Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX
'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII
*MVWX4VMRXMRK
1EVGL
+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
'ST]VMKLXF]XLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIH8LMWQEXIVMEPQE]RSXFI
QIHME[MXLSYXXLI[VMXXIRGSRWIRXSJ%'-
8LIXIGLRMGEPGSQQMXXIIWVIWTSRWMFPIJSV%'-GSQQMXXIIVITSVXWERHWXERHEVHWWXVMZIXSEZSMHEQFMKYMXMIWSQMWWMSRW
SVVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXQE]FIWYFNIGXXSQSVIXLERSRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSVQE]FIMRGSQTPIXISVMRGSVVIGX9WIVW[LS
LEZIWYKKIWXMSRWJSVXLIMQTVSZIQIRXSJ%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIVIUYIWXIHXSGSRXEGX%'-ZMEXLIIVVEXE[IFWMXIEX
[[[GSRGVIXISVKGSQQMXXIIWIVVEXEEWT4VSTIVYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRXMRGPYHIWTIVMSHMGEPP]GLIGOMRKJSVIVVEXEJSV
XLIQSWXYTXSHEXIVIZMWMSRW
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXI
VMEPMXGSRXEMRW-RHMZMHYEPW[LSYWIXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMRER][E]EWWYQIEPPVMWOERHEGGITXXSXEPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLI
ETTPMGEXMSRERHYWISJXLMWMRJSVQEXMSR
%PPMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHwEWMWx[MXLSYX[EVVERX]SJER]OMRHIMXLIVI\TVIWWSVMQTPMIHMRGPYH
%'-ERHMXWQIQFIVWHMWGPEMQPMEFMPMX]JSVHEQEKIWSJER]OMRHMRGPYHMRKER]WTIGMEPMRHMVIGXMRGMHIRXEPSVGSR
TYFPMGEXMSR
GMVGYQWXERGIWMRZSPZIH[MXLMXWYWI%'-HSIWRSXQEOIER]VITVIWIRXEXMSRW[MXLVIKEVHXSLIEPXLERHWEJIX]MWWYIW
ERHXLIYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRX8LIYWIVQYWXHIXIVQMRIXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJEPPVIKYPEXSV]PMQMXEXMSRWFIJSVIETTP]MRK
XLIHSGYQIRXERHQYWXGSQTP][MXLEPPETTPMGEFPIPE[WERHVIKYPEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKFYXRSXPMQMXIHXS9RMXIH7XEXIW
3GGYTEXMSREP7EJIX]ERH,IEPXL%HQMRMWXVEXMSR37,%
LIEPXLERHWEJIX]WXERHEVHW
4EVXMGMTEXMSRF]KSZIVRQIRXEPVITVIWIRXEXMZIWMRXLI[SVOSJXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIERHMRXLIHIZIPST
QIRXSJ-RWXMXYXIWXERHEVHWHSIWRSXGSRWXMXYXIKSZIVRQIRXEPIRHSVWIQIRXSJ%'-SVXLIWXERHEVHWXLEXMXHIZIPSTW
3VHIVMRJSVQEXMSR%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRTVMRXF]HS[RPSEHSR'(631XLVSYKLIPIGXVSRMGWYFWGVMTXMSR
SVVITVMRXERHQE]FISFXEMRIHF]GSRXEGXMRK%'-
1SWX%'-WXERHEVHWERHGSQQMXXIIVITSVXWEVIKEXLIVIHXSKIXLIVMRXLIERRYEPP]VIZMWIH%'-1ERYEPSJ'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI1'4
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
97%
4LSRI
*E\
[[[GSRGVIXISVK
-7&2
%'-6
+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII
&VMER(1MPPIV'LEMV (EZMH;ER7IGVIXEV]
+ISVKI*&EX] (SREPH*1IMRLIMX
,EVV]%'LEQFIVW 0EVFM17IRRSYV
%EVSR;*MRO :IROEXIWL7IWLETTE
7MHRI]*VIIHQER %ZE7L]TYPE
,EVV]%+PIMGL
%PPER6/IRRI] 8LSQEW.+VMWMRKIV'SRWYPXMRK1IQFIV
&IRNEQMR0EZSR ;IMPER7SRK'SRWYPXMRK1IQFIV
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
{'LIQMGEPVIXEVHIVW WMXI JEFVMGEXMSR EW [IPP EW TPERX JEFVMGEXMSR SJ TVIGEWX [EPP
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW TERIPW
8LMW KYMHI GSZIVW RSRPSEHFIEVMRK SV PSEHFIEVMRK
'LETXIV{4ERIPJEFVMGEXMSRERHHIPMZIV]T TERIPWJEFVMGEXIHSJRSVQEPSVPMKLX[IMKLXGSRGVIXI4ERIPW
{+IRIVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW QE]FISRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKX]TIW
{1SPHWJSVQWERHGEWXMRKFIHW
7SPMH
{'SRGVIXITVSTSVXMSRMRKERHQM\MRK -RWYPEXIHWERH[MGL
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW 6MFFIH
{'SRGVIXITPEGIQIRX ,SPPS[GSVI
6.6—Surface finishes 7GYPTXYVIH
{'SRGVIXIGYVMRK -REHHMXMSRXSVIMRJSVGIHTERIPWPMKLXP]TVIWXVIWWIHIJJIG
{7XSVEKI XMZITVIWXVIWWEJXIVEPPPSWWIWFIX[IIRERHTWM?
{(IPMZIV] ERH14EA
ERHTVIWXVIWWIHTERIPWEVIGSZIVIH7XVYGXYVEP
HIWMKRGSRWMHIVEXMSRWEHHVIWWIHMR'LETXIVMRGPYHIXLIYWI
'LETXIV{-RWXEPPEXMSRT SJTERIPWEWWLIEV[EPPGSQTSRIRXW
{4PERRMRKERHTVITEVEXMSR )QTLEWMWMWTPEGIHSR[EPPTERIPW[MXLERMRXIKVEPI\TSWIH
{9RPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRK aggregate concrete surface finish. Smooth wall panels and
{.SFWMXIWXSVEKI panels with a textured or shaped architectural surface finish
{-RWXEPPEXMSR EVIMRGPYHIH4ERIPWLEZMRKREXYVEPWXSRIZIRIIVSVGIVEQMG
{8SPIVERGIW veneer finishes are not covered in detail.
{'PIERMRK
{4EXGLMRKERHVITEMVMRK {6IWTSRWMFMPMX]
+IRIVEP{'SRXVEGXYEP EKVIIQIRXW WLSYPH EWWMKR
'LETXIV{5YEPMX]VIUYMVIQIRXWERHXIWXWT responsibilities to avoid disagreements on basic definitions
{-RXVSHYGXMSR ERH HIGMWMSRW SVMKMREXMRK JVSQ XLI WTIGMJ]MRK EKIRG] %
{9REGGITXEFPIHIJIGXW WTIGMEPVITSVXSJEREHLSGGSQQMXXIIJSVXLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]
{7XVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG] JSV HIWMKR SJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIW [EW TYFPMWLIH F]
{4VIWXVIWWMRK XLI 4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 4'-
ERH
{1EXIVMEPW VIGSQQIRHWEWWMKRQIRXSJEYXLSVMX]ERHVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSV
{8IWXMRKJVIWLGSRGVIXI HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIW
{8IWXMRKLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI 8LMW KYMHI GSZIVW XLI HIWMKR SJ TERIPW F] ER IRKMRIIV
{(SGYQIRXEXMSR EVGLMXIGX%'-'SQQMXXIITVIWIRXWWYTTPIQIRXEPHIWMKR
KYMHIPMRIW XLEX EVI WTIGMEP XS TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP TERIPW
'LETXIV{6IJIVIRGIWT ERHWLSYPHFIYWIH[MXL%'-%'-TVSZMHIW
QMRMQYQHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWERHMWPIKEPP]FMRHMRK[LIR
',%48)6{+)2)6%0'327-()6%8-327 EHSTXIHF]XLIPSGEPEYXLSVMX]
{-RXVSHYGXMSR 3ZIVPETTMRK VIWTSRWMFMPMXMIW JSV XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ
8LI[MHIWTVIEHTSTYPEVMX]SJGSRGVIXIEWEFYMPHMRKQEXI wall panels may introduce conflicts between the engineer/
VMEP GER FI EXXVMFYXIH XS XLI EZEMPEFMPMX] JEZSVEFPI TVSTIV EVGLMXIGXERHKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVVIKEVHMRKGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRX
XMIW ERH KISKVETLMG HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ MXW REXYVEPP]SGGYVVMRK VIZMI[ HIWMKR JSV LERHPMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR WXVIWWIW MRTPEGI
QMRIVEPGSRWXMXYIRXW'SRGVIXIMWIEWMP]JSVQIHERHQSPHIH PSEHWERHEHIUYEG]SJGSRRIGXMSRW-XMWIWWIRXMEPXLEX[SVO
comparatively economical, and durable in its finished state. assignments and responsibilities be clearly defined in the
%VGLMXIGXYVEPTVIGEWXTERIPYWILEWMRGVIEWIHFIGEYWISJXLI GSRXVEGXYEPEVVERKIQIRXW
REXYVISJGSRGVIXIEWEQEXIVMEPERHXLIJEGXXLEXTVIJEFVMGEXIH 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR{8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX GER
components add to construction efficiency. By exposing benefit from preconstruction contact with panel producers.
HIGSVEXMZIEKKVIKEXIWYWMRKZIRIIVJEGMRKQEXIVMEPWERHF] ,ERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSGIHYVIW ZEV] [MHIP] ERH
ZEV]MRKWM^IWWLETIWERHXI\XYVIWSJTERIPWXLIIRKMRIIV KYMHIPMRIWJSVXLIWISTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHGSVVIWTSRH[MXLPSGEP
EVGLMXIGXGERVIWTSRHGVIEXMZIP]XSGPMIRXRIIHW TVEGXMGIWFYXFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXL'LETXIVSJXLMWKYMHI1SWX
TVIGEWXIVWQEMRXEMRERIRKMRIIVMRKWXEJJXSTVITEVIGSRXVEGX
{7GSTI HSGYQIRXW ERH XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH MRXIVEGX [MXL
8LMW HSGYQIRX TVSZMHIW KYMHIPMRIW JSV WTIGMJ]MRK TPER XLMW KVSYT XS SFXEMR GSRWXVYGXMZI EHZMGI ERH WYKKIWXMSRW
RMRK HIWMKRMRK JEFVMGEXMSR ERH IVIGXMRK TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI GSRGIVRMRK PSGEP TVEGXMGI JEFVMGEXMSR HIXEMPW ERH JEFVMGEXMSR
[EPP TERIPW %PXLSYKL XLI JSGYW MW SR TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW GETEFMPMXMIW ;LIR TSWWMFPI XLMW HMWGYWWMSR WLSYPH XEOI
TVSHYGIHMRIWXEFPMWLIHTVIGEWXMRKTPERXWWMXITVIGEWXMRKMW TPEGI HYVMRK XLI MRMXMEP HIWMKR TLEWIW SJ E GSRWXVYGXMSR
ERSTXMSRXLEXLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]8MPXYTGSRGVIXIEW TVSNIGX3RGIENSFMWVIPIEWIHJSVFMHHMRKERHXLIWXVYGXYVEP
HMWGYWWIHMR%'-6MWEZEVMEXMSRSJWMXITVIGEWXMRK concepts have been established, changes may be difficult to
%'-6WLSYPHEMHMRIWXEFPMWLMRKERHQEMRXEMRMRKUYEPMX] MQTPIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
6IMRJSVGIQIRX JSV LERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR{ HITIRHW SR WXVYGXYVI X]TI ERH PSGEP TVEGXMGI 'SRXVEGXYEP
+IRIVEPP]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXVIPMIWSRXLIQERYJEGXYVIV EKVIIQIRXWWLSYPHMRHMGEXI[LSMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIWYTTP]
JSVHIZIPSTMRKLERHPMRKXIGLRMUYIWERHTVSZMHMRKER]EHHM ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJLEVH[EVI;LIRXLIWYTTSVXMRKJVEQIMW
XMSREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIHJSV[MXLWXERHMRKLERHPMRKSV WXVYGXYVEP WXIIP MRWXEPPEXMSR LEVH[EVI MW RSVQEPP] WYTTPMIH
MRWXEPPEXMSR WXVIWWIW 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX QE] [MWL XS ERHMRWXEPPIHF]XLITVIGEWXIVIGXSVSVWXIIPJEFVMGEXSV;LIR
VIZMI[GEPGYPEXMSRWJSVLERHPMRKWXVIWWIW XLIFYMPHMRKJVEQIGSRWMWXWSJGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXILEVH[EVI
'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW QE] VIUYMVI XLI QERYJEGXYVIV XS MWRSVQEPP]WYTTPMIHF]XLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIVERHTPEGIH
EGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVHIWMKRSJTERIPWXSVIWMWXXLIPSEHW F] XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVEGXSV (IXEMPIH LEVH[EVI PE]SYX MW
WLS[R ERH XS VIWMWX SXLIV PSEHW XLEX SGGYV HYVMRK WXVMT TVITEVIH F] XLI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV JSV ETTVSZEP F] XLI
TMRK LERHPMRK WLMTTMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR -R XLMW GEWI MX IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX 3GGEWMSREPP] GIVXEMR WTIGMEP MRWIVXW SV
MW GSQQSR JSV GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS VIUYMVI XLEX HIWMKR WPIIZIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSVSXLIVXVEHIW-RXLIWIMRWXERGIWXLI
GEPGYPEXMSRWERHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWTVSZMHIHF]XLITERIP XVEHIMRZSPZIHMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVLEZMRKWYGLTEVXWETTVSZIH
QERYJEGXYVIV FI WMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKMRIIV [LS MW ERHHIPMZIVIHXSXLITERIPQERYJEGXYVIVMRXMQIJSVIQFIHQIRX
IMXLIVVIXEMRIHSVIQTPS]IHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIV;LIRXLI MR XLI [EPP TERIPW 8LIWI WLSYPH FI EGGSQTERMIH F]
load information in the contract documents is insufficient, XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXvWETTVSZIHTPEGIQIRXHVE[MRKWERH
XLIQERYJEGXYVIVWLSYPHEWOJSVEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQ MRWXVYGXMSRWJSVMRWXEPPEXMSR
XLIIRKMRIIVSJVIGSVH )\IGYXMSRSJGSRRIGXMSRW{8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
%HIUYEG] SJ GSRRIGXMSRW{'SRXVEGX HVE[MRKW MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV EGGYVEXIP] GSRWXVYGXMRK FIEVMRK WYVJEGIW
TVITEVIHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHWLS[XLIGSRRIG ERHERGLSVEKIWJSVTVIGEWXIPIQIRXW;LIRETERIPGERRSX
tions required and the load support points in sufficient detail be erected within tolerances specified in the contract documents,
XSTIVQMXGSRWXVYGXMSR(YVMRKXLITVITEVEXMSRSJWLSTHVE[ XLI QEXXIV WLSYPH FI GEPPIH XS XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXvW
MRKWQERYJEGXYVIVWWLSYPHFIKMZIRXLISTTSVXYRMX]XSVIHI EXXIRXMSRJSVGSRWMHIVEXMSRERHGSVVIGXMSR
WMKR XLI GSRRIGXMSRW MJ VIHIWMKR [MPP EGLMIZI IGSRSQMGEP 'LERKIW SXLIV XLER EHNYWXQIRXW [MXLMR XLI TVIWGVMFIH
HIXEMPWXLEXJEGMPMXEXIQERYJEGXYVISVMRWXEPPEXMSR-JGSRRIG XSPIVERGIW GER SRP] FI QEHI EJXIV ETTVSZEP %R] EHNYWX
XMSRW EVI HIWMKRIH F] XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX XLI QERYJEG QIRXWEJJIGXMRKWXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGIWLSYPHFIETTVSZIH
XYVIVWLSYPHVIZMI[XLIGSRRIGXMSRWJSVWXVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG] F] XLI IRKMRIIV SJ VIGSVH 2S TERIP WLSYPH FI PIJX MR ER
ERHIGSRSQ]-JGSRRIGXMSRWEVIVIHIWMKRIHSVSXLIVTVSF YRWEJIWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSR
PIQWEVIRSXIHXLIWIWLSYPHFIFVSYKLXXSXLIEXXIRXMSRSJ 7LST HVE[MRK ETTVSZEP{-RWXEPPEXMSR ERH WLETI
XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX JSV VIZMI[ %R] HIZMEXMSR JVSQ SV HVE[MRKW TVITEVIH F] XLI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV VIJIV XS
HMWGVITERG]MRXLIETTVSZIHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWWLSYPHFI 7IGXMSR
WLSYPHFIJSV[EVHIHXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV
GSQQYRMGEXIHXSXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVF]XLIMRWXEPPEXMSR JSV ETTVSZEP VIKEVHMRK GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX] ERH XLIR JSV[EVHIH
GSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPH XSXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX[LSGLIGOWJSVGSRJSVQERGI[MXL
QEOIEPPRIGIWWEV]EVVERKIQIRXWJSVGSVVIGXMSRWXSFIQEHI XLI HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW (VE[
F]XLITEVXMIWMRZSPZIHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR MRKWVIZMI[IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHFIVIXYVRIH
,ERHPMRKERHMRWXEPPEXMSRVIWTSRWMFMPMXMIW{6IWTSR XSXLIQERYJEGXYVIV [MXL EWXEXIQIRXWMQMPEVXS SRI SJXLI
