5) BBE Teostctons on Power Apparatas and Sytms, Va PAS-O0, No, 7 July 1981 STEP. AiO TOUCH POTENTIALS at 'PAULTED TRAKSNISSION TORERS oan Z Bids Cherney and KC. Rnghee Ontario Uydto Research Toronto Abstract = The paper contains messureusnts and analyses of earth potential profiles ct Anertcan Elec~ Eile Pover (aB2). 765 KV ecetanlseton towers and at an Ontario Hydro (OH) 500 AV test tover ducing. staged Taule tests. Neseucenents of the stop and touch po~ Eintiels for vartovs tover grounding schemes are Shove the effectivenesa of # spectal ground poten Tat control (690) ring, installed ae part of the rover rounding. to reduce step aod Couch potentials 13 Roascroced by neasurencata and supported by computer Seudice, The step and toveh potentials are exanined Gealyeically for parious CPC ring deste paranctel ant for several tworlayer sols. sonore Tranwataston tower potential rise to ground ie assoctated with Line to ground foulte on transnteston Glrevlte, and. presente a posefble concorn to safety Ehrough touch end step potentials. Tn racent years, the use of eraneadseion Mine corridors for recreation hes fapldly gatned popularity particularly tn dense! populated arban centres. Because of the inccessed Euletple. use of ttanseisston corridors an progres Sively Maher faule currents conblaed wlth. the, Mkel{- Noo ‘of increased Line feules, attention has been rected co che stap and touch potenttole in the vfel~ ity of transalssion Line toners, Alehough the Likelthosd of having « simottancous occurrence of human activity ear a cover and 9 line fault at thot tower {2 exttenely ronote, mitigation nethede ste belng daveloped eo control scep and touch potentials, Once a seed for eacth potential redsction Te Setabttehed, there methods can Be daplenente: corcently, tovee potential rise and therefore ‘atep and touch potentials are coduced ‘by Installing Aedtetonal, shywires, hgher-conducthutty | skyutees, Riuaterpotae ‘conducesea, oproved eower grounding, of Eonbinetlons of these practices. Other neans of pro~ SUding a safer enviconnont neat transaission covers Loneise of e layer of crushed stone or installing EQnees around the covers, alCough, nelthee of these foo practices $2 eceapeable aesthetically tn park end conservation landss, Ore other alternative solution {9 the installation of spacial. ground potential control Condiceors as pate of the tover grounding. Such = Grounding schene 19 dacusaad tn this papers Ideally, ¢ tnege borked hentephertcal ground mat of sulfielene extent that encompasses the transalsston Cover con reduce the touch voleage to zero and elialn- £1 191 038-9. A paper recomended and approved by the Terk tranantasion & DGseribucto Comtctee of the TESE Pooer Engineering Seciety for presentation at the IEEE PES Water Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, Febroacy 1-6, 1981. yanuseripe submitted August 28) 1980; nade avaiable Cor #eEACLug Novesber 5, 1980, 2, Koleto and G.X- Bell Anerican Eleceric over ew York late the edge fect of a conventtonal hortzoatal ground oat, thereby, eliaineting the step potenttal Size opttoizstion depends priaarily on the oaxtoun ac* ceptabla earth potential gradient. Practically, the hheolaphers can be approxinated by a sertes of tinge nerensing laneter 0d. depth —Intercomected spokes/I/. However, practically only a Itetted minty of rings can be considered. tavly studtet on aodel tower footings wore don- se ontario ‘pire. tn an alectrolytie. tank: Bapolee Fron hose studies supported the concept OF @ apherl= Cai geound sat to contton geound potential gradients. fersdes appresinacione to the apherieal qurtace com Saving “af rlngu, of Increasing ftenstec. and depth Gkeercannectad With spokes were tavestigateds Baeing these studies 4t becawe appacent that one or tye: $hekea‘coneenette ings ae screeatre depths peevdae Gittdetent dares of yotenthel gradkant conscol_ oni Gould. be applied to Suny. Cover” desigees Dletote! Shinty by eevarice, a single OFC ving davign oes er SUdeeca fo fuela tatea, "h'atogle log design cas 5. fovted anelpticeily by the HAUT computer progean/2/ ‘hte peper presenta step and coueh potential cults fron tuo separate tests. The first. test, 1: fo reflect typical fleld nstellations, was conducts fn AEP's. 265 KV teanaateaton Llne, The second text Nea aade tthe Ontacko liydro Kletaburg Test Center. ‘eco the measurements were parforaed under sort con rolled ‘conditions. fi both tests @ epectal ground potenttal control (GPO). xhng wae used to redace ste; Ea'tovch potenelale sear the tower bres. stage A._AvPts staged Fault Tests In Apri and May of 1979, Anectean Blectrfe / coniveted a serler of staged fault tosts on KongerMacyeville 765 kV Mine. Tho earth pote Profile neaiuredeats were part of these teste an! Rode at four 765 KV covers Ontario Hydro parti ed with AEP