DATA

I. The Pre-Board scores of 4th year students from the College of Arts and Sciences were taken and shown below.

84 64 62 70 91 74 88
72 75 88 85 66 94 60
84 71 84 67 76 84 70
71 89 86 83 92 84 84
72 84 66 76 83 80 77
99 81 82 69 75 80 97
76 78 68 86 79 74 86
74 78 81 76 83 65 87
84 74 82 74 93 78 68
81 71 77 77 77 81 85
86 75 90 91 73 83 76
83 79 78

1. Construct a frequency distribution. K=10

2. Determine the following

a. Mean l. D1

b. Median m. D3

c. Mode n. D7

d. Q3 o. D9

e. Q1

f. P2

g. P20

h. P40
i. P60

j. P70

k. P80

ANSWERS

Class F x fx <cumf
60-63 2 61.5 123 2
64-67 5 65.5 327 7
68-71 8 69.5 556 15
72-75 11 73.5 808.5 26
76-78 15 77.5 1162.5 41
80-83 13 81.5 1059.5 54
84-87 15 85.5 1282.5 69
88-91 6 89.5 537 75
92-95 3 93.5 280.5 78
96-99 2 97.5 195 80
TOTAL
80 795 6332
a. Mean

6332/80 = 79. 15

b. Median

n/2

80/2 = 40

75.5 + {40-26/15} 4

= 79.23

c. Mode

d1= HF- UF = 15-3 = 3

d2= HF- LF = 15-6 = 9

d1= HF- UF = 15-11 = 4

d2= HF- LF = 15-13 = 2

75.5 + {4/ 4+2}4

=78.17

83.5 + {2/ 2+9}4

=84.23

d. Q3= 3n/4

3(80)/4 =60

=83.5 + { 60-54/ 15}4

Q3 = 85.1

e. Q1= n/4

80/4 = 20

=71.5 + { 20-15/ 11}4

Q1 = 73.32

f.P2= 2n/100

2(80)/100 =1.6

=59.5 + {1.6-0/2}4

P2 = 62.7

g.P20 =20n/100

20(80)/100 = 16

=71.5 + {16-15/11}4
P20= 71.86

h. P40 = 40n/100

40(80)/100= 32

=75.5 + {32-26/15}4

P40 = 77.1

i. P60 = 60n/100

60(80)/100 = 48

=79.5 + {48-41/13}4

P60 = 81.65

j. P70 = 70n/100

70(80)/100 = 56

=83.5 + {56-54/15}4

P70= 84.03

k. P80 =80n/100

80(80)/100 =64

=83.5 + {64-54/15}4
P80 = 86.17

l. D1= n/10

80/10 = 8

=67.5 + {8-7/8}4

D1= 68

m. D3= 3n/10

3(80)/10 = 24

= 71.5+{24-15/11}4

D3= 74.77

n.D7= 7n/10

7(80)/10 = 56

= 83.5+{56-54/15}4

D7= 84.03

o. D9= 9n/10

9(80)/10 = 72
= 87.5 +{72-69/6}4

D9 = 89.5
 BAR GRAPH
16

14

12

10

8
BAR GRAPH

0
60-63 64-67 68-71 72-75 76-79 80-83 84-87 88-91 92-95 96-99
 All measures of variation

Class F x fx x-x / x-x / f/ x-x / (x-x)² f(x-x)² d fd d² fd² <cumf

45-51 17 48 816 -30.08 30.08 511.36 904.8064 15381.7088 -5 -85 25 425 17
52-58 21 55 1155 -23.08 23.08 484.68 532.6864 11186.4144 -4 -84 16 336 38
59-65 27 62 1674 -16.08 16.08 434.16 258.5664 6981.2928 -3 -81 9 243 65
66-72 29 69 2001 -9.08 9.08 263.32 82.4464 2390.9456 -2 -58 4 116 94
73-79 32 76 2432 -2.08 2.08 66.56 4.3264 138.4448 -1 -32 1 32 126
80-86 34 83 2822 4.92 -4.92 -167.28 24.2064 823.0176 0 0 0 0 160
87-93 28 90 2520 11.92 -11.92 -333.76 142.0864 3978.4192 1 28 1 28 188
94-100 22 97 2134 18.92 -18.92 -416.24 357.9664 7875.2608 2 44 4 88 210
101-107 16 104 1664 25.92 -25.92 -414.72 671.8464 10749.5424 3 48 9 144 226
108-114 13 111 1443 32.92 -32.92 -427.96 1083.7264 14088.4432 4 52 16 208 239
-
TOTAL 239 18,661 73,594.35 168 1620

