermetrix, IBM and TI create a baseline language
IEEE leaded the project and publish the first
standard in 1987
 The standard is revised each 5 year (or sooner)
VHDL is used mostly
in Europe, Korea and
Japan
Verilog is used in
North and South,
South-East Asia and
India
VHDL Verilog
 Strongly-typed  Weak-typed
 More verbose  More concise
 Very deterministic  only deterministic if you follow some rules carefully
 Non-C-like syntax  More C-like syntax
 Everything is exportable to Verilog  No everything is exportable to VHDL
8. Extra material on Internet
Videos to introduce you to the basics of FPGAs

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUsHwi4M4xE
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfmlsDW3Z4c

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Complex digital systems design

Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica y Automática

The propagation delay is the length of The propagation delay will depend on the

Basic elements Only connections Adding inputs is easy

Proximity land Land motor

The proximity sensor FPGA The land motor is

Proximity land Land motor

 XQVR4000XL FPGA by Xilink was used for the landing

 Expensive (academic: $300. Commercial $600)

Widely used for automotive, defence and

FPGAs can be easily program thanks to HDL

Videos to introduce you to the basics of FPGAs

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