dm the orth potential profile ct frenea.. Jointly they have avaluated several foc Ehe OFC cing to exanine the Xn€luence of lng das fand depth of burial on the step and couch potentt: fhe each of the four covers, tw guyed-vee and tn tice structures, tuo single ghee to ground. far Shere staged, Suclng the, faule tects, measures Mere sade of fault carreate, earth components of (1 Corcents, and eaeth potentist profiles, aur TESTS Figure 1 shows the single ne diagram = Kooner-Horyevtlle 765 AV Line, open ended at 2 weer ration for the cests. The fault curre fron ‘the Waryevtlle seacton, ranged Cro03 2 tonne 13 tu 24 ka at tower 486." The fou agaitode vas purposely ope low co prevent Teneton equipnente At tower 515, the fault thas Matted Co 3 kA by taking out @ bank of Ceansforaees foo the station buss Single phase to ground foulte were staged rower using e spectadly designed solteh. The 1981 TEREwu LATTICE ovreovee eeyA 6220.8 HUSA ISSO : Pa cr LLL 7 aaa sy on | 28 Km. ae ar kn — 2a kn inuasagtan TANER TS ‘r vigure 1s Single Line Dkagron of he Kanner % own se atyévsite 765 RV Line Iucated in the outside sindow of the tower, consisted Ty ftbregioes fod ascenbly with « fore wire slosg te top of the devices The switch was pulled into the “cack postion ty an insulated rope sttached £0 = Tynes Craule everent vos measuced by a current sEntorner on the groved end bonding strap of the Tals “Gurcent tronaformere were used for meaeure~ vat of all. fault cuerent components entering the with “Frou. the tower footings, g0Y anchors, ground ode and the 220 ting, Potential sessurewente were inde with reapect to the froited cover. Metal pletea, Te‘ca dtamecer, wokghted down by 8 kg blocks, were ted ae earth contact peds according to. the vecosner~ Gatton, of 1285 Guida 60/3/ to elnulate the contact commer fade uth the earth by a husan foot. over potestlal on five was measured vith respect to a renote ground rod, smote 500'w perpendicular to the Line. AIL cables ased for esi 200 PerPends rene, neesuranents ware. shLelded Figure 2, Plan View of Guyed-Vee Towers Coextel condgstore and the weasurenents were recorded ton fast oneillographte recorder a ee “ ame 1 SWORE OF GU¥ED-VEE_TOVER TESTS i 36 Guyedeven Towers Nos 13 and 36 ROR ERS iluetrated tn Figure 2 42 a plan view of the TOWER juyed-vee toverss “The GPC ring st guy Anchor D and HMeectlons for earth potential weacurenents 8, D and Test. A ep aA 8 é J Sce"thowm for tower 13. Decetied in the £1luscratton {aa erees soction of the xing installation around soy POTENTIAL (VI Stchot De the wing conateted of a Ho 4 soktd copper = s | Wee" Toop, 5.3 m dlancter, buried at depth of 0.61 = pones Ane vas | to 190 Ef Sai sonded to the guy hte by a single bonding vires 305 & sr tower 36, the GPG ring wae not Anetalled and only _— 50 | crivey |_ 807 | 7 the D potentials were aeasuted, ‘CURRENT (AD ‘teble {shows the ceasurencnts obtained at tovers Qwcnora | es [a | mo [200 Nos 13 and 36 where the potential rise, earth current = eaeclbutton, ceatstance and Fouch potential for toch ancnore | 73 | vs | 130 fault. estoy Adenthfled eo tosta A and 3. The. touch = potential at unattigeted guy wires (no CEC ring at ancnonc | as | ov | 102 | ue Enehore) at both covers was easured to be 35 per cent Se the tower potential chee. For che altigated gy ancnor 0 | 3" | or | 1s | 163 Glee at tover 13," the measured touch potential vas — Teduced to 22 per cent of the reduced tower potentiel BASE E ws | 7 a] os Else. The reduced toner poteatiol rise to dve to 9 | Toner footing resistance brought about by tho ring RING n3_| 9 NoT useO Yor ansigttcel stodten, extenaive sot resisti~ [TOTAL Towen] eat J 362 | 7 17 try easurenente velng the fourmprobe aethod vere i: . Takde ‘ae varieus Locattene around the tovers, privet to Fauer | 26se_| 2woo | 2648_] 2608 Gnd foLtewtng. the ceste. Movever, a6 both Covers are NE (a! Steoared fe Milly torrain, considerable variations in - RestsvANCE (A) the moagured coll resistivitles were cecordeds An TOWER ae 20 average of the soll Teafetivity weasoresenta, a2 shova = In igure 3, wae considered for these studless RING 67 In each case, a euorleyer e0kt model vac computed [TOWER 6 RING) 23 fron the measured resultor Por rover 13, a 3B top * ESTIMATED FROM TOTALsou 109 0 TOWER 19: TOWER 36 SOW RESISTIVITY (2-0) boyy a py 5 PROBE SPACING (a) Figure 3. Soft Restetiviey tor Guyed-Ver Tovees 10 layer of 60 fa restetivity and 2 dotton layer of 250 fs testettvity was obtained. For tover 36, 8.6.0 Cop layer soil of 30 fm reatativity and a bottoa layer of 100 ou resioeivity sol] sae calevlateds 100 PERCENT OF TOWER POTENTIAL RISE 7 0 ve LATERAL DISTANCE (in) Figuce 4. Eaech Potential Profile for Tower 13 Hensurenente ave shown by potnes Normalized earth potential profiles for the uyod-vea towers velng the HALT