WMFMPMX]JSVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR ERHGPIERMRKNSMRX XVIEXQIRX JSPPS[MRK
ERH WYTTP] SJ LEVH[EVI JSV LERHPMRK EXXEGLQIRX ERH 6IZMI[IH JSV GSRJSVQERGI [MXL XLI GSRXVEGX HSGY
bracing should be clearly defined in contract documents. The QIRXW2SVIWYFQMWWMSRWRIGIWWEV]
specifier should not prescribe specific subcontractors in the 6IZMI[IHEWRSXIHJSVGSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLIGSRXVEGX
document specifications. General contractors are generally HSGYQIRXW2SVIWYFQMWWMSRWRIGIWWEV]
QSVIORS[PIHKIEFPISJXLIWOMPPWERHI\TIVMIRGISJWYFGSR 6IZMWIERHVIWYFQMX
XVEGXSVW[LSGERTIVJSVQXLIWIVZMGIWERHGERQSVIIEWMP] 6INIGXIH
IZEPYEXIXLIEPXIVREXMZIW
'PIERMRK—Specifications should require clean {%IWXLIXMGGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
TERIPWEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRERHGPIERMRKRIIHRSXFIXLISFNIGX *EFVMGEXMSR XIGLRMUYIW ERH TVSGIHYVIW GSZIVIH MR XLMW
SJ E WITEVEXI STIVEXMSR 8LI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIVGEVVMIV guide allow flexibility during fabrication to achieve uniform
SVFSXLEVIVIWTSRWMFPIJSVHIPMZIVMRKGPIERTERIPWVIJIVXS aesthetic results and concrete quality. Performance specifi
7IGXMSR
%JXIVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSRTVSXIGXMRKTERIPWJVSQ GEXMSRWJSVXLIETTIEVERGISJTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWI\TPEMRMRK
WSMPMRKERHWXEMRMRKHYVMRKWYFWIUYIRXSTIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFI EIWXLIXMGVIUYMVIQIRXWSVIWXEFPMWLMRKYRHIVWXERHEFPIGVMXIVME
XLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]SJXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV for acceptance are difficult to achieve. It is recommended
*YVRMWLMRKEXXEGLQIRXERHLERHPMRKLEVH[EVI{ XLEXVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIWFIYWIHMRHIXIVQMRMRKTVSHYGXGLEV
'PMT ERKPIW MRWIVXW FSPXW ERH QMWGIPPERISYW QIXEP MXIQW EGXIVMWXMGWERHUYEPMX]VEXLIVXLER[VMXMRKVIWXVMGXMSRWXLEXEVI
EVI VIUYMVIH JSV GSRWXVYGXMSR [MXL TVIGEWX TERIPW 8LIWI difficult to achieve and may prohibit the manufacturer from
MXIQWQE]FIEXXEGLIHXSXLIFYMPHMRKJVEQIIQFIHHIHMR YWMRKETVSGIWWXLEXSJJIVWXLIFIWXTSWWMFMPMX]SJTVSHYGMRK
XLITVIGEWXTERIPJSVIVIGXSVSVJSVSXLIVXVEHIWSVTVSZMHIH XLIHIWMVIHTERIP
PSSWIEXXLINSFWMXIJSVGSRRIGXMSRTYVTSWIW (IWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIW{*YPPWM^IWEQTPITERIPW
6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV WYTTP]MRK MXIQW XS FI EXXEGLIH XS SV are preferred, but construction specifications may require
TPEGIH MR XLI WXVYGXYVI XS VIGIMZI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI YRMXW XLEXXLIGSPSVERHXI\XYVIQEXGLWQEPPWEQTPIW7YGLWEQTPIW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX \ MR \ QQ
EPXLSYKL %PXLSYKLSXLIVGVMXIVME EVI EZEMPEFPIXLI XSPIVERGI MW X]TM
PEVKIVWEQTPIWQE]FIHIWMVEFPI-JFSXLTERIPJEGIWEVIXSFI GEPP]GLIGOIH[MXLEJXQ
WXVEMKLXIHKISVIUYMZEPIRX
exposed, samples should show the finished interior surface and definition of roughness.
EW[IPPEWXLII\XIVMSVJEGISJXLITVIGEWX XSPIVERGIzzE TIVQMXXIH ZEVMEXMSR JVSQ XLI FEWMG HMQIR
8LI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH WYFQMX WEQTPIW XS XLI KIRIVEP WMSRSVUYERXMX]EWMRXLIPIRKXL[MHXLSVHITXLSJEQIQFIV
GSRXVEGXSV JSV ETTVSZEP F] XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX [LMPI YRIUYEP FS[MRKzzQE] FI SFWIVZEFPI [LIR TERIPW EVI
VIXEMRMRKHYTPMGEXIWEQTPIW-JXLIWEQTPIMWRSXETTVSZIH ZMI[IH XSKIXLIV SR XLI GSQTPIXIH WXVYGXYVI ;LIR X[S
VIWYFQMWWMSRW WLSYPH FI QEHI YRXMP ETTVSZEP MW SFXEMRIH TERIPWFS[MRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSRXLIQEKRMXYHISJYRIUYEP
7EQTPIETTVSZEPWLSYPHFIMR[VMXMRK[MXLVIJIVIRGIXSXLI FS[MRKMWHIXIVQMRIHF]WYFXVEGXMRKSRIFS[MRKZEPYIJVSQ
GSVVIGXWEQTPIGSHIRYQFIVSVXLIETTVSZEPQE]FI[VMXXIR ERSXLIV;LIRTERIPWFS[MRSTTSWMXIHMVIGXMSRWXLIGSRZI\
SRXLIWEQTPIMXWIPJ FS[MRKMWXEOIREWTSWMXMZI
ERHGSRGEZIFS[MRKMWXEOIR
6ERKI WEQTPIW{%X PIEWX XLVII JYPPWGEPI FYX RSX EWRIKEXMZIz
F]EWXERHEVHWMKRGSRZIRXMSRXLIYRIUYEP
necessarily full-size) sample panels should be specified. FS[MRKMWXLIEPKIFVEMGHMJJIVIRGI
8LIWIWEQTPITERIPWWLSYPHGSRXEMRX]TMGEPGEWXMRMRWIVXW [EVTMRKzzHIZMEXMSRSJETPERIVWYVJEGIHYIXSHMWTPEGI
VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH TPEXIW EW VIUYMVIH JSV XLI TVSNIGX QIRXSJSRIGSVRIVMRVIPEXMSRXSER]X[SEHNEGIRXGSVRIVW
8LIWITERIPWWLSYPHIWXEFPMWLXLIVERKISJEGGITXEFMPMX][MXL ;EVTMRKXSPIVERGIWEVIWXEXIHMRXIVQWSJXLIQEKRMXYHISJ
VIWTIGXXSGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSRWWYVJEGIHIJIGXWERH XLIGSVRIVZEVMEXMSR8LMWZEPYIMWYWYEPP]KMZIRMRXIVQWSJ
SZIVEPPETTIEVERGI-XWLSYPHFIGPIEVP]WXEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGX XLIEPPS[EFPIZEVMEXMSRTIVJXQQ
SJHMWXERGIJVSQ
HSGYQIRXWLS[PSRKXLIJYPPWGEPIWEQTPIWWLSYPHFIOITX XLIRIEVIWXEHNEGIRXGSVRIV[MXLERSXXSI\GIIHQE\MQYQ
EXXLITSMRXSJQERYJEGXYVITVIGEWXMRKTPERX
SVEXXLINSF ZEPYISJGSQIV[EVTMRK
WMXI JSV GSQTEVMWSR %TTVSZIH JYPPWGEPI TERIPW WLSYPH FI
EPPS[IHXSFIYWIHMRXLIGSQTPIXIHWXVYGXYVI-JJYPPWGEPI ',%48)6{;%004%2)0()7-+2
WEQTPIWEVIVIUYMVIHFIJSVISVEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJJEFVMGE {-RXVSHYGXMSR
XMSR PIEH XMQI MW RIGIWWEV] ERH XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR WGLIHYPI 8LMW KYMHI TVIWIRXW HIWMKR VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV
WLSYPH FI EHNYWXIH EGGSVHMRKP] ;LIR JYPPWGEPI WEQTPI TVIWXVIWWIH ERH GSRZIRXMSREPP] VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPP
panels are not specified, the first fabrication panels should TERIPW 0SEHFIEVMRK ERH RSRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIPW EVI
FI WYFQMXXIH JSV MRWTIGXMSR ERH ETTVSZEP F] XLI IRKMRIIV GSZIVIH 4VIGEWX [EPP TERIPW GER FI HMJJIVIRXMEXIH SR XLI
EVGLMXIGX basis of structural function as well as panel configuration.
8LI GPEWWIW ERH X]TIW SJ TERIPW GSZIVIH MR XLMW KYMHI EVI
',%48)6{238%8-32%2(()*-2-8-327 defined in the following.
{2SXEXMSR 4ERIPGPEWWIW
F ! [MHXLSJGVSWWWIGXMSR 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIP GPEHHMRK
{% TVIGEWX
JG ! concrete compressive strength specified at age [EPPTERIPXLEXXVERWJIVWRIKPMKMFPIPSEHJVSQSXLIVIPIQIRXW
GSRWMHIVIHHYVMRKHIWMKR SJXLIWXVYGXYVI8LMWTERIPMWKIRIVEPP]HIWMKRIHEWEGPSWYVI
LIJJ ! IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIV TERIP ERH WLSYPH VIWMWX EPP ETTPMGEFPI WIVZMGI ERH JEGXSVIH
-K ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ KVSWW GSRGVIXI WIGXMSR PSEHW JVSQ [MRH JSVGIW IEVXLUYEOIMRHYGIH JSVGIW XLIV
RIKPIGXMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRX QEPP]MRHYGIHJSVGIWJSVGIWJVSQXMQIHITIRHIRXHIJSVQE
O ! IJJIGXMZIPIRKXLJEGXSV XMSRWWIPJ[IMKLXERHXLSWIJSVGIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQLERHPMRK
! PIRKXLSJWTER WXSVEKIXVERWTSVXEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSR
V ! VEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRSJGVSWWWIGXMSR 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIP{% TVIGEWX [EPP TERIP
Y ! YRWYTTSVXIHPIRKXLSJTERIP HIWMKRIHXSGEVV]PSEHWJVSQSRIWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXSSXLIV
WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIPW WLSYPH MRXIVEGX
[MXL SXLIV TERIPW ERH XLI WYTTSVXMRK WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI XS
ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through VIWMWXEPPETTPMGEFPIHIWMKRPSEHWMREHHMXMSRXSXLSWIPMWXIH
ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT JSV RSRPSEHFIEVMRK TERIPW 0SEHFIEVMRK TERIPW EPWS
terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein MRGPYHITERIPWHIWMKRIHXSJYRGXMSREWWLIEV[EPPW
GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI 4ERIPX]TIW
FS[MRKzzXLIHIZMEXMSRSJXLIIHKISVWYVJEGISJETPERIV 7SPMH TERIP{% TERIP SJ GSRWXERX XLMGORIWW ER
[EPP QIQFIV MR XLI SYXSJTPERI HMVIGXMSR JVSQ E PMRI EPPS[ERGIJSVWYVJEGIXI\XYVIWLSYPHFIQEHIMRHIXIVQMRMRK
TEWWMRKXLVSYKLER]X[SGSVRIVWSJXLIQIQFIV IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWW
GEQFIVzza deflection that is intentionally built into a ,SPPS[GSVI TERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPXLEX LEW ZSMHW
WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX SV JSVQ XS MQTVSZI ETTIEVERGI SV XS [MXLMR XLIXLMGORIWW MR SRI HMVIGXMSRJSVXLI JYPP PIRKXL SJ
nullify the deflection of the element under the effects of XLITERIP
PSEHWWLVMROEKIERHGVIIT 7ERH[MGLTERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPGSRWMWXMRKSJX[S
WYVJEGISYXSJTPERIRIWWVSYKLRIWW
zzEPSGEPWQSSXL PE]IVW SJ GSRGVIXI WITEVEXIH F] E RSRWXVYGXYVEP MRWYPEXMRK
RIWWZEVMEXMSRVEXLIVXLEREFS[MRKZEVMEXMSR8LIXSPIVERGI GSVI
JSVXLMWZEVMEXMSRMWYWYEPP]I\TVIWWIHMRJVEGXMSRWSJERMRGL 6MFFIHTERIP{4VIGEWXTERIPGSRWMWXMRKSJEWPEF
QMPPMQIXIV
SV MR MRGLIW TIV JX QMPPMQIXIVW TIV Q
VIMRJSVGIHF]EW]WXIQSJVMFWMRSRISVX[SHMVIGXMSRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
*MKG {)JJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJWERH[MGLTERIPW
4ERIPWSJMVVIKYPEVWLETI{4ERIPWRSXGSRJSVQMRK
*MKE
zz)JJIGXMZI XLMGORIWW SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEPJEGIH to the configurations listed in this section may have the
TERIPW IJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWHIXIVQMRIHF]EREP]WMWSVXIWXMRKFEWIH
SRGVEGOMRKQSQIRX
)JJIGXMZI[MHXL{;LIRGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSVFIRHMRK
QSQIRXWEVIETTPMIHXSXLIXSTERHFSXXSQSJE[EPPTERIP
XLIIJJIGXSJPSGEPWXVIWWRIEVXLIETTPMIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH
SV FIRHMRK QSQIRX WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH 8LI IJJIGXMZI
[MHXLJSVEGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHQE]RSXI\GIIHXLIGIRXIVXS
GIRXIVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWSVXLI[MHXLSJXLIPSEHIH
TSVXMSRTPYWWM\XMQIWXLI[EPPTERIPIJJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSR
IEGLWMHISJXLIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLJSV
GSRGIRXVEXIH FIRHMRK QSQIRXW QE] RSX I\GIIH XLI IJJIG
XMZIXLMGORIWWSJXLI[EPPTERIPSVGSVFIP[MHXLEXXLITSMRX
SJGSRGIRXVEXIHFIRHMRKQSQIRX[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVTPYW
XLVIIXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[EPPTERIPXLMGORIWWIEGLWMHISJXLI
GSRGIRXVEXIHFIRHMRKQSQIRX)JJIGXMZI[MHXLQE]EPWSFI
HIXIVQMRIHF]EQSVIEGGYVEXIEREP]WMW
{0MQMXMRKHMQIRWMSRW
+IRIVEP{0MQMXMRK HMQIRWMSRW JSV TVIGEWX [EPP
TERIPWWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRVIUYMVIQIRXWSJGSRGVIXITPEGI
QIRXTVSXIGXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWIHERHRSRTVIWXVIWWIHVIMRJSVGI
ment, fire resistance, member and local stability, deflection,
LERHPMRKXVERWTSVXEXMSRERHGSRGVIXIGVEGOMRK
(MWXERGI FIX[IIR WYTTSVXW{7TEGMRK SJ PEXIVEP
supports for a precast wall panel loaded in flexure only should
RSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR
flange or face. The maximum slenderness O YVSJETVIGEWX
*MKF
{)JJIGXMZIXLMGORIWWSJWSPMHLSPPS[GSVISV
[EPPTERIPWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH7TEGMRKFIX[IIRPEXIVEP
VMFFIHTERIPW
WYTTSVXWSJETVIGEWXTERIPGEVV]MRKE\MEPPSEHERHFIRHMRK
-J XLI MRWYPEXMSR GSVI MW GIPPYPEV PMKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI SV QSQIRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJ
PMKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI QEHI [MXL QMRIVEP EKKVIKEXIW XLI the compression face or flange for stemmed sections. Lateral
WLIEVXVERWJIVXLVSYKLXLIMRWYPEXMSRGSVIWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH FVEGMRKWLSYPHFIEXXEGLIHXSXLIGSQTVIWWMSRVIKMSRSJXLI
XLIWLIEVEPPS[IHF]XLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRWYPEXMRKGSRGVIXI QIQFIVGVSWWWIGXMSRRIIHMRKPEXIVEPWYTTSVXYRPIWWMXGER
GSVI be shown that other portions of the cross section have suffi
;LIR SRP] TEVXMEP GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR FIX[IIR []XLIW GMIRXWXMJJRIWWXSFVEGIXLIQIQFIV
I\MWXW ERH PSEHMRKW EVI JVSQ PEXIVEP JSVGIW SV PSRKXIVQ
WYWXEMRIH PSEHW XLI X[S []XLIW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH EW {7IVZMGIEFMPMX]
WITEVEXI QIQFIVW YRPIWW XIWXMRK MW GSRHYGXIH XS ZIVMJ] +IRIVEP{The action of service loads on deflec
TERIPFILEZMSV6IJIVXS7IGXMSRJSVPMQMXEXMSRWSRXLI XMSRWTIVTIRHMGYPEVERHTEVEPPIPXSXLI[EPPTERIPWLSYPHFI
QE\MQYQWPIRHIVRIWWVEXMSSJXLIPSEHFIEVMRK[]XLI GSRWMHIVIH *EXMKYI MQTEGX GVEGOMRK ERH MRTPERI PEXIVEP
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
8EFPI
1IQFIVX]TI Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation
Immediate deflection due to combined effects of prestress (if any),
FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
WIPJ[IMKLXERHWYTIVMQTSWIHHIEHPSEH
0SEHFIEVMRKTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPW
Immediate deflection due to live load, in. (mm). FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
2SRPSEHFIEVMRK TVIGEWX [EPP TERIP That part of the total deflection after the installation of the non-load-
IPIQIRXW PMOIP] XS FI HEQEKIH F] bearing element (sum of long-time deflection due to all sustained loads FYXRSXKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
large deflection and the immediate deflection due to live load).