1. Range

HRL-LRL

114.5-44.5= 70

2.Mean

=18,661/239

=78.09

MAD= f/x-x//n

=3520.04/239
=14.73

3. s²= f(x-x)²/n

s²= 73,594.26/239

s²= 307.93

4. s= square root of 307.93

S= 17.55

5. QD= Q3-Q1/2

Q3= 3(239)/4 =179.25

Median

=16+{179.25-160/28}7

=91.31

Q1= 239/4 =59.75

Median

=58.5+{59.75-38/27}7

=64.14

QD= 91.31-64.14/2

QD=13.59

6. PR= P90-P10

P90 =90(239)/100

=215.1

Median

=100.5+{215.1-210/16}7

=102.73

P10= 10(239)/100

=23.9
Median

=51.5+{23.9-17/21}7

=53.8

PR= 102.73-53.8

PR =48.93

7. CV= S/X*100

CV= 17.55/78.08*100

=22.48%
 ANOVA

Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart, is important for blood clotting and for building healthy bones. The National
Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. While calcium is
contained in some foods, most adults do not get enough calcium in their diets and take supplements. Unfortunately some of the
supplements have side effects such as gastric distress, making them difficult for some patients to take on a regular basis.

A study is designed to test whether there is a difference in mean daily calcium intake in adults with normal bone density, adults with
osteopenia (a low bone density which may lead to osteoporosis) and adults with osteoporosis. Adults 60 years of age with normal bone
density, osteopenia and osteoporosis are selected at random from hospital records and invited to participate in the study. Each
participant's daily calcium intake is measured based on reported food intake and supplements. The data are shown below.

Normal Bone Density Osteopenia Osteoporosis

1200 1000 890
1000 1100 650
980 700 1100
900 800 900
750 500 400
800 700 350

Is there a statistically significant difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to patients with
osteopenia and osteoporosis? We will run the ANOVA using the five-step approach.

 Step 1. Set up hypotheses and determine level of significance

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 H1: Means are not all equal α=0.05

 Step 2. Select the appropriate test statistic.

The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA, F=MSB/MSE.

 Step 3. Set up decision rule.

In order to determine the critical value of F we need degrees of freedom, df 1=k-1 and df2=N-k. In this example, df1=k-1=3-1=2 and
df2=N-k=18-3=15. The critical value is 3.68 and the decision rule is as follows: Reject H0 if F > 3.68.

 Step 4. Compute the test statistic.

To organize our computations we will complete the ANOVA table. In order to compute the sums of squares we must first compute the
sample means for each group and the overall mean.

Normal Bone Density Osteopenia Osteoporosis

n1=6 n2=6 n3=6

If we pool all N=18 observations, the overall mean is 817.7.

We can now compute:

Substituting:

Finally,

Next,
SSE requires computing the squared differences between each observation and its group mean. We will compute SSE in parts. For the
participants with normal bone density:

Normal Bone Density (X - 938.3) (X - 938.3)2

1200 261.7 68,486.9
1000 61.7 3,806.9
980 41.7 1,738.9
900 -38.3 1,466.9
750 -188.3 35,456.9
800 -138.3 19,126.9
Total 0 130,083.4

Thus,

For participants with osteopenia:

Osteopenia (X - 715.0) (X - 715.0)2

1000 285.0 81,225.0
1100 385.0 148,225.0
700 -15 225.0
800 85.0 7,225.0
500 -215.0 46,225.0
700 -15 225.0
Total 0 283,350.0
Thus,

For participants with osteoporosis:

Osteoporosis (X - 715.0) (X - 715.0)2

890 90 8,100.0
650 -150 22,500.0
1100 300 90,000.0
900 100 10,000.0
400 -400 160,000.0
350 -450 202,500.0
Total 0 493,100.0

Thus,

We can now construct the ANOVA table.