computer progean are jun vith the measured potate In Plgures 4 and 5 Apart feoe profile B for cover 13, good agreezent bet ‘uoen the cesputed and measured profiler i evidente The! tover guy anchore were modelled at corners of 2 40 x 40 m aquere by 0.02 m eadive oblique rode that vere 2.4 2 in length, The steel anchor done plate, thae che guy od terminates onto, use replaced, by 0.02 0 redius vertical rod. For tover 13, a8 tho nes sured earth current distribution was approxtaately squat (Table 1) at each gay anchor, all vercteal rode PER CENT OF TOWER POTENTIAL RISE LATERAL DISTANCE (m) Figuce 5. arth Potential Profile for Tovar 36 were 3m tn length. However, for tover 36, only one 3 © vertical rod wav used Co account for the asyuaetric current distritution. Ths technique coapensates f Yvarlstions tn sol resfativsty slthin the. tndivides! ayer that cancot be teken Ato consideration by the WALT progras. Staflarly, ehe tower bree. shich con slats of 2 stcol grillaga wae represented by 2 vere! cal ground rod. For tover 13, thie rod va Od w ta ‘0'a lowe snd for tover 36, 0.01 » eais igs The GPC ring tus nodelled ‘at a 0. formed into 233 x 5.5 9 aquare busted 0.61 a below the cusface, The analytical otudies tovolving the YALE copie tor progeaa Led to a number of Ineeresting findings tn ing thie pregrac. "Zerly in the atudies te. hee (quite apparent that accurate soll tnforaation was ex trenely inportent. However, regarding guyed-vee tover uodelling, although considerable separation between the guy anchors exter, sodelling of the entire tower ‘according to earth current detribution waa necessate for proper results of earth potent{al profiles. Since hte: progran cannot take Lato consideration local vir: iatlone of coll relativity for individual s0L1 Ty era, thls necessttates adjustnent of the eaxth gro Ing’ goonetry to allow for variations tn the. cor Aistetbuttons. These edjustments cansot be base overall tover resistances alone tnd must bed satehing the potential profiles a2 well. Av a ree considerable leld information wat be provided peoper tower wodel representation in order to. acc Stely compute the eaxth potential profiles weiry i+ WALT program. When this Is done, good ageeemeat. > ween Conputed and measured results ‘can to obtataed + shown in Table 2 for the guyed-vee rovers, The i. repancy in profile 8 of tover 13 cannot be accow" fore mame 2 SOBINY OF GyFED-VEE TOWER NODEL Resistance in) | TOUEN VOLTAGE (401 FOr peasuneo [coururen [reorite [ucasuned co. = fa foam [Te € 3‘Tovore No 486 and Ho 315 Piguce 6 chows the plan view for che Lattice cortantsr The. GPC Ting vas forsed (com No 4 solid cure» Four connecting apckes bonded the ring © fever Leges Ab each cower, the ing uss bucked cha, 0,61 and e228, on oach olde of the fon ine axe of symetry ae {luscrated in \eehbuctor sole Plan View of Lattice Tover Footing auce 6. teware ware not tho footiege "ae ong. ground) rods The footing rebar cages on th bonded to the Eower, In addition, shown Am che plea view, have 3 Sonded 0 the cover: Measurements of earth potentials vere nade S0 cove on elther olde of the connocting spokes and on tke ide of the tower fo the direction of Marysville, the fault current source. Hovever, as the grounding Geonetey de dtéferent on both aides’ of the tower, the Ecsourenents reflect sot only the influence of the CC Ting depth tut also the effect of tower grounding. neasutenents of tover potential cise, ‘euceent’ distelbutione snd routatances. for the Lattice towers end for both staged testa, identitied Si'tents Avand Be Ue de evident that tover footCags dehout olther greved rods oF Dorded rebar cages La Ject only a ascii fraction of the total eacth conpo~ Rene of Fault corvent into the grounds ‘able 3 gives a Ae for the guyed-yee tovers, soit reotativity neanurenents velag. the Four-probe. kechalque vere ob- Eatned at four Locatione around the tovers, before and After the staged tester At both laeetes overs, the Soll ceplstiviey wan conetdarably note Isotropfe’ than Ae the guyed-veetoere. Average soll resistivity Seasuceaents for both tovers are shown sn Sigure 7s For analytical studies, two-layer s0i1 codels voce couputed.. For tower 486, 2 20m cop-layer of 40 ‘isn festetivity and a bottos'layer of 200 fxm reata- sors ame 3 SWOURY OF LATHIC TOWER TESTS Tower we 3 ‘yest A ol. A porentiat W) Hower aise] ave |2sso] 3570 | ans CURRENT (A) comms | [wl [= Frenne? | se fim | mms Foormcs| sw fw] @ |= Frome ©] oy fw fw Tower ofa | 508 rauur | ame eno | some [usco RESISTANCE (2) TOWER 6 12 RING nas 28 [rower | EAING Livity sofl wae obtained by extrapolation of the mea~ Sured cesultes, For towor $15, a 3.5 a top layer sol OF 30 five reatettvity and # bottea layer of 700 fra Cealativity coll wre obtained also by extrapolation of Che weagured results. > Wo 5 Boel a Bl