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
*MK{(IWMKRSJ[EXIVHVMTMRVIPEXMSRXSWPSTI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
HVMTW ERH E WIGSRH HVMT SV KYXXIV WIVZIW EW E HYEP PMRI SJ %TTIEVERGI{XS IRWYVI XLEX HIZMEXMSR JVSQ XLIS
HIJIRWIEKEMRWXWPS[[EXIVVYRSJJ8LMWGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH VIXMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW [MPP FI GSRXVSPPEFPI ERH VIWYPX MR
F]LEZMRKEGEWXMRHVMTMRXLITERIPSVF]YWMRKSJEPYQMRYQ EGGITXEFPI ETTIEVERGI 0EVKI HIZMEXMSRW EVI SFNIG
SVRISTVIRII\XVYWMSRWEGVSWWXLI[MRHS[LIEH[LMGLLEZI XMSREFPI [LIXLIV XLI] SGGYV MR ER MWSPEXIH QERRIV SV
IMXLIVERMRXIKVEPKYXXIVSVERI\XIRHIHHVMTPMTSJEXPIEWX GYQYPEXMZIP]
MRQQ
*MK
'SWX{XS IRWYVI IEWI ERH WTIIH SJ JEFVMGEXMSR ERH
.SMRX WM^I ERH PSGEXMSR{.SMRXW FIX[IIR TVIGEWX MRWXEPPEXMSR F] LEZMRK E ORS[R HIKVII SJ EGGYVEG] MR
TERIPWSVTERIPWERHEHNEGIRXFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFI XLIHMQIRWMSRWSJXLITVIGEWXQIQFIVW
[MHIIRSYKLXSEGGSQQSHEXIERXMGMTEXIHTERIPERHFYMPHMRK 0IKEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRW{XSEZSMHIRGVSEGLMRKSRFYMPHMRK
QSZIQIRXW 2S NSMRX WLSYPH IZIV FI HIWMKRIH XS FI PIWW PMRIW
XLER\MR\QQ
4EVXMGYPEVGEVIWLSYPHFI 'SRXVEGXYEP{XSIWXEFPMWLEORS[REGGITXEFMPMX]VERKI
KMZIRXSNSMRXXSPIVERGIWWSXLINSMRXWIEPERXW]WXIQTIVJSVQW ERHXSIWXEFPMWLVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVHIZIPSTMRKEGLMIZMRK
[MXLMRMXWHIWMKRGETEGMXMIW*SVSTXMQYQTIVJSVQERGIERH ERHQEMRXEMRMRKQYXYEPP]EKVIIHSRXSPIVERGIZEPYIW
QE\MQYQ WIEPERX PMJI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ XLI WIEPERX
QERYJEGXYVIVWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IH {6SPISJIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
4ERIPWPIWWXLERJXQ
PSRKQE]LEZIMR 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH GSSVHMREXI XLI XSPIVERGIW
QQ
NSMRXWFYXEPPSXLIVTERIPWWLSYPHLEZIEXPIEWXMR JSV TVIGEWX [SVO [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV XVEHIW
QQ
NSMRXW 'SVRIV NSMRXW WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX MR [LSWI [SVO VIPMIW SR SV MW EHNEGIRX XS XLI TVIGEWX 8SPIV
QQ
XS EGGSQQSHEXI I\XVE QSZIQIRX ERH FS[MRK XLEX ERGIW WLSYPH FI VIEWSREFPI VIEPMWXMG ERH [MXLMRKIRIVEPP]
SGGYVWXLIVI.SMRX [MHXLWPIWW XLER SV IUYEP XSMR EGGITXIH PMQMXW FIGEYWI JEFVMGEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR GSWXW
QQ
EVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVER]WIEPERXMRWXEPPEXMSR;LIR EVI HMVIGXP] VIPEXIH XS HIKVII SJ TVIGMWMSR VIUYMVIH 8LYW
NSMRXWEVIXSSREVVS[EHNEGIRXTERIPWSVFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPW MXMWIGSRSQMGEPP]HIWMVEFPIERHTVEGXMGEPP]WEJIVXSHIWMKR
QE]GSRXEGXIEGLSXLIVERHFIWYFNIGXIHXSMRHYGIHPSEHMRK with maximum flexibility and to maintain liberal tolerance
HMWXSVXMSRGVEGOMRKERHGVYWLMRKSJIRHW VIUYMVIQIRXW8SPIVERGIWMRXLMWKYMHIEVIFEWMGKYMHIPMRIW
SRP]8LIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXHIXIVQMRIW[LIXLIVEHIZMEXMSR
',%48)6{830)6%2')7 JVSQXLIEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIWEJJIGXWWEJIX]ETTIEVERGISV
{+IRIVEP SXLIVXVEHIW
4VIGEWXWXVYGXYVIWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHWSXLEX ;LIR HIWMKR MRZSPZIW JIEXYVIW WIRWMXMZI XS XLI GYQYPE
XLIGSQTPIXIWXVYGXYVI[MPPFIWEJIJYRGXMSREPEIWXLIXMGEPP] XMZIIJJIGXSJXSPIVERGIWSRMRHMZMHYEPTSVXMSRWXLIIRKMRIIV
ETTIEPMRK ERH IGSRSQMGEP 2S WXVYGXYVI MW I\EGXP] PIZIP EVGLMXIGX WLSYPH ERXMGMTEXI ERH TVSZMHI JSV XLMW IJJIGX F]
TPYQFERHWXVEMKLXWSEPPGSRWXVYGXMSRERHQEXIVMEPWWLSYPH WIXXMRKEGYQYPEXMZIXSPIVERGIPMQMXSVF]TVSZMHMRKIWGETI
be specified with tolerances limiting deviation from design EVIEW [LIVI EGGYQYPEXIH XSPIVERGIW SV JEFVMGEXMSR IVVSVW
ZEPYIW8LIWIXSPIVERGIWVIUYMVIQSRMXSVMRKXSGSRWXVYGXXLI GER FI EFWSVFIH %PP XSPIVERGI GSRWIUYIRGIW JSV E TEVXMG
WXVYGXYVI EW HIWMKRIH +IRIVEP GSRWXVYGXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV YPEVHIWMKR WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH XS HIXIVQMRI [LIXLIV E
GEWXMRTPEGIERHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXILEZIFIIRWYQQEVM^IHMR GLERKIMWRIGIWWEV] MR XLI HIWMKR SVMRXLI XSPIVERGI PIZIP
%'--8+ERH4'-1208LMWGLETXIV JSVXLIHIWMKR8LIVIWLSYPHFIRSTSWWMFMPMX]SJQMRYWXSPIV
presents tolerances specifically applicable to precast concrete ERGIWEGGYQYPEXMRKWSXLEXXLIFIEVMRKPIRKXLSJQIQFIVWMW
[EPPTERIPW8LVIIXSPIVERGIKVSYTWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEW VIHYGIHFIPS[ XLI VIUYMVIHHIWMKRQMRMQYQ -R XLMW GEWI
TEVXSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI[EPPTERIPHIWMKR;EPPTERIPWERH XLI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WTIGMJ] QMRMQYQ FIEVMRK
XLIMVGSQTSRIRXHIXEMPWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS HMQIRWMSRW
4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR
'EVIJYPMRWTIGXMSRSJPMWXIHXSPIVERGIWVIZIEPWXLEXQER]
-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR
XMQIWSRIXSPIVERGISZIVVMHIWERSXLIV8LITIVQMXXIHZEVME
-RXIVJEGMRKXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR
XMSR JSV SRI IPIQIRX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH RSX VIUYMVI
;LIRXSPIVERGIW EVI YRHIVWXSSHERHTVSZMHIHJSVMR XLI ERSXLIV IPIQIRX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI XS I\GIIH MXW XSPIVERGIW
HIWMKRWXEKIHIXIVQMRMRKERHWTIGMJ]MRKXLIQMWIEWMIV8LI 8LITVIGEWXIVERHKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHVIZMI[VIWXVMG
TVIGEWXIVGSRWXVYGXSVERHIVIGXSVWLSYPHYRHIVWXERHXLIWI XMZI XSPIVERGIW XS HIXIVQMRI GSQTEXMFMPMX] [MXL SXLIV
EPPS[ERGIWXSGSRWXVYGXXLIWXVYGXYVIEWHIWMKRIH IPIQIRXWERHXLEXXLIXSPIVERGIWGERFIQIX*SVI\EQTPI
E VIUYMVIQIRX WXEXMRK wRS FS[MRK [EVTMRK SV QSZIQIRX
{6IEWSRWJSVXSPIVERGIW MWTIVQMXXIHxMWMQTVEGXMGEP%PPMRZSPZIHMRXLIHIWMKRERH
8SPIVERGIWEVIRIIHIHJSVTVSHYGXMRWXEPPEXMSRERHMRXIV GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIWW WLSYPH YRHIVWXERH XLEX XSPIVERGIW
JEGMRKJSVXLIJSPPS[MRKVIEWSRW LIVIMREVIJSVKYMHERGISRXLIVERKISJEGGITXEFMPMX]ERHRSX
7XVYGXYVEP GSRWMHIVEXMSRW{XS IRWYVI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR EREYXSQEXMGWXERHEVH JSVVINIGXMSR-J XLIWIXSPIVERGIWEVI
EGGSYRXW JSV JEGXSVW WIRWMXMZI XS ZEVMEXMSRW MR HMQIR I\GIIHIHXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXQE]EGGITXXLITVSHYGXMJMX
WMSREP GSRXVSP )\EQTPIW MRGPYHI IGGIRXVMG PSEHMRK QIIXWER]SJXLIJSPPS[MRKGVMXIVME
FIEVMRKEVIEWLEVH[EVIERHLEVH[EVIERGLSVEKIPSGE E
)\GIIHMRKXLIXSPIVERGIHSIWRSXEJJIGXWXVYGXYVEPMRXIK
XMSRWERHPSGEXMSRWSJVIMRJSVGMRKSVTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP VMX] EVGLMXIGXYVEP TIVJSVQERGI SV WIVZMGIEFMPMX] VIUYMVI
4IVJSVQERGI{XS IRWYVI EGGITXEFPI TIVJSVQERGI SJ QIRXWSJXLIQIQFIV
joints and interfacing materials in the finished structure.