Source of Variation Sums of Squares (SS) Degrees of freedom (df) Mean Squ
Between Treatments 152,429.6 2 76,2
Error or Residual 906,533.4 15 60,4
Total 1,058,963.0 17
  Step 5. Conclusion.

We do not reject H0 because 1.26 < 3.68. We do not have statistically significant evidence at a =0.05 to show that there is a difference
in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to osteopenia and osterporosis. Are the differences in mean
calcium intake clinically meaningful? If so, what might account for the lack of statistical significance?
 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

X Y

16 6

16 10

14 7

14 4

8 4

15 6

15 4

15 3

The linear correlation coefficient measures the relationship between the paired values in a sample.
r=n(∑xy)−∑x∑y√ n(∑x2)−(∑x)2 ⋅√ n(∑y2)−(∑y)2 r=n(∑⁡xy)-∑⁡x∑⁡yn(∑⁡x2)-(∑⁡x)2⋅n(∑⁡y2)-(∑⁡y)2

Sum up the values of the first column of data xx.

∑x=16+16+14+14+8+15+15+15∑⁡x=16+16+14+14+8+15+15+15
Simplify the expression.
∑x=113∑⁡x=113
Sum up the values of the second column of data yy.
∑y=6+10+7+4+4+6+4+3∑⁡y=6+10+7+4+4+6+4+3
Simplify the expression.
∑y=44∑⁡y=44
Sum up the values of x⋅yx⋅y.
∑xy=16⋅6+16⋅10+14⋅7+14⋅4+8⋅4+15⋅6+15⋅4+15⋅3∑⁡xy=16⋅6+16⋅10+14⋅7+14⋅4+8⋅4+15⋅6+15⋅4+15⋅3
Simplify the expression.
∑xy=637∑⁡xy=637
Sum up the values of x2x2.
∑x2=(16)2+(16)2+(14)2+(14)2+(8)2+(15)2+(15)2+(15)2∑⁡x2=(16)2+(16)2+(14)2+(14)2+(8)2+(15)2+(15)2+(15)2
Simplify the expression.
∑x2=1643∑⁡x2=1643
Sum up the values of y2y2.
∑y2=(6)2+(10)2+(7)2+(4)2+(4)2+(6)2+(4)2+(3)2∑⁡y2=(6)2+(10)2+(7)2+(4)2+(4)2+(6)2+(4)2+(3)2
Simplify the expression.
∑y2=278∑⁡y2=278
Fill in the computed values.
r=8(637)−113⋅44√ 8(1643)−(113)2 ⋅√ 8(278)−(44)2 r=8(637)-113⋅448(1643)-(113)2⋅8(278)-(44)2

Simplify the expression.

r=0.37731998

CHI-SQUARE
 256 visual artists were surveyed to find out their zodiac sign. The results were: Aries (29), Taurus (24), Gemini (22), Cancer (19), Leo
(21), Virgo (18), Libra (19), Scorpio (20), Sagittarius (23), Capricorn (18), Aquarius (20), Pisces (23). Test the hypothesis that zodiac
signs are evenly distributed across visual artists.

Step 1: Make a table with columns for “Categories,” “Observed,” “Expected,” “Residual (Obs-Exp)”, “(Obs-Exp)2” and “Component
(Obs-Exp)2 / Exp.” Don’t worry what these mean right now; We’ll cover that in the following steps.
Step 2: Fill in your categories. Categories should be given to you in the question. There are 12 zodiac signs, so:
Step 3: Write your counts. Counts are the number of each items in each category in column 2. You’re given the counts in the
question:
Step 4: Calculate your expected value for column 3. In this question, we would expect the 12 zodiac signs to be evenly distributed for
all 256 people, so 256/12=21.333. Write this in column 3.

Step 5: Subtract the expected value (Step 4) from the Observed value (Step 3) and place the result in the “Residual” column. For
example, the first row is Aries: 29-21.333=7.667.
Step 6: Square your results from Step 5 and place the amounts in the (Obs-Exp)2 column.
Step 7: Divide the amounts in Step 6 by the expected value (Step 4) and place those results in the final column.
Step 8: Add up (sum) all the values in the last column.