TOWER 406 sh OE PROBE SPACING te) Figare 7. Soil Restattvity for Lattles Tovere ‘The computed earth potential profilee, based on the MALT progran, along Hlth the aeaeured points, for torn Tatelee covers, ato. ahowm in Figures 8 ané 9. The GPO ting of 0.003 » radiuo vira, vas nodelled tqusee, 22m 22 a for tover SIS and 24 x 26 0. Covee 486, On. etther #lde of the tranantsaion Line Gis; the ring dopth was 0.61 9 and 1.22 0 respective Gy a> Lllvetraced tn Figure 6.a6 100, AVG OF Asa. POTENTIALS we HS niNG NOT BONDED 0,61 m RING OEPTH PERCENT OF TOWER POTENTIAL RISE yee se ye 30 LATERAL DISTANCE (m} Barth Potential Profiles for Lattice Tovere 486 and 315 ~ A&B Potentials. Figure 8, 3 AVG OF CeO POTENTIALS o sl PERCENT OF TOMER POTENTIAL RISE x ab diya yor Sone —4 wl Twn sat 9 RING DEPTH ue a sad a LATERAL DISTANCE (m) tguce 9+ Herth Potential Profties for Latttee Towers 486 ond S15 ~ CED Potentials The concrete touer foottugs with rebar cages, not bonded’ to the over, were sodelled on the basis of convergence of tot che conputed earth resistance and the eneth potent(al profiles to the peasured values. Yor the couputed vazults shovn in Figures 8 and 9, the footing model consisted of 2 140 a dlomecer rod, 0.3 fo 0.9-p tn Length, The rod length sas verted to give fan earth cutrent distribution sccording to the seasur= Gf currente ae shown dn Table 3. the 1,0. dlaneter fodsy on the corners ot 4 [od x 13-4 a square were connected to the GPC ring by élegonal bonding conduc tore according to the plan view In Figure 6, The pre tence ef tuo 6.02 m Maneter ground rods, 3.0 m Tong, ert to the concrete footings, apart ftos\ affecting the dtstedbutton of injected eaeth current, was found to have Little influence on the earth potential pro~ file, Therefore, the ods were por tncluded “In the tower grounding sodel, The additonal Injected earth curcent due to the rods, was accounted for by Length= fenlag the 1.0 dfascter footing models This approach was considered to be acceptable as, dvs to the close Prosinity of the grousd tod to the footings the rod Lajecte current Loto the concrete casing hich Ln tutn Anjecta the current {nto the earths aM & SUBIARY OF LATTICE TOvER NODEL, Resistance (a) | courureo rower |cre nino} roucn voLTAce Ineasuneo [courureo | tor vr) sone | 1. ue . we Lise [a we % ‘eonoeo | 2 ue 2 Table 4 summarizes the computed results for both lattice tovers. Ae the CPC ring Le the deatnant ele- iment of the tover grounding schese, and qulte caally fedeLled, the eproenent in the earth reafetonee 10 ac~ ceptable, However, conaldarable discrepancy in the ‘computed earth vaslatance values. for the tower foot ngs alone vith the GPC Ting in eftu suggests that the faodel considered 1s not enticely adequate, The difti~ culty in establishing eetiefactory grounding apde! {for the lattice tovers 1s duc to the Lack of kiovleds, tn nodelling the concrete footings and to the acatte in the cehoured earth potential. profiles, Ae a te- ult, ‘the overall agracnent between the eoaputed pro Flies and the measured pointe shovn in Figure 8 and 9 can bo conetdered to bo only approxiaate although eh computed touch potentials are reasonably close. to the Seatured valves, Ie fe evdagt fos either the ¢#1= culations or fros the neasurenents ehat shen the CPC ring 48, applied, the reduction in touch potential percentage of the tover potential rise, te subs Etals” When tho reduction, of the tover potential tise due to @ lover earth resistance 19 taken Into aecount, the GP" ring applied under these soll conditions, iz very Hkely to yleld @ einieun of ten to on reduction In the touch potential. Ontarto Hydro'e Klatnburg Tests schuse of the extent of field knovledge requtt foe accurate sodelling of tower footings for the MA. progam, a series of teats vider controlled conditions ‘wea pertoraed on an isolated $00 RV lattlce tover slc> ‘sated approxinately 300 m ovtelde Ontario Hydro! s ovt- door high voltage tout factlity ee Kleinburg. Bact potential profiles at the Cover were neapured by Ln ecting 60 Ne current into che cover fren the station G0 volt supply. Plan utd crosa-eectional views af the tower grounding scheae gro shown in Figure 10, The GRC ring of No 4 copper weld dre, buried 6.) = Atecance fron the tover casings at © depth of 1-22 ‘wag bonded to the tover steel at each easing by ream able straps, The 4 e deep concrete eaelngsy cont ng. rebar cages, were alco bonded to the tower = by removable bondieg ettape. In addition, 3 & ground rode driven at each onsing wove electric Bonded co the tover by recovable straps. This arm ng achene paraltced measurenent of etep ond touch tentials with variations nthe grounding t0 be oi ‘Thus, contribectors due to the ground rods, ether ceages and GPC ring ether alone or in combination eer xanineds Potential weasuresents vere eade