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
F
1IQFIVGERFIFVSYKLX[MXLMRXSPIVERGIF]WXVYGXYV XLIWXERHEVHWXVYGXYVEPXSPIVERGIWSJVMFFIHERHLSPPS[GSVI
EPP]ERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]QIERW YRMXW[LIRYWMRKXLIQEW[EPPTERIPWXLI]WLSYPHWTIGMJ]
(c) Total erected assembly can be modified to meet all XLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPXSPIVERGIWEWKMZIRMR8EFPISJ-8+
WXVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW SVSXLIVXSPIVERGIWEWVIUYMVIH
;EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK{;EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK EVI
{4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW defined in 7IGXMSRERHMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKERHSJ
+IRIVEP{4VSHYGX XSPIVERGIWGSZIV XLIHMQIRWMSRW -8+2SRW]QQIXVMGEPTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]
ERHHMQIRWMSREPVIPEXMSRWLMTWSJMRHMZMHYEPTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI EPPS[[EVTMRKHYI XSPEGOSJVIWXVEMRXSJHV]MRK WLVMROEKI
QIQFIVW %PP XSPIVERGIW WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR E TVEGXMGEP ERHXLIVQEPQSZIQIRXW2SXIXLEXWYVJEGISYXSJTPERIRIWW
HIKVII SJ EGGYVEG] [LMGL MW EGLMIZEFPI [LMPI WEXMWJ]MRK (also defined in 7IGXMSR
MWHMJJIVIRXMEXIHJVSQFS[MRK
JYRGXMSREP ERH ETTIEVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH TVIZIRXMRK FIGEYWIMXMWRSXEGLEVEGXIVMWXMGSJXLIIRXMVITERIPWLETIFYX
GSWXW JVSQ FIGSQMRK TVSLMFMXMZI 8LMW VIUYMVIW GSRWMHIV EPSGEPWQSSXLRIWWZEVMEXMSR8SPIVERGIJSVPSGEPWQSSXLRIWW
EXMSRSJXLIEQSYRXSJVITIXMXMSRXLIWM^IERHSXLIVGLEVEG MWGLIGOIH[MXLEWXVEMKLXIHKISVXLIIUYMZEPIRXEWWLS[RMR
XIVMWXMGWSJXLITVIGEWXQIQFIV *MKSJ-8+ERHXLIQIEWYVIQIRXSJ[EVTMRKMR*MK
*EFVMGEXMSR XSPIVERGIW EVI WXERHEVHM^IH XLVSYKLSYX XLI SJ-8+
TVIGEWXMRHYWXV]ERHJSVIGSRSQMGVIEWSRWWLSYPHFIQEHI 8EFPIshows a relationship between overall flat panel
QSVI HIQERHMRK SRP] [LIVI EFWSPYXIP] RIGIWWEV] *SV HMQIRWMSRWERHGVSWWWIGXMSREPXLMGORIWW-JXLIXLMGORIWWMW
example, bowing or warping tolerances for flat concrete PIWWXLERWYKKIWXIHMR8EFPI[EVTMRKXSPIVERGIWWLSYPH
panel members with a honed or polished finish might have FIVIZMI[IHJSVXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJMRGVIEWMRKXLIXSPIVERGI
XSFIHIGVIEWIHXS SJX]TMGEPXSPIVERGIWXSEZSMHNSMRX 4ERIPWXLMRRIVXLERXLSWIMR8EFPIVMFFIHTERIPWERH
WLEHS[W;LIRHIWMKRHIXEMPWPIEHXSEREPMKRQIRXTVSFPIQ TERIPWQERYJEGXYVIHYWMRKEKKVIKEXIWPEVKIVXLERMR
SV TVSZMHI MREHIUYEXI NSMRX WM^I TVSHYGX XSPIVERGI QE] QQ
I\TSWIHEXXLIWYVJEGIRIIHJYVXLIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR[LIR
RIIH EHNYWXQIRX XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV NSMRX HIWMKR TVSFPIQW IWXEFPMWLMRK FS[MRK ERH [EVTMRK XSPIVERGIW 8SPIVERGIW
-RIWXEFPMWLMRKGEWXMRKXSPIVERGIWJSVTERIPWXLIJSPPS[MRK for flat panels of nonhomogeneous materials, such as two
MXIQWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH [MHIP] HMJJIVIRX GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW SV REXYVEP WXSRI ZIRIIV
0IRKXL SV [MHXL HMQIRWMSRW ERH WXVEMKLXRIWW SJ XLI [MXLGSRGVIXIFEGOYTWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHEWXLI]QE]LEZI
TVIGEWXIPIQIRX[MPPEJJIGXXLINSMRXHMQIRWMSRHMQIR XSFIMRGVIEWIHSVVIHYGIHXSQIIXHIWMKRGVMXIVME
WMSRW SJ STIRMRKW FIX[IIR TERIPW ERH TIVLETW XLI
SZIVEPPWXVYGXYVIPIRKXL {-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPW
3YXSJWUYEVI TERIPW GER GEYWI XETIVIH NSMRXW ERH (MWGYWWMSR{-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSV
make adjustment of adjacent panels extremely difficult. XLI JYRGXMSREP QEXGLMRK SJ XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRXW [MXL XLI
Sealant application difficulties due to tapered joints can FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WIX XSPIV
PIEHXS[EXIVPIEOEKITVSFPIQW ERGIW XLEX EVI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP
8LMGORIWWZEVMEXMSRSJXLITVIGEWXYRMXFIGSQIWGVMXMGEP I\TVIWWMSR ERH HIXEMPIH XS XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI ERH WMXI
[LIRMRXIVMSVWYVJEGIWEVII\TSWIHXSZMI[%RSRYRM GSRHMXMSRW -RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIWIXXS EGLMIZI
JSVQXLMGORIWWSJEHNEGIRXTERIPW[MPPGEYWISJJWIXWEX YRMJSVQ NSMRX ERH TPERI [EPP GSRHMXMSRW GSRWMHIVMRK XLI
XLIJVSRXSVVIEVJEGIWSJXLITERIPW MRHMZMHYEPIPIQIRXHIWMKRWLETIXLMGORIWWGSQTSWMXMSRSJ
(MQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW{%VGLMXIGXYVEP TVIGEWX QEXIVMEPWERHSZIVEPPWGEPISJXLIIPIQIRXMRVIPEXMSRXSXLI
GSRGVIXITERIPWWLSYPHFIQERYJEGXYVIHERHMRWXEPPIHWSXLEX FYMPHMRK -RWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW EJJIGX XLI [SVO SJ WIZIVEP
IEGLTERIPJEGII\TSWIHXSZMI[EJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRGSQTPMIW trades and should be consistent with the tolerances specified
[MXL XLI HMQIRWMSREP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLS[R MR -8+ JSVXLSWIXVEHIW-XMWXLIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]SJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
8EFPIWERHMR-8+EPWSPMWXXLITSWMXMSRXSPIV XIGXXSIRWYVIXLEXXSPIVERGIWEVIGSQTEXMFPI
ERGIJSVGEWXMRMXIQW[MXLMRXLITERIP8LIWIEVIJSVX]TMGEP 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH VIZMI[ TVSTSWIH MRWXEPPE
KIRIVMGTERIPWERHXLIXSPIVERGIWQE]VIUYMVIEHNYWXQIRXJSV XMSRXSPIVERGIW[MXLXLITERIPQERYJEGXYVIVERHXLIIVIGXSV
specific job conditions. Cast-in grooves, reglets, or lugs that FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSQQIRGIW 4VSTSWIH GLERKIW F] XLI
EVI XS VIGIMZI KPE^MRK KEWOIXW WLSYPH FI LIPH GPSWI XS XLIMV QERYJEGXYVIV SV IVIGXSV JVSQ XLI SVMKMREP TPER WLSYPH FI
GSVVIGXPSGEXMSR+EWOIXQERYJEGXYVIVWTPEGIVIWXVMGXMZIXSPIV WXEXIHMR[VMXMRKERHRSXIHSRMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW%KVII
ERGIWSRKVSSZI[MHXLERHWYVJEGIWQSSXLRIWWRIGIWWEV]XS QIRX WLSYPH FI VIEGLIH FIJSVI WGLIHYPMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV
SFXEMRETVSTIVQSMWXYVIWIEPSJXLIKEWOIX1MWEPMKRQIRXSJ TERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR
VIKPIXWEXGSVRIVWSVGEWXMRKXLIQMRE[EVTIHSVVEGOIHTSWM 8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV MR GSRWYPXEXMSR [MXL XLI TVIGEWX
XMSRVIWXVMGXWTVSTIVMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLIKPE^MRKKEWOIX GSRGVIXI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH GLIGO HMQIRWMSRW
(MQIRWMSRXSPIVERGIW JSV WXERHEVH TVIGEWX VMFFIHTERIPW ERHPSGEXMSRSJXLIMRTPEGIWXVYGXYVIFIJSVITPEGMRKTVIGEWX
ERH LSPPS[GSVI WPEFW YWIH EW [EPP TERIPW EVI WLS[R MR TERIPW %R] HMQIRWMSREP HMWGVITERGMIW XLEX QE] EJJIGX
8EFPISJ-8+7XERHEVHM^IHVMFFIHERHLSPPS[GSVI MRWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHERHVIWSPZIH[MXLXLIIRKM
members, typically used for roof and floor units, are also RIIVEVGLMXIGX FIJSVI WXEVXMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI GSRXVEGXSV
JVIUYIRXP]YWIHEW[EPPTERIPW8SPIVERGIWJSVXLIWIWXERHEVH QE]LEZIXSQEOIGSVVIGXMSRWXSXLIMRXIVJEGMRKWXVYGXYVI
M^IHWXVYGXYVEPYRMXWEVIKIRIVEPP]QSVIPMFIVEPXLERXLSWIJSV 0SGEXMSRSVMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWJSV[EPPTERIPWWLSYPH
EVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPW-JXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXGERRSXEGGITX FI RSRGYQYPEXMZI 6IGSQQIRHIH XSPIVERGIW EVI PMWXIH MR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
8EFPI {+YMHIPMRIWJSVTERIPXLMGORIWWIWJSVSZIVEPPTERIPWXMJJRIWWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLWYKKIWXIH
RSVQEPTERIPFS[MRKERH[EVTMRKXSPIVERGIW
JX JX JX JX JX JX JX JX
4ERIPHMQIRWMSRW
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
JX MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Q
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
JX MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Q
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
JX MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Q
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
JX MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
Q
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
8EFPISJ-8+[LMGLWLS[WMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW EGGSQQSHEXIHEXXLIGSVRIVTERIPWSVMRNSMRXWEHNEGIRXXS
JSVRSRWXVYGXYVEPEVGLMXIGXYVEP[EPPTERIPWEW[IPPEW8EFPI SXLIV[EPPQEXIVMEP
SJ -8+ [LMGL WLS[W MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV -JVIEWSREFPIXSPIVERGIWERHEHNYWXQIRXWEVIHIWMKRIHMRXS
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPTERIPW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR HIXEMPW ERH EHLIVIH XS XLIIVIGXSV WLSYPH
'SRXVSPTSMRXWERHFIRGLQEVOW{8SIRWYVIEGGYVEXI FIEFPIXS
ETTPMGEXMSRSJMRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSV 1MRMQM^I NSMRX MVVIKYPEVMXMIW WYGL EW XETIVIH NSMRXW
WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL ERH QEMRXEMR EGGYVEXI GSRXVSP TSMRXW ERH TERIPIHKIWRSXTEVEPPIP
benchmarks in areas that will remain undisturbed until final 1MRMQM^INSKWEXMRXIVWIGXMSRW
GSQTPIXMSRERHEGGITXERGISJETVSNIGX 1MRMQM^IRSRYRMJSVQNSMRX[MHXLW
8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHTVSZMHIXLIIVIGXSV[MXLE 1EMRXEMRTVSTIVSTIRMRKHMQIRWMSRW
building perimeter offset line at each floor approximately 2 4VSTIVP]GSRWXVYGXEPPTVIGEWXGSRRIGXMSRW
ft (0.6 m) from the edge of the floor slab and benchmarks on %PMKRZIVXMGEPJEGIWSJXLIYRMXWXSEZSMHSJJWIXW
EPPTIVMQIXIVGSPYQRW3JJWIXPMRIWERHFIRGLQEVOWWLSYPH 4VIZIRXEGGYQYPEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIW
be maintained until final completion and acceptance of the 1SVITVIGMWIMRWXEPPEXMSRERHKIRIVEPETTIEVERGIMQTVSZI
work. They may be scored into columns and floor slabs or QIRXWEVIXLYWEGLMIZIH
WIXEWGLEPOPMRIWERHPEGUYIVIHJSVTVSXIGXMSR
.SMRX TVSFPIQW{;MHXL ZEVMEXMSRW FIX[IIR EHNE {-RXIVJEGMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
GIRXNSMRXWGERFIQMRMQM^IHF]WIXXMRKSYXNSMRXGIRXIVPMRIW +IRIVEP{-RXIVJEGI XSPIVERGIW ERH GPIEVERGIW EVI
IUYEPP] WTEGIH EPSRK ER IPIZEXMSR ERH GIRXIVMRK TERIPW XLSWI VIUYMVIH JSV NSMRMRK HMJJIVIRX QEXIVMEPW ERH EGGSQ
FIX[IIR XLIQ 8LI PEVKIV XLI TERIPW XLI [MHIV XLI NSMRX QSHEXMRK XLI VIPEXMZI QSZIQIRXW FIX[IIR WYGL QEXIVMEPW
WLSYPH FI XS EGGSQQSHEXI VIEPMWXMG XSPIVERGIW MR WXVEMKLX HYVMRKXLIPMJISJXLIFYMPHMRK8LI]GSZIVTVSHYGXWMRWXEPPIH
RIWWSJTERIPIHKIWPSTISJIHKIERHTERIP[MHXL%PMKR FIJSVITVIGEWXMRWXEPPEXMSRERHEJXIVXLITVIGEWXQIQFIVWEVI
QIRXJSVI\XIVMSVIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFIGSRXVSPPIHF]EWWYQMRK MR TPEGI 8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH TVSZMHI JSV TVSTIV
XLEX XLI SYXWMHI JEGI SJ XLI IPIQIRX MW GVMXMGEP :EVMEXMSRW GPIEVERGIW FIX[IIR XLI XLISVIXMGEP JEGI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI
JVSQXVYIPIRKXLSV[MHXLHMQIRWMSRWSJXLISZIVEPPWXVYGXYVI ERH XLI FEGO JEGI SJ XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRX 8LI JEGI SJ XLI
EVIRSVQEPP]EGGSQQSHEXIHMRXLINSMRXW;LIVIXLMWMWRSX WXVYGXYVI QE] FI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI GEWXMRTPEGI GSRGVIXI
JIEWMFPISVHIWMVEFPIZEVMEXMSRWWLSYPHFIEGGSQQSHEXIHEX QEWSRV] SV E WXVYGXYVEP WXIIP JVEQI %HNEGIRX QEXIVMEPW
XLIGSVRIVIPIQIRXWMRI\TERWMSRNSMRXWSVMRNSMRXWEHNEGIRX MRGPYHITVSHYGXWWYGLEWKPEWWSVWYFJVEQIWXLEXEVIMRWXEPPIH
XSSXLIV[EPPQEXIVMEPW EJXIVTVIGEWXTERIPWEVIMRTPEGI'PIEVERGIWTEGITVSZMHIWE
.SMRX [MHXLW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH EW PMFIVEPP] EW TVEGXM FYJJIV[LIVIMRWXEPPEXMSR TVSHYGXERHMRXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIW
GEFPIMJZEVMEXMSRWMRSZIVEPPFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSRWEVIXSFI GERFIEFWSVFIH
EFWSVFIH MR XLI NSMRXW 8LMW QE] FI GSYTPIH [MXL E GPSWIV ;LIVI QEXGLMRK SJ XLI QERYJEGXYVIH QEXIVMEPW HITIRHW
XSPIVERGIJSVZEVMEXMSRWJVSQSRINSMRXXSXLIRI\XJSVETTIEV SR[SVOEXXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRWMXIMRXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIWWLSYPH
ERGITYVTSWIW-RHMZMHYEPNSMRX[MHXLXSPIVERGIWLSYPHVIPEXI IUYEP MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW ;LIVI I\IGYXMSR MW MRHITIR
XSXLIRYQFIVSJNSMRXWSZIVEKMZIRFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSR*SV HIRXSJWMXI[SVOXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHGPSWIP]QEXGLXLIWXER
I\EQTPI XS EGGSQQSHEXI VIEWSREFPI ZEVMEXMSRW MR EGXYEP HEVHXSPIVERGIWSJXLIQEXIVMEPWXSFINSMRIH*EFVMGEXMSRERH
site dimensions, a 3/4 in. (19 mm) joint may be specified MRWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIWSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIGSRWMH
[MXLEXSPIVERGISJMRQQ
FYX[MXLSRP]EMR IVIH MR HIWMKR 4VIGEWX IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH
QQ
HMJJIVIRXMEPEPPS[IHFIX[IIRNSMRX[MHXLWSRER] [MXL ERH EGGSQQSHEXI XLI SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP ERH JYRGXMSREP
one floor, or between adjacent floors. IPIQIRXW GSQTVMWMRK XLI XSXEP WXVYGXYVI 9RYWYEP VIUYMVI
;LIVIENSMRXLEWXSQEXGLEREVGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIWYGLEW QIRXWSVEPPS[ERGIWJSVMRXIVJEGMRKWLSYPHFIWXEXIHMRXLI
JEPWINSMRXWEMRQQ
ZEVMEXMSRJVSQXLIXLISVIXMGEP GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
NSMRX [MHXL QE] RSX FI EGGITXEFPI ERH E XMKLXIV XSPIVERGI &YMPHMRK JVEQI XSPIVERGIW{-RWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW
specified. Adjustment in building length will then have to be JSVTVIGEWXTERIPWEVIPEVKIP]HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIEGXYEPEPMKR
QIRX ERH HMQIRWMSREP EGGYVEG] SJ XLI FYMPHMRK JSYRHE
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
8EFPI {7YTTPIQIRXEV]XSPIVERGIWJSVGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXIJVEQIWXS[LMGLTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
MWXSFIEXXEGLIH
*SSXMRKWGEMWWSRGETWERHTMPIGETW
Variation of bearing of surface from specified elevation MRQQ
4MIVWGSPYQRWERH[EPPW
MRJXQQQ
JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWPIWWXLER
JXQ
ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLPIWWXLERJX
a. Variation in plan from straight lines parallel to specified linear building lines:
MRQQ
JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWJXQ
SVQSVI
ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLJXQ
SVQSVI
MRJXQQQ
JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWPIWWXLER
JXQ
ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLPIWWXLERJX
b. Variation in elevation from lines parallel to specified grade lines:
MRQQ
JSVEHNEGIRXQIQFIVWJXQ
SVQSVI
ETEVXSVER][EPPSVFE]PIRKXLJXQ
SVQSVI
%RGLSVFSPXW
MRQQ
ERHMRQ
FSPXWMRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
ERHMRQQ
FSPXW
a. Variation from specified location in plan: MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
ERHMRQQ
FSPXW
MRQQ
F:EVMEXMSRGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJER]X[SFSPXW[MXLERERGLSVFSPXKVSYT MR QQ
c. Variation from specified elevation: MRQQ
H%RGLSVFSPXTVSNIGXMSR zMRMRzQQQQ
I4PYQFRIWWSJERGLSVFSPXTVSNIGXMSR MRJXQQQ
XMSRERHJVEQI8LIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLI PSGEXMSRSJXLIWXIIPQIQFIVMXWIPJEVIFSXLGVMXMGEP&IGEYWI
TPYQFRIWW PIZIPRIWW ERH EPMKRQIRX SJ XLI JSYRHEXMSR ERH XLIEPMKRQIRXSJQM\IHGSRWXVYGXMSRQIQFIVWERHIRGEWIH
WXVYGXYVEPJVEQIMRGPYHMRKXLIPSGEXMSRSJEPPFIEVMRKWYVJEGIW QIQFIVW MW RSX GSRXVSPPIH F] VIJIVIRGMRK XLI EJSVIQIR
ERH ERGLSVEKIW JSV TVIGEWX TVSHYGXW 'SRXVSPPMRK JSYRHE XMSRIHWXERHEVHWXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXWLSYPHVIUYMVIXLEX
XMSR ERH FYMPHMRK JVEQI XSPIVERGIW MW SJ GVMXMGEP MQTSVXERGI XLIPSGEXMSRSJEPPWYGLQEXIVMEPWGSRXMKYSYWXSXLITVIGEWX
ERHXLIWIXSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGY YRMXFIGSRXVSPPIH[MXLMRWXEXIHPMQMXW3RIVIGSQQIRHEXMSR
QIRXW8SMRWXEPPTVIGEWXIPIQIRXWTPYQFWUYEVIERHXVYIXLI is that tolerances be no more than those specified in ACI
EGXYEPPSGEXMSRSJWYVJEGIWEJJIGXMRKXLIEPMKRQIRXSJTVIGEWX JSV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI FYMPHMRKW ;LIR XLIVI MW
IPIQIRXWWLSYPHFIORS[RFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR8LIPIZIPWSJ HSYFXEWXSXLIPIZIPSJQM\IHGSRWXVYGXMSRXSPIVERGIWXLI
floor slabs and beams, vertical alignment of floor slab edges, TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVIVQE]FIGSRWYPXIHJSVEHZMGI
ERHXLITPYQFRIWWSJGSPYQRWSV[EPPWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH 7XIIP FYMPHMRK JVEQIW{4VIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW
'SRGVIXIGEWXMRTPEGIJVEQIWXS[LMGLTVIGEWXIPIQIRXW WLSYPHFIIVIGXIHEWYRMJSVQP]EWTSWWMFPIEVSYRHXLIIRXMVI
EVIEXXEGLIHWLSYPHQIIXXLIXSPIVERGIWMR8EFPIERH TIVMQIXIVSJXLIWXVYGXYVIXSEZSMHTYPPMRKXLIWXIIPJVEQMRK
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%'-ERH%'- SYXSJEPMKRQIRX7XIIPFYMPHMRKJVEQIWLEZIHMJJIVIRXXSPIV
Variations in floor heights are greater and more prevalent ERGIWJVSQXLSWIHMWGYWWIHTVIZMSYWP]8SPIVERGIWJSVWXIIP
MR GEWXMRTPEGI WXVYGXYVIW XLER MR SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQIW JVEQI WXVYGXYVIW QEOI MX MQTVEGXMGEP XS QEMRXEMR TVIGEWX
8LMWEJJIGXWXLIEPMKRQIRXSJTVIGEWXMRWIVX[MXLXLIGEWXMR GSRGVIXITERIPWMREXVYIZIVXMGEPTPERI&EWIHSRXLIEPPS[
TPEGIGSRRIGXMSRHIZMGI EFPIWXIIPJVEQIZEVMEXMSRWMX[SYPHFIRIGIWWEV]XSTVSZMHI
8SPIVERGIW JSV GEWXMRTPEGI WXVYGXYVIW QE] LEZI XS JSVEMRQQ
EHNYWXQIRXMRGSRRIGXMSRWYTXSXLIX[IR
be increased to reflect local trade practices, structure XMIXLWXSV]ERHEMRQQ
EHNYWXQIRXMRGSRRIGXMSRW
GSQTPI\MX] ERH IRZMVSRQIRXEP GSRHMXMSRW -R *MK SJ EFSZIXLIX[IRXMIXLWXSV]MJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXMRWMWXWSR
-8+ MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV FIEQW ERH WTERHVIPW EXVYIZIVXMGEPTPERI'SRRIGXMSREHNYWXQIRXWSJXLMWQEKRM
are shown, specifically precast element to precast element, XYHI EVI RSX IGSRSQMGEPP] JIEWMFPI 8LIVIJSVI XLI TVIGEWX
TVIGEWX XS GEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI ERH QEWSRV] ERH TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI[EPPWLSYPHJSPPS[XLIWXIIPJVEQI
XSWXIIPJVEQI -R HIXIVQMRMRK XSPIVERGIW EXXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
1M\IH GSRWXVYGXMSR{%'- ETTPMIW SRP] XS possible deflections and rotation of structural members
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIERHQEWSRV]FYMPHMRKWERH%-7' WYTTSVXMRKTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI8LMWMWTEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERXJSV
SRP]XSWXIIPFYMPHMRKJVEQIW8SPIVERGIWMRXLIWIWXERHEVHW FIEVMRKSRWPIRHIVSVGERXMPIZIVIHWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW-JJVEQI
HS RSX ETTP] XS FYMPHMRKW SJ QM\IH GSRWXVYGXMSR WYGL EW deflection is sensitive to location or eccentricity of the connec
concrete floor slabs carried by steel beams or concrete- XMSRXSPIVERGIWJSVPSGEXMSRSVIGGIRXVMGMX]WLSYPHFIKMZIR
IRGEWIHWXVYGXYVEPWXIIPQIQFIVW3FZMSYWP]XLIPSGEXMSRSJ 'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS MRMXMEP ERH PSRKXIVQ
XLIJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXISRERIRGEWIHWXIIPQIQFIVERHXLI deflections caused by creep of the supporting structural
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
{4SVXPERHGIQIRX 8EFPI
+IRIVEP{9WYEP MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI MW XS YWI [LMXI JSVI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
FYJJSVKVE]TSVXPERHGIQIRXSVEQM\XYVISJ[LMXIERHKVE] 4IVGIRXSJMRHMGEXIHWM^IEKKVIKEXITEWWMRK
GIQIRXWQIIXMRK%781''1VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV
7M^I( 7M^I' 7M^I& 7M^I%
8]TI -SV 8]TI---;LMXI GIQIRXYWEKIWLSYPH FI GPIEVP]
7MIZI XSMR XSMR XSPMR XSMR
specified when it is required. Cement Types II, IV, and V STIRMRK \QQ
\QQ
\QQ
\QQ
EVIWIPHSQYWIHMRTVIGEWXTERIPW;LIRYWMRKER]WTIGMEP MR QQ 4IVGIRXSJMRHMGEXIHWM^IEKKVIKEXITEWWMRK
GIQIRXXEOIIZIV]TVIGEYXMSRXSIRWYVIXLEXIEVP]GSRGVIXI { { {
WXVIRKXLWEVIEHIUYEXI
XS { { {
7MRKPIWSYVGI{*SVER]KMZIRTVSNIGXIRSYKLGIQIRX
JSVXLIIRXMVITVSNIGXWLSYPHFITVSGYVIHJVSQEWMRKPIWSYVGI XS { {
WSEPPGIQIRXMWXLIWEQIFVERHERHX]TI7SQITVIGEWXIVW XS XS { {
TVIJIVXSSFXEMREWMRKPISRIXMQISRIFEXGLWLMTQIRXJSV XS XS {
E KMZIR TVSNIGX XS QMRMQM^I GSPSV ZEVMEXMSRW )PMQMREXMSR { XS XS {
SJGSPSVZEVMEXMSRMWRSXTSWWMFPIFIGEYWIZEVMEFPIWMRSXLIV
{ XS XS
QEXIVMEPWERHMRTERIPJEFVMGEXMSRGERLEZIIJJIGXW
7XSVEKI{(V] GSZIVIH WXSVEKI EVIEW WLSYPH FI { { XS XS
TVSZMHIHJSVFYPOSVFEKKIHGIQIRX&EKKIHGIQIRXWLSYPH { { XS XS
FIWXSVIHSR[SSHIRTEPPIXWERHSYXSJGSRXEGX [MXLXEROW { { { XS
SV SYXIV WXSVEKI FYMPHMRK [EPPW [LIVI GSRHIRWEXMSR GSYPH
SGGYV 8S EZSMH TEGO WIX FEKW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH QSVI
XLERX[STEPPIXWLMKLSVJXQ
XSXEPLIMKLX
7EQTPMRK{-RGEWISJJYXYVITVSFPIQW[MXLWXVIRKXL the desired surface finish, appearance, and texture can dictate
SV GSPSV YRMJSVQMX] E WEQTPI WLSYPH FI XEOIR JVSQ IEGL fine and coarse aggregate grading. Gap grading can achieve
GIQIRXWLMTQIRXERHOITXMREJYPPWIEPIHGSRXEMRIVEXPIEWX EGSRWMWXIRXYRMJSVQTERIPJEGI[MXLEQE\MQYQSJEKKVI
QSRXLWSVYRXMPXLIWLMTQIRXMWI\LEYWXIH gate surface exposed. A gap-graded combination of fine or
Mill certifications—Mill certifications should GSEVWIEKKVIKEXIW LEW SRI SV QSVI WM^IW QMWWMRK JVSQ XLI
EGGSQTER]IEGLWLMTQIRXXLEXGSRXEMRWXLIQEXIVMEPGSQTS VERKISJWXERHEVHTEVXMGPIWM^IW4VSHYGIVWQE]IPIGXXMKLXIV
WMXMSRWEW[IPPEWGSRJSVQERGIXSXLIVIUYMVIH%781WXER SVQSVIVIWXVMGXMZIKVEHMRKWMREREXXIQTXXSMQTVSZIYRMJSV
HEVHXIWXW mity. Common sizes of gap-graded fine aggregates are 30 to
QIWLXSQQ
ERHXSQIWLQQXS
{%KKVIKEXIWJSVWXVYGXYVEPSVFEGOYTGSRGVIXI 600 mm). Using coarse and fine sizes combined can produce
2SVQEP[IMKLX SV PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXIW GSRJSVQMRK XS E KETKVEHIH GSQFMREXMSR XLEX VIWYPXW MR PIWW WIKVIKEXMSR
%781 ''1 SV ''1 VIWTIGXMZIP] and more uniform surface finish. In SCC, gradation and
WLSYPHFIYWIHMRFEGOYTSVWXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIJSVTVIGEWX EKKVIKEXITVSTSVXMSRWQE]FIHMGXEXIHQSVIF]ERIJJSVXXS
TERIPW achieve a stable mixture than the finish. Selecting an aggre
%KKVIKEXIWJSVFEGOYTGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIWXSVIHMRGPIER gate and its properties should satisfy flow requirements and
well-drained areas in identifiable bins. Bins should be surface finish.
HIWMKRIHXSEZSMHWIKVIKEXMSRGSRXEQMREXMSRSVMRXIVQM\MRK 7GLIHYPI SJ WM^IW{8EFPI WLS[W JSYV
SJHMJJIVIRXEKKVIKEXIWSVEKKVIKEXIWM^IW;LIREKKVIKEXI HMJJIVIRXWM^IKVEHMRKWIWXEFPMWLIHF]TVIGEWXMRHYWXV]EKKVI
MWMRXIRHIHJSVYWI[MXLWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKGSRGVIXI7''
KEXIWYTTPMIVWJSVYWIMRI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXITVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
gradation, specific gravity, and moisture content are critical 8LMWWM^IWGLIHYPIMWRSXYRMZIVWEPP]VIGSKRM^IHERHWSQI
ERHWLSYPHFIQIEWYVIHERHQSRMXSVIHJVIUYIRXP] EKKVIKEXI TVSHYGIVW QE] LEZI XLIMV S[R WXERHEVHW 4ERIP
TVSHYGIVWWLSYPHFIE[EVIXLEXWQEPPEKKVIKEXIWMR
{*EGMRKEKKVIKEXIW QQ
ERH WQEPPIV QE] TYPP SYX HYVMRK I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI
+VEHMRK surface finishing.