wth respect +e tauar using earth contact peds according C0 the (Mastques ‘developed for the AEP staged favle tests WEERGPedetters “these pads, wetghied dove by 19 ke Tete’ cylinders, were positioned in row at one SOSH eedvate ee shown im Bkguce 10, Potential hse steels AS measured. with respect to renote 4360'S dtevacce from the tover end opposite 4 foTeNTIAL 1 Aegunsiewr — cupngur “wince L sine r 3 moR0uNo ROD ‘nerERENCED TO ESTABLISH ‘oun VouTAGE ows c be mine ore. Coururen opeL RING Tv ve rL plan and Cross Sectlonal Views of the Ftgaee 10. Ktetnburg Tover Tooting Extensive soll restetivity eeasurenents usice the four-prove method were obtained for accurate Ce=puter sodel etvltess ‘core detiings in the vietatty of the t rave hou, thet the Klatnburg soit constet tet ts unifora to at 2ea6c 20 = depth. | hn ANG feoLectviry deta, provided in Pigoce 11 ylelded @ Te itjer coll codel consisting of 30 Mim reekatte Peg So et 18 8 eens an 0300 Gea reatetivity fotten layer: 1. Ground Rods For the tower plan vlou in Figure 10, the earth potentisd profile wae seasured with reopect tothe raceme se uueh the ground Feds bonded co the Cover ser seconds with the ground rode and the OFC ring on bonded to the over. In both measurements, the bond peatet cape of che coaing rebar cages were removed fron 1 mae? Goth teste were repeated eoveral thness ‘the nensured polnts along wth the computed prom eiiee sormaitsed with teapect eo the tower potential Ele, are shown in Figore 12. rise r : ; Jeane Locarion ze LATERAG DISTANCE (a) : PERCENT OF TOWER POTENTIAL for Ground Piguee 12, Nomaltzed Potential Profi. fous and OP0 Ring. Points axe Weasured Value ‘me cooputed profiles, obtained usine progeuas ste based on the tho layer soil godel analy Prceve’ cho Kietnborg. tower and cake nto eccount, the sed for Kooning configuracton ae Liluetrated 40 Fis ae 10. “ In conputtng the potential profile for the rode atone: the iprenence of the rebar cages and the OPC renee taken into account ae grounding elements ole Fiyfan'eten and not bonded electeteat3y. Authough not shown in Figure 12, the potential protic nae ceavured a= well as computed over 6 )ater” Prete vat of 2k me The agrecaent betwaen the es aap totate. and the eoapuced profiles ko vesarhably good over thte entire extents ror the Kletnburg so{2, the touch voltage refer~ enced with eenpect to the ‘casing ground rod (Figure faerd, Picacured as 56 pee cent of the Lover potential 10) as nrasthe. following discusston, this velut of rises jocantial ke referced ro ae che unattlgated toch porenthasoe 1h bonding the OPC ring to the toner, the tower earth restorance with ground rode alone, Le ceduced fron 2.78 to 1.07 chee: The lower tower restatence oaults ina lower toser potential tise). radveed by the ratlo of the resistances, In addition, the OP ring aodifles the earch potential, ylelding ¢ touch potential of 21 per cent of the redieed tower poten Mal ttee, Therefore, conbined with che lover poten tial lee, the touch’ potential 1s reduced to [4 per cent of the unnttigated rover potential riser These ‘ate axe ounmarized In Tobl 2. Rebar Cages For these neasuresente the ground rod bonding strap were renoved fxos the touer, The earth poten Uels vere veacured several tines referenced bo. the toner, first wlth the footing rebar cages bonded to the tover, and second, with the rebar cages and the FC cing bonded to the tovers The novaelized polnts ‘and computed profiles are shown fn Figure 13+ Lene coearion PERCENT OF ToweR poveNTiAL mise Woraalized Potentia} Profiles for Rebar Figure 13. Tho conputed profiles are breed on the tvo-Layer ‘coll model astablighed for the Kleknbute alte, ‘The ground rods vere {neluded {n the computations fas elenents of the grounding schene (avait but not electrically bonded to the tover, —Sfallarly, in th cate of the rebar cages alone, coaputations af the po= Lential profile and earth resistance alsa included the OFC ring in aitu and not bonded to the ‘overs The presence of the ORC ting tn situ wodifled the earth Fesletance by aeveral per cent, hovever, the potentiel profile renained escontially unchanged’ from "cospute Eons that excluded the Hing entirely. For the computer studies, the tower focting eon sing with rebar cage vss nedelled as 4.0.2 5 longs The Length of the red corresponds to the dapeh of the reber cage, how ever, the dlaodter of the rod vas deterined theoush sultiple computations of ‘both the tover earth resis= ftanco' and the potential profile with rod dlanctor as ¢ paraneter unt] convergence to the neasuted velues vat Obtained. “This technique perattted the cover easkngs to be replaced by an “equivalent” and eleplor fore of electrode for analytical studies. exete Stanever ground tod, tu Referenced to the position of the ground rod, the touch voltage vith the rebar cages alone te. about 38 per cene of the incressed cover potential rise. Koy every as the rebar cages Lower the earth resistance of the over, the potential rise Le also reduced over the vrateigated toxer (tower with ground rode) by the 7 to of the earth resfotences. Thur, tending the rebar cages to the touer during construction and oattting ‘found rods ot only lovers the footing resistance, but also lowers che couch voltage to 33 per cent of the touch voltage that would be derived toa, a tover sulth driven ground “rods alone without rebar cages Gonnteigated fever). “Tn addition, use of the OPO ring in conjunction with the rebar cages, however without ‘ground rods, farther reduces the touch voltage to 1 per cont of the uneitigated tover. These data slong Meh the rests 3. Sound Rods ond rt th these teste the ground rods and rebar cages vere bonded to the tower.” Pleat the eatth potentials uate gessured with the GPC ring An situ and. then the nessuresonte were repeated vith the GPC zine. bonded te the touer. The noraollsed seaeured poknte and compe ted profiles are shown An Blgure 14s Hie a Tone tocariow 2 r i & Bo 5° Seen Tatenat butatce wD Figure Ms otositsed Pocenttal troftten for Ground Rada with Raber Cages and OF0 Ring Ae in the previous ceses, the touch voltage t+ referenced to the péaition of the. gprevnd Teds Por his grounding configuration, wre of the rode dn adél- Hon to the rebar cages renults tn a touch voltage of 27 per cent of the unotetgated cover. Purthernor, the ‘application of the GPC ring in adattion. to. the rede and rebar cages, Leads to Couch voltage of 10 i of the unateigated Cover, These data ae. vel! ‘the cover earth reafstences are evcosrtzed in Table ame 5 SWOURY OF KLETVaURE TESTS romans] aaaranctia | PRR Pape [srsuneoEowroreficasonelcounurea) RRS (G2G RING DESICH cows TOERATIONS Where sutetetent and accurate Feld seasuteacsts sare available on the soil ceeistivity, eaten patenteE yettte, and tover costatoncey the ME prapras can Se Tellip’ applied to obtain e proper aodel of che tower eeetag hen tha Ae done, as for the KlesobyTg oe stay and couch potentials can te conputed okmscnce for various conditions of OFC ring de andes eloue soil resistivities, Several Wea, fSheaples are considered in this section #9~ $7 TNAL SSqputer godel developed for the Kletabacy ' Nor these, exeoples, the tower grounding de {ane Ghowm tn Plgure 10, In the cases, studteds ‘Canale oF the vnnktigated touer consisted of both cranes OF ind ground. rode, fully bonded te tho igvce 15. ehowe computed earth potential profiles for {alogle GPC eine. asm (0.800) 1.0 “ny “cam (0.6000 7 Reco (ean caTion Lenton SBIL~ 30 8 RING DEPTH = 1.28 GROUND ROD 10 bee a se se Tt LATERAL DISTANCE (rn) ‘over Potential Profiles for Yartous GP Ring sizes Figure 35+ hte ring vag assuoed burted 1.22 deep and scent io%ce 6:0 m distance Econ the tover f00t~ Wee yge atophielty, a unbform soll of 30 Me renl cibiey’ Mas conandereds"Reoulte fon the analyeteal Leadtzs ave sumarized {n Table 6. ABLE 6 ‘smeunt OF GRO RING $12¢, STUDIES FOR UNIFORM 30 ft-m SOT, ers rave | geet, [SPE adit, oe | a or the exasple considered, although he cover reahetznce and therefore the tover potenttal rise de Teche tanes eh GPO ring. dtaneter Table 6), the touch ereeethal Increases for e ring Atsoeter Larger then 18 sete efron ehe cover footings) ++ shown in Figure 15: tore lttgecion with «single ring deelgn a9 reaches an aeyoptote for whtch an opeixon tog aise renee ytneds In thts exesple, 2 Ficg of about 4 & Senate cower footing would reduce the touch paren” Cree Pye par cent of the ursttigated Lover 2. Ring Depth ‘he a shallow depth of ting burtal 12 econoatcelly ore Seteactive, anaiycieal studten were, carcted out Tere Sta potenttol profiles for untfora 20 firm reakee Sump aot and for two depths of burlal, 0.61 9 and Bet2m (Figure 16)+ pe on (0.82 0) ae Ar on Se, ODS & REBAR hea ‘PERCENT OF TOWER POTENTIAL RISE a 8) uniroms son. - 20 0-0 "| i remy CATERAL DISTANCE (m1 tert Potente} Profiler for Several G26 Zing Depths te Lo shoxin that the touch potential to vireually uosodsttel fora ring 4 9 fron the tover footings seevcrs the ehellover depth of burtal leads to. However erence in the step potentiol dixectly above Terre age for chie teason, che deeper inststtatton fe preferred. 3. Inner Ring ‘as dtecussed earlier 4m che paper) the touch o7 renethl canbe altstneted entirely end the atop poten Penctal jgced to an dncongaquencial valve by ehe use of Hal AGphertcal OPC nat. Practically, soveral tater sentry Tings at progressively fnereasing ALarance SodMicpen epproninace ehfs sphettea! ground ont, Howe and dort Ready. shown (Htgure 16) a single GPO ring ayes abun of 1e22 wand Hoeated 4,0 w fron the tower se otucet bee Latttee tower dees a reapectable Job in igure 16. 