+IRIVEP{9RMJSVQEKKVIKEXIWJSVVIKYPEVGSRGVIXI 8]TIWERHUYEPMX]SJJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIW
EVI YWYEPP] WIPIGXIH F] WXERHEVH WMIZI WM^IW XS TVSZMHI E +IRIVEP{9WYEPP] HIGSVEXMZI JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW
balance of fine and coarse sizes. Grading that combines EVIYWIHSRP]MRI\TSWIHTERIPJEGIWFIGEYWISJGSWX*EGI
EKKVIKEXIWM^IWXSTVSHYGIXLIQE\MQYQ[IMKLXSJEKKVI PE]IV XLMGORIWW HITIRHW SR EKKVIKEXI WM^I FYX WLSYPH FI
KEXITIVYRMXZSPYQISJGSRGVIXIMWTVIJIVVIH1SWXGSRGVIXI sufficiently thick to prevent backup concrete from showing
QM\XYVIWEVIGLSWIR[MXLXLMWMRQMRHFYXEVISJXIRPMQMXIH XLVSYKL XLI I\TSWIH JEGI ERH IPMQMREXI XLI VIMRJSVGMRK
SRXLIYTTIVIRHSJXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWM^IF]HMQIRWMSRW JSSXTVMRX *EGI GSRGVIXI XLMGORIWW WLSYPH FI XMQIW XLI
SJXLITERIPXSFIGEWXGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX QE\MQYQWM^ISJGSEVWIJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIFYXRSXPIWWXLER
GPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHJSVQWYVJEGI MRQQ
*EGMRKEKKVIKEXIQM\XYVIWWLSYPHFIWXSGOIHMR
desired finish, and flow requirements. sufficient quantities from the particular source to complete an
+ET KVEHMRK SJ JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW{&IGEYWI IRXMVITVSNIGX-RETTVSTVMEXITPERRMRKQE]GEYWIYR[ERXIH
TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW JVIUYIRXP] YWI I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI GLERKIWMRGSPSVSVXI\XYVI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
Specific surface color and texture{7TIGMEPEKKVI %MVIRXVEMRMRK EHQM\XYVIW{%MVIRXVEMRMRK EHQM\
KEXIWJSVJEGMRKMRGPYHIREXYVEPP]SGGYVVMRKEKKVIKEXIWWYGL XYVIWWLSYPHFIYWIHMREPPGSRGVIXIWXLEXQE]FII\TSWIHXS
EW WIPIGX KVEZIPW KVERMXIW XVETVSGO QEVFPI PMQIWXSRI JVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKG]GPIW[LIRWEXYVEXIH[MXL[EXIV8LI
UYEVX^UYEVX^MXIJIPHWTEVERHSFWMHMER7IPIGXMSRWLSYPHFI EHHIHTVSXIGXMSREKEMRWXJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKHIXIVMSVEXMSR
FEWIHSRTIVJSVQERGISJXLIJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIMRETTVSZIH JEV SYX[IMKLW ER] PSWW SJ WXVIRKXLTSVSWMX] SV HIRWMX] %
TERIP WEQTPIW %TTVSZEP WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR JEFVMGEXMSR X]TMGEPHSWEKISJEMVIRXVEMRMRKEHQM\XYVITVSZMHMRKETTVS\
QM\XYVIHIWMKRERHEIWXLIXMGEGGITXEFMPMX] MQEXIP]TIVGIRXEMVMRXLIQSVXEVJVEGXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIMW
(YVEFMPMX] GSRGIVRW{7SQI PMQIWXSRI QEVFPI VIGSQQIRHIH&IGEYWISJXLIYRYWYEPREXYVISJQSWXJEGMRK
ERHWERHWXSRIEVIRSXHYVEFPISRI\TSWIHI\XIVMSVWYVJEGIW mixtures, a specification for the amount of air-entraining
%PPJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIWWLSYPHLEZITVSZIRWIVZMGIVIGSVHWSV admixture rather than a fixed percentage of air is recom
FIIRWLS[RXSFIEGGITXEFPIYRHIVPEFSVEXSV]XIWXGSRHMXMSRW QIRHIH6IJIVXS%781''1ERH'
FIJSVIFIMRKYWIHMRTVIGEWXTERIPW%TTVSTVMEXIXIWXWMRGPYHI 1MRIVEPEHQM\XYVIWERHTS^^SPERW{3RVEVISGGE
TIXVSKVETLMG I\EQMREXMSR EFVEWMSR VIWMWXERGI ERH I\TER sions, where a particularly smooth surface is desired, fine
WMSR XIWXW %781 '
*EGMRK EKKVIKEXIW XLEX TEWW QMRIVEPW SV TS^^SPERW QE] FI EHHIH XS XLI QM\XYVI 8LI
PEFSVEXSV]HYVEFMPMX]XIWXMRKSVLEZIKSSHWIVZMGILMWXSVMIW X]TMGEP GYVMRK TIVMSH JSV TVIGEWX TERIPW MW SJXIR XSS WLSVX
VEVIP]LEZITVSFPIQW[MXLEPOEPMEKKVIKEXIVIEGXMZMX];LIR XSEPPS[TS^^SPERMGEGXMSRJSVMRGVIEWIHWXVIRKXL8LIQSWX
WYGLEVIEGXMSRMWWYWTIGXIHJVSQERI[SVYRORS[RGSQFM GSQQSR TS^^SPERW YWIH MR GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW EVI 8]TI '
REXMSR SJ EKKVIKEXIW ERH GIQIRX XLI EKKVIKEXI WLSYPH FI and Type F fly ashes. Using Type C fly ash minimizes loss
I\EQMRIHTIXVSKVETLMGEPP]ERHI\TERWMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH SJIEVP]WXVIRKXL
%781''1PMQMXW-JXLIPMQMXWEVII\GIIHIHPS[ %GGIPIVEXMRK EHQM\XYVIW{8]TI ' ERH ) EGGIPIV
EPOEPMGIQIRX[MXLEQE\MQYQSJ 2E3%781' EXMRKEHQM\XYVIW%781''1
VIHYGIGSRGVIXI
C150M-11) or fly ash should be used with the aggregate. WIXXMRKXMQIERHTVSHYGIVETMHIEVP]WXVIRKXLKEMR[LMGLGER
1MRIVEP EHQM\XYVIW WLS[R XS TVIZIRX LEVQJYP I\TERWMSR EMHMRTERIPGEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRW6ETMHWXVIRKXLKEMRGEREPWS
such as fly ash, may be used if the matrix color meets archi FIEGGSQTPMWLIH[MXLLMKLIVGIQIRXGSRXIRXYWISJ8]TI---
XIGXYVEPETTIEVERGIVIUYMVIQIRXW LMKLIEVP]WXVIRKXL GIQIRX LIEXMRK [EXIV ERH EKKVIKEXIW
7XEMRMRK{'SEVWI JEGMRK EKKVIKEXIW QE] GSRXEMR SV F]WXIEQ GYVMRK %GGIPIVEXSVW GSRXEMRMRK GEPGMYQ GLPS
TEVXMGPIW[MXLLMKLMVSRGSRXIRXXLEXVIWYPXMRYRWMKLXP]WXEMRW VMHISVXLMSG]EREXIMSRWGERGSRXVMFYXIXSGSVVSWMSRSJVIMR
8LIWIWXEMRWYWYEPP]ETTIEVEXEPEXIVHEXIHYIXSEXQSWTLIVMG JSVGIQIRX'EPGMYQGLPSVMHIEPWSEJJIGXWGSPSV%GGIPIVEXSVW
S\MHEXMSRSVGEVFSREXMSR7IPIGXMZMX]F]XLITERIPTVSHYGIV GSRXEMRMRK GEPGMYQ GLPSVMHI WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH MR TVIGEWX
ERH ORS[PIHKI SJ EKKVIKEXI QEXIVMEPW ERH XLIMV WIVZMGI TERIPW
VIGSVHWEVIXLISRP]EWWYVERGIEKEMRWXPSRKXIVQMVSRWXEMRW 6IXEVHMRKEHQM\XYVIW{8]TI&(ERH+VIXEVHMRK
JVSQEKKVIKEXIW%RYRXVMIHEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFIXIWXIHJSV EHQM\XYVIW %781 ''1
EVI RSVQEPP] RSX
MVSRFIEVMRKTEVXMGPIWEGGSVHMRKXS%781'%KKVI YWIH MR TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP TERIPW I\GITX MR LSX [IEXLIV
KEXIWWLSYPHWLS[EWXEMRMRHI\PIWWXLER Retarders delay the time of set and allow longer finishing time.
+PEWW SV GIVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW{+PEWW SV GIVEQMG They generally do not fit into a high-speed casting operation.
EKKVIKEXIW YWIH JSV FVMKLX GSPSV SV WTIGMEP IJJIGXW WLSYPH ;EXIVVIHYGMRKEHQM\XYVIW{8]TI%ERH*[EXIV
RSX VIEGX [MXL XLI GIQIRX YWIH 8LI UYMGO GLIQMGEP XIWX VIHYGMRK EHQM\XYVIW %781 ''1
EVI YWIH
MR %781 ' QE] FI YWIH JSV HIXIGXMSR SJ KPEWW SV MR TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI [EPP TERIPW XS VIHYGI FPIIH [EXIV SV
GIVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW XLEX EVI VIEGXMZI 'IVEQMG EKKVIKEXIW MRGVIEWI GSRGVIXI [SVOEFMPMX] [MXLSYX EHHMRK [EXIV 8LMW
QE]I\LMFMXFVMXXPIRIWWERHFVIEOHS[RHYVMRKGEWXMRK+PEWW group includes high-range water reducers for difficult
EKKVIKEXIW LEZI PS[ EFWSVTXMSR ERH KSSH HYVEFMPMX] FYX placing conditions. Laitance, bleeding, and efflorescence can
LEZIPS[GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLERHPS[FSRHWXVIRKXL[MXL FIQMRMQM^IHF]VIHYGMRK[EXIVVIUYMVIQIRXW;EXIVVIHYGMRK
GIQIRXTEWXI*EFVMGEXMSRI\TIVMQIRXMRKERHXIWXMRKSJKPEWW EHQM\XYVIW QE] FI LIPTJYP MR LEVWL QM\XYVIW SV [LIVI KET
ERHGIVEQMGJEGIHTERIPWMWVIGSQQIRHIH KVEHIHEKKVIKEXIWEVIFIMRKYWIH;EXIVVIHYGMRKGSQTSRIRXW
WLSYPHQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781''18]TI
{%HQM\XYVIW %ERHWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVGSQTEXMFMPMX][MXLXLIGIQIRXERH
+IRIVEP{'LIQMGEP SV QMRIVEP QEXIVMEPW QE] FI [MXLER]EMVIRXVEMRMRKEHQM\XYVIXSFIYWIH
added to the concrete mixture to bring about specific changes Viscosity modifiers{:MWGSWMX]QSHMJ]MRK EHQM\
MR QM\XYVI TVSTIVXMIW %'- 6 GSRXEMRW PMQMXW tures (VMA) are sometimes used in SCC to enhance the flow
ERH VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV XLI YWI SJ GLIQMGEP EHQM\XYVIW SJXLIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIERHVIHYGIWIKVIKEXMSR
MRGPYHMRK PMQMXW SR GLPSVMHI GSRXIRX SJ LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI 'SPSVMRKQEXIVMEPW{4MKQIRXWERHH]IWEVIYWIHXS
VIJIVXS7IGXMSR
8STVSXIGXVIMRJSVGIQIRXJVSQGSVVS GSPSVXSRIXLIGSRGVIXIMRTVIGEWXTERIPW-XMWMQTSVXERXXS
WMSR%'-6VIGSQQIRHWPMQMXMRKXLIEGMHWSPYFPIERH LEZIXIWXWSVTIVJSVQERGIVIGSVHWXLEXVIPMEFP]MRHMGEXIXLI
[EXIVWSPYFPIGLPSVMHIMSRGSRXIRXMRLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI%PP GSPSVWXEFMPMX]SJER]GSPSVMRKEKIRX)\TIVMIRGIWLS[WXLEX
TVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXIERHER]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS XLIVI MW KIRIVEPP] TSSV GSPSV WXEFMPMX] [MXL SVKERMG FPEGOW
QSMWXYVISVGLPSVMHIMRWIVZMGIJEPPWMRXSSRIGEXIKSV]ERHER] FPYIWERHKVIIRW
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIXLEXMWHV]SVTVSXIGXIHJVSQQSMWXYVIMR 4MKQIRXW{4MKQIRXW GSQQSRP] YWIH XS GSPSV
WIVZMGIJEPPWMRXSXLISXLIVGEXIKSV] concrete are finely ground natural or synthetic mineral
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
8EFPI {-RWYPEXMSRHIRWMX] 8LI XLIVQEP GSRHYGXMZMX] SJ [EXIV MW JEV KVIEXIV XLER
XLIVQEPGSRHYGXMZMX]ERHTIVQIEFMPMX] MRWYPEXMSR;LIR[EXIVMWMRXVSHYGIHMRXSFSEVHMRWYPEXMSR
8LIVQEPGSRHYGXMZMX] ;EXIVZETSV
XLIVQEPVIWMWXERGIMW VIHYGIH 8LI EGXYEP EQSYRX SJ [EXIV
(IRWMX]PFJX TIVMRGLSJXLMGORIWW TIVQIEFMPMX] ZETSVXLEXTEWWIW XLVSYKLEQEXIVMEPF] HMJJYWMSRMWGEPPIH
OKQ
LJX*&XY 6ZEPYI
TIVQ ETIVQ0S[IVTIVQVEXMRKWQIERQSVIVIWMWXERGIXSZETSV
)478]TI-
flow. Closed-cell insulations with a water vapor permeance
SJTIVQSVPIWWEVIGSRWMHIVIHZETSVFEVVMIVWERHGEREGX
)478]TI--
SRXLIMVS[RXSVIWMWXQSMWXYVIMRXVYWMSR'PSWIHGIPPMRWY
<478]TI-:
PEXMSRW [MXL E [EXIV ZETSV TIVQIERGI KVIEXIV XLER TIVQ
<478]TI:-
WLSYPHFITVSXIGXIHJVSQHMVIGXGSRXEGX[MXLJVIWLGSRGVIXI
4-68]TI-*EGIH
F] E ZETSV FEVVMIV 8EFPI WLS[W MRWYPEXMSR HIRWMX]
4-68]TI--
9RJEGIHJIPXJEGIH
XLIVQEP GSRHYGXMZMX] ERH TIVQIEFMPMX] JSV HMJJIVIRX MRWY
PEXMRKQEXIVMEPW
;]XLI GSRRIGXSVW{;]XLI GSRRIGXSVW GSRRIGX
S\MHIW 7]RXLIXMG S\MHIW EVI YWYEPP] QSVI WEXMWJEGXSV] MRXIVMSV ERH I\XIVMSV []XLIWXLVSYKLXLI MRWYPEXMSR ;]XLI
FIGEYWIXLI]EVIQERYJEGXYVIHMRQSVIWLEHIWLEZITVSTIV connectors are classified as a structurally composite or struc
XMIWXLEXEVIQSVIGSRWMWXIRXTVSZMHIFIXXIVGSPSVMRXIRWMX] XYVEPP]RSRGSQTSWMXIHITIRHMRKSRXLIMVEFMPMX]XSXVERWJIV
ERHXLI]PEWXPSRKIV7]RXLIXMGTMKQIRXWQE]TSWWMFP]VIEGX WLIEVJSVGIWFIX[IIR[]XLIW7LIEVJSVGIXVERWJIVFIX[IIR
[MXLSXLIVTVSHYGXWWYGLEWVIXEVHIVWSVQYVMEXMGEGMHYWIH []XLIWQEOIWWERH[MGL[EPPTERIPWGSQTSWMXI7XVYGXYVEPP]
SRGSRGVIXIJEGMRKQM\XYVIW%PPTMKQIRXWWLSYPHFIXIWXIH RSRGSQTSWMXIGSRRIGXSVWWLSYPHEGGSQQSHEXIHMJJIVIRXMEP
FIJSVIYWIERHWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS%781''1 XLIVQEPQSZIQIRXWXLEXSGGYVFIGEYWISJXLIPEVKIXLIVQEP
-VSRS\MHIWTVSHYGIWLEHIWSJ]IPPS[FYJJXERFVS[RVIH fluctuations of the exterior wythe. Structurally composite
QEVSSRERHFPEGO'LVSQMYQS\MHITVSHYGIWKVIIRWLEHIW GSRRIGXSVW WLSYPH XVERWJIV WLIEV JSVGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW
'SFEPX S\MHI TVSHYGIW FPYI WLEHIW %HHMRK XLIWI S\MHIW 7SQI WXVYGXYVEPP] GSQTSWMXI GSRRIGXSVWGERRSX EGGSQQS
EW ETIVGIRXEKI SJXLIGIQIRX GSRXIRXF][IMKLXTVSHYGIW HEXI ER] XLIVQEP QSZIQIRX [LIVIEW WSQI GER EGGSQQS
ZEVMSYWWLEHIWSJXLITVMQEV]GSPSV%QSYRXWMRI\GIWWSJ HEXITEVXMEPXLIVQEPQSZIQIRX
TIVGIRXF][IMKLXSJGIQIRXWIPHSQMRGVIEWIGSPSVMRXIR 'SRGVIXI{'SRXMRYSYW SV MRXIVQMXXIRX GSRGVIXI
WMX]%QSYRXWKVIEXIVXLERTIVGIRXGEREHZIVWIP]EJJIGX FPSGOWORS[REWLEVHWTSXWVMFWSVFPSGOSYXW
GERFIYWIH
GSRGVIXIUYEPMX]ERHEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIH EW[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW8LMWGSRRIGXMSRX]TIMWSJXIRYWIHXS
4MKQIRXW YWIH [MXL [LMXI GIQIRX TVSHYGI GPIEVIV ERH TVSHYGI WXVYGXYVEPP] GSQTSWMXI [EPP TERIPW ERH VIUYMVIW
FVMKLXIVWLEHIWXLERMJYWIH[MXLKVE]GIQIRX(V]QM\MRK HMWTPEGIQIRXSJXLIMRWYPEXMSR8LMWGVIEXIWEXLIVQEPFVMHKI
TMKQIRX [MXL GIQIRX FIJSVI GSRGVIXI QM\MRK MW TVIJIVVIH MR XLI W]WXIQ XLEX MRGVIEWIW XLI EQSYRX SJ IRIVK] PSWX SV
7SQIGIQIRXQERYJEGXYVIVWTVSZMHITVIQM\IHSVTMKQIRXIH VIHYGIWXLI6ZEPYISJXLIIRXMVITERIP
GIQIRXW 7XIIP XMIW{' SV 1WLETIH XMIW EVI YWIH MR XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPP]RSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPTERIPW7XIIP
{-RWYPEXMRKQEXIVMEPWERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW XMIWLEZIELMKLXLIVQEPGSRHYGXMZMX]
JSVMRWYPEXIHWERH[MGL[EPPW 7XIIPXVYWWIW{7XIIP XVYWWIW [MXL XLMR [MVIW LEZI
7ERH[MGL[EPPTERIPWEVIGSQTVMWIHSJVMKMHFSEVHMRWYPE FIIRYWIHMRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPP]GSQTSWMXI[EPP
XMSR WERH[MGLIH FIX[IIR ER I\XIVMSV ERH MRXIVMSV GSRGVIXI TERIPW 7XIIP XVYWWIW PMOI WXIIP XMIW LEZI E LMKL XLIVQEP
[]XLI 8LI GSRGVIXI []XLIW EVI LIPH XSKIXLIV F] []XLI GSRHYGXMZMX]
GSRRIGXSVWMRXIVQMXXIRXP]TPEGIHXLVSYKLXLIMRWYPEXMSRPE]IV Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite
-RWYPEXMSR{7IZIVEP VMKMH FSEVH MRWYPEXMSRW EVI GSRRIGXSVW{+*64 GSQTSWMXI GSRRIGXSVW EVI QERYJEG
EZEMPEFPIXSTVSZMHIXLIXLIVQEPERHQSMWXYVIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW tured from continuous glass fibers pulled through thermoset
RIGIWWEV] JSV WERH[MGL [EPP TERIP GSRWXVYGXMSR ,S[IZIV ZMR]PIWXIVVIWMR+*64GSQTSWMXIGSRRIGXSVWGERFIYWIH
QER]MRWYPEXMRKQEXIVMEPWLEZILMKLMRMXMEPEFWSVTXMSRVEXIW MR WXVYGXYVEPP] RSRGSQTSWMXI SV WXVYGXYVEPP] GSQTSWMXI
ERH GER EFWSVF [EXIV JVSQ JVIWL GSRGVIXI EW MX MW TPEGIH [EPPTERIP GSRWXVYGXMSR HITIRHMRKSR XLIX]TISJGSRRIG
&IGEYWI XLI MRWYPEXMSRvW XLIVQEP TIVJSVQERGI MW X]TMGEPP] XSVWYWIH+*64GSQTSWMXIGSRRIGXSVWLEZIEPS[XLIVQEP
HIKVEHIHF]QSMWXYVIMRXVYWMSRMRWYPEXMSRYWIHMRWERH[MGL GSRHYGXMZMX]+*64TVSHYGXWWLSYPHQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
[EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR WLSYPH VIWMWX QSMWXYVI EFWSVTXMSR SV FI SJ%'-
EGGSQTERMIHF]EZETSVFEVVMIV Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) shear
'IPPYPEV FSEVH MRWYPEXMSRW QEHI JVSQ I\XVYHIH ERH XVYWWIW{'*64 WLIEV XVYWWIW EVI GYX JVSQ '*64 KVMHW
I\TERHIH TSP]WX]VIRI ERH TSP]MWSG]ERYVEXI 4-6 SV -73
QERYJEGXYVIH F] EPMKRMRK GSRXMRYSYW '*64 WXVERHW MR ER
EVIYWIHTVIHSQMREXIP]MRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJWERH[MGL[EPP SVXLSKSREP TEXXIVR ERH MQTVIKREXMRK XLIQ [MXL ER ITS\]
TERIPWHYIXSXLIMVGPSWIHGIPPQEXVM\8LMWGPSWIHGIPPQEXVM\ VIWMR XLEX MW GYVIH 9WIH MR WXVYGXYVEPP] GSQTSWMXI [EPP
SJXIRVIWYPXWMRERMRGVIEWIHVIWMWXERGIXSQSMWXYVIMRXVYWMSR TERIPGSRWXVYGXMSR'*64WLIEVXVYWWIWLEZIEPS[XLIVQEP
FYX WSQI GPSWIHGIPP FSEVH MRWYPEXMSRW GSRXEMR ZSMHW XLEX GSRHYGXMZMX]'*64TVSHYGXWWLSYPHQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
GEREFWSVFQSMWXYVIERHVIWYPXMRHMQMRMWLIHSZIVEPPXLIVQEP SJ%'-
GSRHYGXMZMX]
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
*MK{4VIGEWXMRKTPERXERHWXSVEKI]EVH
%REVIEJSVEWWIQFP]ERHJEFVMGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX GLIGOIHF]TPERXIRKMRIIVWXSHIXIVQMRILS[QER]TERIPW
*EGMPMXMIW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK TVIGEWX [EPP TERIPW MJ GERFIWXEGOIHMRSRITMPI[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIPWEXXLI
VIUYMVIH HYRREKIPSGEXMSRW
%TTVSTVMEXI TVSXIGXMSR HITIRHMRK SR GPMQEXI
JSV
GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXSTIVEXMSRW {1SPHW*SVQWERHGEWXMRKFIHW
Additional space for finishing and curing operations. +IRIVEP{;SSH GSRGVIXI WXIIP TPEWXMG TPEWXIV
%HIUYEXI]EVHWTEGIJSVGSRZIRMIRXERHTVSTIVWXSVEKI polyester resin reinforced with glass fibers, and combi
)UYMTQIRXGETEFPISJPMJXMRKERHLERHPMRKTERIPWSJXLI REXMSRW SJ XLIWI LEZIFIIR YWIH WYGGIWWJYPP]EW EQSPH SV
WM^IERH[IMKLXXSFIQERYJEGXYVIH JSVQ QEXIVMEP JSV TVIGEWX TERIPW 0SRK PMRI WXIIP FIHW EVI
*EFVMGEXMSR ERH WXSVEKI EVIEW{*EGMPMXMIW JSV GSQQSRJSVTVIWXVIWWIH WXVYGXYVEPTERIPW ERH[SSHQSPHW
FEXGLMRKERHQM\MRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL EVIGSQQSRJSVWQEPPIVPIWWVITIXMXMSYWEVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPW
%'-6[LMGLTVSZMHIWHIXEMPWSRFEXGLMRKSJEKKVI :EVMSYWTEXXIVRWQEHISJVYFFIVTVIWWIHQIXEPSVZEGYYQ
KEXIWGIQIRXEHQM\XYVIWERH[EXIV)UYMTQIRXWLSYPHFI JSVQIH +*64 GER FI GSQFMRIH [MXL FEWMG QEXIVMEPW JSV
EZEMPEFPI XS HIXIVQMRI XLI EQSYRX SJ JVII QSMWXYVI MR XLI WTIGMEP IJJIGXW *SV GSQTPMGEXIH HIXEMPW QSPHW SJ TPEWXIV
coarse and fine aggregates. Moisture compensation deter KIPEXMR SV WGYPTXYVIH WERH LEZI FIIR GSQFMRIH SV VIMR
QMRIH F] HIZMGIW YWMRK GSRHYGXMZMX] ZEVMIW [MXL EKKVI JSVGIH[MXL[SSHSVWXIIPHITIRHMRKSRXLIWM^ISJXLITERIP
KEXIHIRWMX] ERHMWRSX VIGSQQIRHIH*EGMPMXMIWWLSYPHFI XSFIGEWX)\EQTPISJQSPHWERHETERIPWXVMTTIHJVSQMXW
TVSXIGXIHERHQSRMXSVIHXSTVIZIRXJVS^IREKKVIKEXIWJVSQ QSPHEVIWLS[RMR*MKE
ERHF
FIMRKMRXVSHYGIHMRXSXLIGSRGVIXI1M\MRKIUYMTQIRXWLSYPH 8LITERIPTVSHYGIVX]TMGEPP]WIPIGXWXLIETTVSTVMEXIQSPH
FIEHIUYEXIJSVXLIWM^ISJXLISTIVEXMSRERHGETEFPISJXLSV FEWIH SR TVMGI QEMRXIRERGI QIXLSH SJ GSRWSPMHEXMSR
SYKLP] ERH YRMJSVQP] QM\MRK GSRGVIXI GSRWXMXYIRXW 4ERIP reuse, panel details, possible salvage, and desired finish and
JEFVMGEXMSR EVIEW WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX VEMR [MRH XI\XYVISJXLITVSHYGX;LIVIXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXVIUYMVIW
HYWXHMVIGXWYRPMKLXERHLEZIGSRXVSPPEFPILIEXXSTVIZIRX a special mold or finish or a particular mold material, these
GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVIW JVSQ HVSTTMRK FIPS[ * '
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GPIEVP] WIX JSVXL MR XLI GSRXVEGX
4ERIPWXSVEKIEVIEWWLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVIEW]EGGIWWERHVIEH] HSGYQIRXW
LERHPMRKSJWXSVIHYRMXW*MK
7XSVEKIWYVJEGIWWLSYPH (MQIRWMSREP WXEFMPMX] ERH MRXIKVMX]{%PP QSPHW
FIGPIERLEVHPIZIPERH[IPPHVEMRIHXSTIVQMX[IPPSVKE VIKEVHPIWW SJ QEXIVMEP WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI WLETI PMRIW
RM^IH WXSVEKI ERH QMRMQM^I SV TVIZIRX [EVTMRK FS[MRK ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW XS FI TVSHYGIH
GLMTTMRK GVEGOMRK HMWGSPSVEXMSR WXEMRMRK SV WSMPMRK SJ They should be sufficiently rigid to meet the casting toler
XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW -RWYPEXIH WERH[MGL TERIPW WLSYPH FI ERGIWVIGSQQIRHIHMR'LETXIV)\EQTPIWSJMXIQWXSFI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
*MKE {1SPHJSVGEWXMRKTVIGEWXTERIP
*MKF {4ERIPWXVMTTIHJVSQQSPH
EHHVIWWIH HYVMRK XLI HIWMKR SJ XLI QSPHW MRGPYHI XVMTTMRK GEWXTERIPWSJWIZIVEPHMJJIVIRXHIWMKRWF]TVIIRKMRIIVMRKE
STIVEXMSRW ERH HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW GEYWIH [LIR WIPJ RYQFIVSJQSPHEHNYWXQIRXW*MK
WXVIWWMRK JSVQW EVI YWIH 7IPJWXVIWWMRK JSVQW HS RSX YWI 7XIIPGEWXMRKFIHWERHWXIIPQSPHW{0SRKPMRIWXIIP
EFYXQIRXWXSVIWMWXWXVIWWIWHIZIPSTIH[LIRXLIWXVERHWEVI GEWXMRKFIHWEVIGSQQSRP]YWIHMRTVIGEWXTPERXWXSTVSHYGI
XIRWMSRIH
PEVKIUYERXMXMIWSJTERIPW6IZIEPWXVMTWSVJSVQPMRIVWGER
*SVQSPHWPSRKIVXLERJXQ
EPPS[ERGIJSVWLVMROEKI EPWS FI TPEGIH SR XLI GEWXMRK FIHW XS EHH EVGLMXIGXYVEP
ERHXLIVQEPI\TERWMSRSVGSRXVEGXMSRWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH JIEXYVIW1SWXWXVYGXYVEPERHMRWYPEXIHWERH[MGL[EPPTERIPW
MRXLIHIWMKRSJXLIQEWXIVTEXXIVRXLIQSPHSVFSXL1EWXIV EVITVSHYGIHSRWXIIPGEWXMRKFIHW8LITVIWXVIWWIHERGLSV
QSPHW HIXEMPIH MR 120
EVI WSQIXMQIW YWIH XS EKIWWXVIWWMRKFYPOLIEHW
EXFSXLIRHWSJXLIFIHWEVIX]TM
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
XLIJSVQXLIWIPJWXVIWWMRKJSVQWLSYPHFIWXVSRKIRSYKLXS
VIWMWXXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGI[MXLSYXFYGOPMRKSV[VMROPMRK
'SRGVIXIQSPHW{'SRGVIXIGERFIJSVQIHMRXSQER]
WLETIWLEWI\GIPPIRXVMKMHMX]ERHHMQIRWMSREPWXEFMPMX]ERH
GERFIVIYWIHWIZIVEPXMQIW'SRGVIXIQSPHWEVIQERYJEG
XYVIH F] GEWXMRK SZIV E QEWXIV QSHIP JEFVMGEXIH XS ZIV]
GPSWIXSPIVERGIW8LMWQEWXIVQSHIPQE]FIYWIHXSTVSHYGI
EWIVMIWSJMHIRXMGEPQSPHW*VIUYIRXP]GSRGVIXIQSPHWEVI
XVIEXIH [MXL TSP]YVIXLERI SV ITS\] XS VIHYGI QSPH VITEMV
ERHMQTVSZIVIPIEWIGETEFMPMX]8LIWIVIWMRWERHSXLIVGSEX
MRKWVIRHIVXLIGSRGVIXIQSPHRSREFWSVFIRXERHTVSHYGIE
more uniform finish on the precast product. Concrete molds
QE]FIEHETXIHXSFIGSQIEWIPJWXVIWWMRKJSVQJSVYWIMR
TVIWXVIWWMRK E GSRGVIXI TERIP ;LIR GSRGVIXI QSPHW EVI
YWIH EHIUYEXIHVEJX WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH SR EPP WYVJEGIW MR
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJWXVMTTMRKSVVIQSZEPWSXLEXXLITVSHYGXQE]
FIIEWMP]PMJXIH[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIPSVXLIQSPH
;SSH QSPHW{;SSH QSPHW GER FI WMQTPI [LIR
relatively small, flat panels are being produced, or they can
FIIPEFSVEXIGSQTPMGEXIHQSPHWSJYRYWYEPWLETIWERHPEVKI
HMQIRWMSRW;SSHQSPHWWLSYPHFIXVIEXIHXSTVIZIRXI\GIW
sive absorption, maintain uniformity of panel finish, and
WXEFMPM^IJSVQHMQIRWMSRW
4IVMSHMGVIRSZEXMSRSJ[SSHIRQSPHWMWRIGIWWEV]'EVI
WLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHXSIRWYVIXLEXQYPXMTPIYWIWHSRSXGEYWI
XLI QSPH XS W[IPP SV FYPKI 1SPH HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH FI
GLIGOIHEJXIVIEGLYWI;SSHQSPHWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMJ
WXIEQGYVMRK[MPPSGGYVFIJSVIWXVMTTMRKGSRGVIXIJVSQXLI
QSPH,MKLUYEPMX]GVEJXWQERWLMTERHNSMRIV]EVIRIGIWWEV]
*MK{1EWXIVQSPHJSVPEVKITVIGEWXTERIPW XSEGLMIZINSMRXWXLEXEVISJEGGITXEFPIETTIEVERGI4ERIPM^E
XMSRWLSYPHFITVITPERRIHERHWYFNIGXXSIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
ETTVSZEP
GEPP] HIWMKRIH XS FI ERGLSVIH MRXS XLI KVSYRH ERH HS RSX +*64 QSPHW{+*64 TVSHYGIH JVSQ TSP]IWXIV SV
XVERWQMX ER] PSEH MRXS XLI FIH 7XIIP ERKPI WMHI JSVQW EVI ITS\]VIWMRWEVI[MHIP]YWIHFIGEYWIXLI]EVIIEWMP]QSPHIH
WIGYVIHXSXLIGEWXMRKFIHF]WTSX[IPHMRKSVQEKRIXW8LI MRXSGSQTPI\WLETIWERHGERMQTEVXEZEVMIX]SJTEXXIVRWXS
IRHWSJIEGLTERIPSRXLIGEWXMRKFIHEVIWITEVEXIHF]WXIIP the finished product. Properly designed GFRP molds have
SV[SSHIRFYPOLIEHW&YPOLIEHWWLSYPHLEZILSPIWXSEPPS[ I\GIPPIRX TIVJSVQERGI ERH VIYWI I\TIGXERG] 8LI QSPH
XLITVIWXVIWWWXVERHWXSTEWWXLVSYKLERHEVIYWYEPP]WXVMTTIH WYVJEGIQE]FIVITEMVIHEWRIIHIH
JVSQXLIGEWXMRKFIHEPSRK[MXLXLITERIP +*64 QSPHW LEZI E PS[ QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] ERH EVI
7XIIPQSPHWEVISJXIRWIPIGXIHJSVTVIGEWXQIQFIVW[LIR somewhat flexible, even though they have excellent tensile
RYQIVSYWEWWIQFPMIWERHHMWEWWIQFPMIWSJXLIQSPH[MPPFI WXVIRKXL -J XLI QSPH MW IRXMVIP] +*64 MX WLSYPH FI [IPP
VIUYMVIH 4VSTIVP] HIWMKRIH WXIIP QSPHW LEZI XLI KVIEXIWX supported along edges and flat areas. This may be accom
TSXIRXMEP JSV VIYWI XLI] RIIH FI HMWGEVHIH SRP] [LIR TPMWLIHF]VIMRJSVGMRKMX[MXLPYQFIVWXIIPWLETIWSVSXLIV
HEQEKIH SV [LIR XLI] WLS[ WYVJEGI MQTIVJIGXMSRW JVSQ QEXIVMEPWEWERMRXIKVEPTEVXSJQSPHGSRWXVYGXMSR8LMWQSPH
HVMPPMRKJSVGLERKIWSVJVSQEPXIVEXMSR7XIIPQSPHWWLSYPH X]TI MW JVIUYIRXP] HIWMKREXIH E QSPH PMRIV ERH VIUYMVIW E
FI[IPPFVEGIHERHI\EQMRIHJSVFYPKMRKSVFYGOPMRKHYVMRK QSXLIVQSPHXSTVSZMHIEHIUYEXIWYTTSVX
WXSVEKISVXVERWTSVXEXMSR(MQTPMRKX[MWXMRKSVFIRHMRKGER The high-gloss finish imparted to a precast panel by some
SGGYVMJXLIJSVQWYVJEGIMWRSXTVSTIVP]WXEGOIHJSVWXSVEKI QSPH WYVJEGIW ERH QSPH PMRIVW KIRIVEPP] +*64
QE] FI
;LIRWXIIPTPEXIWEVIYWIHJSVXLIQSPHFEWIYWIEWMRKPI HIWMVEFPI JSV MRHSSV HIGSVEXMSR ;LIR YWIH JSV I\XIVMSV
TMIGIXLEXLEWFIIRWXVIXGLIVPIZIPIHMRXLIWXIIPTPERX.SMRMRK work, weathering may cause the glossy finish to disappear
two or more steel plates by welding to form a flat surface is MRERSRYRMJSVQQERRIV'VE^MRKERHSXLIVQMRSVWYVJEGI
difficult due to distortion from the heat of the welding opera MQTIVJIGXMSRWQE]FIQSVIETTEVIRX[LIRGSRGVIXIMWGEWX
XMSR-JNSMRMRKMWVIUYMVIH[IPHWWLSYPHFIKVSYRHWQSSXL onto a GFRP mold. Avoid high-gloss finishes on exterior
ERHGSEXIH[MXL ERITS\]SV WMQMPEV QEXIVMEP XSLMHINSMRX [SVOYRPIWWXLITERIPTVSHYGIVGERWLS[WYGGIWWJYPMRWXEP
MQTIVJIGXMSRW%XIWXWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIGEWXEXXLI[IPHNSMRX lations of this finish in a similar climate.