8 pigure 17. Conpactsen of Potential Prothies for One Gnd Two OPC Ringea reducing the touch potential, for a greater cedve~ oreing OPC design Day be applied. As an ex an tnnee. ting. butigd Ov3 m that enefecles the tover’1.0 a roa the footings and bonded to the outer ring comnectlag straps, provides on additions) veduc~ on fn the touch potential as {llustrated in Plgure U7'for' the Klelaburg. lattice cover. The potential profiies shom in Figure 17 axe foro elngle and tho Gro sing installation and compared to the unattigeted tovers "For the tyorring GPC design, the touch poten tial ts eeduced £9 thes per cent of the tover poten 4a this extaple, 26 the tover resistance fron 1.33 t0 0/37 ohas, the mitigated tower ‘is reduced. to one-ELfteenth of the un- nitigated tover potential cla 4, Seasonal Both Varsattons he potential profile for the Kleinbarg cover was Anvestigated for seasonal changes in the. top layer oll Festetivity corresponding to uot and dry periods ‘Tne protllee shown in Figure 18 for ground rods and rebar cones, with and without a OPC ring, are for tho exttese woth conditions. The wet seagon soll Le fodelled as a low restetivity 0.1 a top Jayer of 30 fin cna tigh reststivicy 500 Mem botten layer. The Gly season soil te uodelied ao o high ractativity Oct atop Zoyer of 500 frm gofl on a low resistivity 30 Potton layer. 100-— & a9 z 0000 900 Beh ee in 9 fm sol ~ Bw 01509 5 xf 5 a soorse am 8 LAYER OEPTH- 0.1 8 Eo Tt 44a ae LATERAL Distance (=) Befect of Seasonal Soll Changes on Exeth Figure 18. Potential Profiles Although the entaet resistance {s sitered by the top layer resistivity, the variation in the touch po tentlal as a pereantage of the tovar potential rise io esaentially unchanged fren the uniform sot eases pscussz0n = The scope of thio eacth potential profiles at faulted Cowero, Although ‘8 practical approach to safety in tower proonéieg has been desonstraced. for several de~ Signo, the need for witigating the step and couch po~ Tentials aust ffeae be established and fostified on the ‘of accoal conditions, Once this has. been dione, deaign eritecla for cafe Halts for step and Couch potentials aust be established. The IEEE Culde for Safety in Substation Grounding/3/ has made sone Feconsendotions to thie effects Currently, severe! Sections 1.00 to 6.00 of thie Cutde, dealing ily with step and touch potenttale, sre betag rovteed by the Gubstatton Conafttee Working Croup. Aspects of toleenble cureont, mognttude and duration, breaker rev Closing end rentetance of the homen body’ in arrivin; ft atep and touch voltage criteria have In a recent Substation Comntttee publication/t/. tover installation aust. be cevefull GFE. ring e not {ntended to bee mandatory part for ich tower fnstelletion, once jootifted, ite use is Vistted to special eppltcatione, lone of the step a progres vaguire accurate knovledge of the cover node, oll reeiativiey and soil etratificathon. Apart fv the efaples todelling of conerate footings and spread-type ste over foundations 12 not at fccurate fheld date on the sofl stance, and on the earth potential profile in order to properly model the grounding echen: ts nodela. Por the here, the GEC ring {8 the doatn Ting’ 3s eaally modelled, an extfeate to the touch fo" tential cay be. computed ‘aslng the HALE progran. provid eo that good knowledge of the soll realettvity te at hands L a o be discussed cariter, the GPC ring ts only one of al rchenes used to" reduce the covet potential In ordec to agxinize its effectivences esch estgned. the ‘As eaphastzed in the paper, analytical coapots toveh! potentials using he WALT aver grounding echese, te, ground rot fevident. TMa requtee~ wstseivity, tover ee Te cannot be ued chat modelling requires agresnont in reste 4 potential profile. Oonsiderably sore study ‘necessary to sleplity complex cover groundtog over exounding schene discussed fF elenents Ay thi couctusro¥s {Hon designs snd tn various restettvity soils have shown the effectiveness of a single ground pote: Tal conteol (G20) ing in wltigaring 2tep aot touch potentials, representation of « tover grount sing. aohese ifehed, and good f1eld dts fon tho soll etiustare, earth potential profile ant fouer restatanee are available, af for the Kiet burg. Iatetee over discussed ‘in thls papery tr MALE conputer progras Decoses a usaful design for conputtng the touch and step potentials > Yactour sspecte of ring design eed soll rest vty. 1 02 scheme, conedert to concentete ings, Ine boon chow to edu “aod touch potentials too email frat por cent) ‘of the nadttgated tower po eoa the WALT progr Gen Hal eieo. RevenENces Koch, #:, “The Grading of Totentials for Tea [ssfon Toners", B12 72, 1951, pp 651-655. Dewalihi, fy MALT COMPUTER PROGRAM, Sato teleal Systene Led., Montreal, eae std BO/Jone 1975 TEBE Galde for Su Substation Grounding, ingeituce of Electr! Blectrente Engineers, Ines, sey York, 197: Tetle and Pare Sera, J-Gs, Dilek, Bikey Doods, Rall "Safe ‘Subseactoa Geoundiag paper 803N632~8,Discusson 1 Meope (Computer Sciences Corp., Balls Church, VAY: The sc to be congratulated fora thorough investigation an aa ine ry nd clear eaport, Only two minor questions occu 0 Tt she paragraph following, Table 6 it Is sated that the touch fot ngreases fora ring lametr Target than 18 m (4m from the ‘ings). However, this eppeats to be contradkced by Table 6, ‘Sihat ata GPC eltance of 4m the touch potentials 22%, ‘Smits 20%, BT is Latte} the tower resistance for ower 486s given as 3.6 ohms, Buc diing the fvervlge re by te eal tower eet 1s ehoms. + ewahbt Safe Bnglnesing Services Lid, Montreal, Canada): The fetors are to be congratulated on comparing measored and computed Be Fresnsion Tover Grounding Peformance This papers alo tnely g Lecew analyses the effectiveness of a special ground potential contol ‘sys reduce sep and Couch potentials Bt on panieslary delighted 0 see that good agreement Is obtained secinn measured and computed. values, The fact thatthe ‘tex “ents were conducted of actual (ranstsion towers and fall Site “aete,further enbance the value ofthis paper. g °'1' cos knowledge, this Ts the first tive that complete full-scale test Bese vscnents on tranmfsion towers ave published inthe literature 1 ‘a insinced thet this paper will provide the electrical engineer ih ‘see confidence towatd accurate grounding analyteal methods, fully agree withthe authors tat I Ts exeemely important thatthe sarh sucture around the tower be determined carefully in order to ‘Rodel aceurately the grounding performance of the towers Its elso ‘ee tha te sll steeture departs considerably from the uniform or ‘e-ayer ease the aceuraby of the predictions val decrease, E “We we developed ceceily analvtlsal methods to bandte mth ete sols a wel a cols with vertial dscontnutles, Othe esearch. “nse eso workingin he Meld of grounding and | believe tht accurate ‘rounding predctons are now posible provided that good resistivity Eeurements are avalable, In the cave where soll structure Is not Toon preety, tf alway preferable to assume a certain range of ‘esuiy value and develop the fina design based on the worst ease, “ng the interpctatlon of the Kielnburg tess, 1 became clear that ibe some’of the tests, although the rebar foundations were not ‘hovly connected to the ground rods, they were sil contributing aa slgniicaniy tn the conduction of fault current into the sot, consider this sea very important observation and, lo the benefit of the renders, could the authore deccelbe this event ad the aif fcltes which developed inlally when messuced and computed results were be- fing compared. Mauro eated Jamun 12, 1981. A. Cheney, K Gs Ringler, N. Kell, and G. K. Bells We woul ke {thank the dsesges for el interest a the paper and for thelr pert reat quetions and comments. ‘Wh selerence to Mr. Heppe's questions the touch potential, a & persentage ofthe tover voltae ete for the 500 KY lace ower asses ‘hrough a rlrimum with increaslag OPC ring diameter, This miscaura ‘Secure a a dlomcter of approximately 18m (4 m from the tower footings) as shown in the fits and second columns of Table, 6, Howerc, the miiated touch potentat Is reduced wth increasing rng Ulameter ast column, Table 6 because tower footing resistance and ower potenil rise decrease wilh increasing OPC ring diameter for fonstant fault eurzent. Ta regard to lattice tower No, 486, the tower footing esbtance of 3.6 cohans in Table 3 was obtained from resistance on the measured ter Dotenta ie and on the portion of fault curcent entering the earth, & Footing tesstanes of 39 ohms fp obtained, For such comparisons, & lserepaney of 0 percent snot unreasonable ‘Relecngto Dr, Dawalbs comment onthe analytical stules of step and touch potentials neat the 800 KY lattice (ower, fos the station ktec only ne around rods and the OPC sing are bonded to the tower, fear eages were, not considered, In the intl! grounding, model, FHlowevers it was found tat good agreement between results from nailed studies and measured tower footing resistance and arth sut- {Tree potential profile could only be obtained by also modeling therebat ager, Although these cages Were simply in situ but not bonded to the (aur hey redler some of the ground rod earth curren, Therefore, The sCbar cages mutt be considered fm annaytcalstadles and a round od and the associated rebar cage can be represented by an equivalent fod electrode of larger dlometer and shorter length compared 10 the [ound rod. This exercse df pol out the importance of taking inte ‘Eppulderation the entire grounding configuration eventhough elements St the scheme are simply insta and not bonded lo the tower. DManucig reeved March 26,1981