XSHIXIVQMRIXLEXXLINSMRIHEVIEGERTVSHYGIEREGGITXEFPI *SVQPMRIVW{8I\XYVIWVERKMRKJVSQQYXIHI\TVIW
finished product. It is best to minimize casting over a welded WMSRXSFSPHVIPMIJEVISFXEMRIH[MXLHMJJIVIRXX]TIWSJJSVQ
JSVQSVFIHNSMRX-JETVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIMWXSFIETTPMIHXS PMRIVW*MK
(VEJXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHJSVEPPPMRIVW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIWYWMRKREXYVEPWERHERHKVEZIPEKKVIKEXIW GLEVKIH MRXS XLI QM\IV EX GSRWMWXIRX XMQIW HYVMRK XLI
VIUYMVI PIWW [EXIV JSV [SVOEFMPMX] XLER GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW QM\MRKWIUYIRGI
YWMRKGVYWLIHWERHERHGVYWLIHGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI8LIWLETI 4MKQIRXW WLSYPH FI TVIQIEWYVIH ERH FEXGLIH
ERHWM^ISJXLIEKKVIKEXIEJJIGX[EXIVHIQERH[LMGLMRXYVR MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TMKQIRX QERYJEGXYVIVWv
EJJIGXXLI[G VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
4VSTSVXMSRMRK{'SRGVIXI QM\XYVIW WLSYPH FI ;LIVI QM\XYVIW SJ ]H Q
SV PIWW EVI YWIH
TVSTSVXMSRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %'- ERH %'- aggregates may be placed into the mixer first and then
211.2-98 to produce a specified compressive strength of XLIGIQIRXERH[EXIVMRXVSHYGIHXSKIXLIV
EX PIEWX TWM 14E
QIEWYVIH EX HE]W SR IMXLIV 1M\MRK XMQI{%JXIV EPP QEXIVMEPW LEZI IRXIVIH
\MR\QQ
HMEQIXIVG]PMRHIVWSV\MR XLIQM\IVXLI]WLSYPHFIQM\IHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXISVEW
\QQ
HMEQIXIVG]PMRHIVW7SQIHIGSVEXMZIEKKVI VIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQM\IVQERYJEGXYVIVYRXMPEPPMRKVIHM
KEXIW LEZI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLEX HS RSX TIVQMX EXXEMRQIRX SJ IRXWEVIXLSVSYKLP]HMWXVMFYXIHERHXLIQM\XYVIMWLSQSKI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL 'EYXMSRMWEHZMWIHMRWIPIGXMRKWYGL RISYW %PP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI HMWGLEVKIH [LMPI XLI QM\IV
EKKVIKEXIW HVYQ SV FPEHIW EVI VSXEXMRK 6IUYMVIH QM\MRK XMQI ZEVMIW
8LISFNIGXMZI SJTVSTSVXMSRMRKMWXS EGLMIZI EGSQFMRE [MXL GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI ERH QM\IV %
XMSRSJQEXIVMEPWXLEXTVSZMHIWXLIVIUYMVIHTIVJSVQERGIERH XMQIV WLSYPH FI YWIH XS IRWYVI XLI WEQI QM\MRK XMQI JSV
UYEPMXMIWSJXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIWEXE MHIRXMGEPWM^I FEXGLIW 4ERX]TI QM\IVW HIWMKRIH JSV LSVM
QMRMQYQ WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS EGLMIZI XLI HIWMVIH ^SRXEPGSYRXIVGYVVIRXJSVGIHQM\MRKEVIFIXXIVJSVZIV]PS[
TIVJSVQERGI[MXLVIWTIGXXSWXVIRKXLEFWSVTXMSRERHVIWMW WPYQTGSRGVIXIXSMR?XSQQA
XERGIXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKEWETTVSTVMEXIXSXLIMRXIRHIH 'SPH [IEXLIV{;LIR LIEXIH [EXIV SV EKKVI
IRZMVSRQIRX KEXIWEVIYWIHXS[EVQXLIQM\XYVIERHWEXMWJ]GSPH[IEXLIV
*SVRSVQEP[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWXLIVEXMS VIUYMVIQIRXW XLI EHHMXMSR SJ GIQIRX WLSYPH FI HIPE]IH
by volume of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate usually is on YRXMPEJXIVXLIEKKVIKEXIWERH[EXIVLEZIIRXIVIHXLIQM\IV
XLISVHIVSJJSVJEGMRKQM\XYVIW7XERHEVHQM\XYVIWEVI ERHLEZIFIIRXLSVSYKLP]QM\IHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXI8LMW
YWYEPP]MRXLIVERKISJXS*SVPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXI allows the water or aggregates to cool sufficiently to avoid
GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW ZSPYQI VEXMS ZEVMIW HITIRHMRK SR XLI flash set when the cement is placed in the mixer.
X]TISJPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIYWIH8LIEKKVIKEXITVSHYGIV ,SX [IEXLIV{-J XLI EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV EVI
should be consulted about specific material characteristics *'
SVLMKLIV[LIRGSQFMRIHQM\XYVIGSRWXMXY
and recommended mixture designs. A lower ratio of fine ents should be cooled before mixing to avoid flash set, cold
XS GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI VIWYPXW MR E QSVI YRMJSVQP] XI\XYVIH NSMRXWSVWPYQTPSWW*PEOIMGISVGVYWLIHMGIXLEX[MPPQIPX
finish caused by a maximum concentration of coarse aggre GSQTPIXIP]HYVMRKQM\MRKWLSYPHFIWYFWXMXYXIHJSVEPPSVTEVX
KEXIMRXLIJEGMRKQM\XYVI%PPQM\XYVIWJSVTERIPWI\TSWIH SJXLIQM\MRK[EXIV8STVSZMHITVSHYGXWSJYRMJSVQGSPSVMX
XS JVII^MRK ERH XLE[MRK WLSYPH MRGPYHI IRXVEMRIH EMV JSV MWMQTSVXERXXSGSRXVSPGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIFIX[IIRERH
MRGVIEWIHHYVEFMPMX] *ERH'
XLVSYKLSYXEPPWIEWSRW
*EGMRK ERH FEGOYT QM\XYVIW{(MJJIVMRK EKKVI 0MKLX[IMKLX GSRGVIXI{1SWX PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVI
KEXI KVEHMRK ERH QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSR HIWMKRW JSV JEGMRK KEXIWWLSYPHFITVI[IXXIHFIJSVIMRXVSHYGXMSRXSXLIQM\IV
QM\XYVIGSRGVIXIWQEOIMXMQTSWWMFPIXSVIGSQQIRHEKMZIR 8LMWIPMQMREXIWPSWWMR[SVOEFMPMX]HYIXSVETMHEFWSVTXMSRSJ
TIVGIRXEKISJEMVJSVXLIWIQM\XYVIW'SRWYPX120 QM\MRK[EXIV0MKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIERHWERHMJYWIHERH
JSVEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR QSWXSJXLI[EXIVEVIRSVQEPP]QM\IHXLSVSYKLP]FIJSVIXLI
7XERHEVHQM\XYVIWQE]FIYWIHEWFEGOYTQM\XYVIWMJXLI GIQIRXERHVIQEMRMRK[EXIVEVIEHHIH
TL]WMGEP GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW EVI WMQMPEV XS XLI JEGMRK GSRGVIXI %VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI{%VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI
;LIVIETVIGEWXYRMXGSRWMWXWSJEJEGIERHFEGOYTQM\XYVIXLI VIUYMVIWYRMJSVQQM\MRKTVEGXMGIW1M\IVWWLSYPHFIGPIERIH
mixtures should have similar shrinkage, thermal coefficients EJXIVIEGLTIVMSHSJJEFVMGEXMSR&PEHIWSVPMRIVWWLSYPHFI
SJI\TERWMSRERHQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XSEZSMHYRHYIFS[MRK EHNYWXIH SV VITPEGIH TIV QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHE
SV[EVTMRK'SRWIUYIRXP]XLIWIQM\XYVIWWLSYPHLEZIWMQMPEV tions to ensure sufficient mixing. When facing mixtures of
[EXIVGIQIRX ERH EKKVIKEXIGIQIRX VEXMSW 'SQFMRMRK E TMKQIRXIHGSRGVIXI [MXLFYJJSV[LMXI GIQIRX EVIYWIH MR
RSVQEP[IMKLXJEGIQM\XYVIERHEFEGOYTGSRGVIXI[MXLPMKLX GSRNYRGXMSR [MXL KVE] GIQIRX FEGOYT GSRGVIXI WITEVEXI
[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIWQE]MRGVIEWIFS[MRKSV[EVTMRK QM\IVW ERH LERHPMRK EVVERKIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH %PXIVRE
1M\MRK{1M\MRK TVSGIHYVIW YWIH MR XLI QERYJEG XMZIP] [LIR WITEVEXI QM\IVW EVI RSX EZEMPEFPI IUYMTQIRX
XYVISJTVIGEWX[EPPTERIPWZEV]HYIXSXLIZEVMIX]SJIUYMT should be flushed several times and completely cleaned to
QIRXERHQIXLSHWSJTERIPJEFVMGEXMSR8SQEMRXEMRFEXGL VIQSZI EPP GSRGVIXI VIWMHYI FIJSVI FIMRK YWIH JSV QM\MRK
XSFEXGLYRMJSVQMX]QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]WIUYIRGIH [LIVIWTIGMEPX]GIQIRXWSVTMKQIRXWEVIVIUYMVIH
ERHFPIRHIHHYVMRKQM\IVGLEVKMRK+SSHQM\MRKTVEGXMGIW
MRGPYHIXLIJSPPS[MRK {6IMRJSVGIQIRXERH[]XLIGSRRIGXSVW
1M\IVWLSYPHFISTIVEXMRK[LMPIEPPQEXIVMEPWEVIFIMRK 4VIWXVIWWMRK
GLEVKIH +IRIVEP{7XVYGXYVEPERHMRWYPEXIHWERH[MGL[EPP
%HQM\XYVIWWLSYPHIRXIVXLIQM\IVMREGGSVHERGI[MXL TERIPW EVI X]TMGEPP] TVIWXVIWWIH JSV LERHPMRK [MRH PSEHW
XLIEHQM\XYVIQERYJEGXYVIVWvVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERHFI IGGIRXVMGE\MEPPSEHWJSVPSEHFIEVMRKTERIPW
ERHPEVKIHSGO
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
HSSVSTIRMRKWERHXSGSYRXIVEGXXLIVQEPFS[MRK%VGLMXIG QERRIVXSOIITJSVGIWW]QQIXVMGEPEFSYXXLITERIPZIVXMGEP
XYVEP TERIPW EVI WSQIXMQIW TVIXIRWMSRIH SV TSWXXIRWMSRIH ERHLSVM^SRXEPE\IW
XS EZSMH GVEGOW GSRXVSP [EVTMRK ERH FS[MRK SV VIMRJSVGI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX GEKI EWWIQFPMIW{*SV MRJSVQEXMSR
TEVXMGYPEVP]PEVKIYRMXW*MVQERGLSVEKISJXLITVIWXVIWWMRK SR HIXEMPMRKERH TPEGMRK VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW ERH [IPHIH[MVI
WXIIPMRETVIWXVIWWMRKFIHSVMRWYMXEFP]HIWMKRIHMRHMZMHYEP VIMRJSVGMRKVIJIVXS%'-%'-XLI 1ERYEP
QSPHWMWRIGIWWEV];LIRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIMWVIPIEWIH SJ7XERHEVH4VEGXMGI'67-
ERH4PEGMRK6IMRJSVGMRK
concrete compressive strength should be sufficient to meet &EVW '67-
4VIGEWX [EPP TERIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
HIWMKR ERH LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIP -R YWYEPP] TVIEWWIQFPIH MRXS VMKMH GEKIW YWMRK E XIQTPEXI SV
XLIGEWISJTVIWXVIWWIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPTERIPWWTIGMEPEXXIRXMSR NMKFIJSVIXLIWXIIPMWTPEGIHMRXLIJSVQ'EKIEWWIQFPMIW
WLSYPHFITEMHXSXLIXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWJSVGIXSXLITERIP WLSYPH FI GSRWXVYGXIH XS GPSWI XSPIVERGIW ERH XLI ZEVMSYW
TEVXMGYPEVP]MJMXMWELIEZMP]WGYPTXYVIHTVIGEWXTERIPSVXLI TMIGIW WLSYPH FI VMKMHP] GSRRIGXIH F] X]MRK SV [IPHMRK
TERIPLEWQER]STIRMRKW ;LIRGEKIWEVIXMIHWSJXWXEMRPIWWWXIIPSVKEPZERM^IH[MVI
%GGYVEXI WXVERH PSGEXMSR MW MQTSVXERX XS EZSMH MRHYGMRK SJ EX PIEWX KEYKI QQ
MW TVIJIVVIH 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
TIVQERIRX FS[MRK SV [EVTMRK 7XVERH IRHW WLSYPH FI GEKIW WLSYPH FI WIGYVIP] WYWTIRHIH JVSQ XLI FEGO SJ XLI
recessed and backfilled with epoxy special grout, or other QSPHWERH LIPHGPIEV SJER] I\TSWIHWYVJEGI8LIWYWTIR
[MWIGEVIJYPP]TVSXIGXIHXSEZSMHGSVVSWMSR sion system should firmly hold the assembly in its proper
7XVERHW EVI RSVQEPP] XIRWMSRIH MR X[S MRGVIQIRXW 8LI TSWMXMSRHYVMRKGSRGVIXITPEGMRKERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR4IVQE
first increment applies sufficient load to the strands to RIRXWTEGIVWSVGLEMVWWYTTSVXIHSRXLIJSVQSJERI\TSWIH
WXVEMKLXIRXLIQIPMQMREXIWPEGOERHTVSZMHIEWXEVXMRKTSMRX GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI QE] QEV XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI TVIGEWX
JSVQIEWYVMRKIPSRKEXMSR8LIWIGSRHWXVERHWXVIWWMRKMRGVI TERIP-JTSWWMFPIEZSMHYWMRKGLEMVW-JYWIHWTEGIVWWLSYPH
ment is then applied until the strands reach final stress and FISJEX]TIERHQEXIVMEPXLEX[MPPRSXGEYWIWTEPPMRKSJXLI
IPSRKEXMSR +EYKI VIEHMRKW ERH IPSRKEXMSR QIEWYVIQIRXW GSRGVIXIVYWXQEVOWSVSXLIVHIPIXIVMSYWIJJIGXW
WLSYPHFIXEOIRERHVIGSVHIHJSVIEGLWXVERHFIMRKWXVIWWIH ;LIR GSRGVIXI MW TPEGIH EPP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXVERHVSHSV[MVIWWLSYPHRIZIVFI[IPHIH JVII SJ KVIEWI SMP [E\ HMVX TEMRX PSSWI VYWX QMPP WGEPI
8LILMKLXIQTIVEXYVIQE]TVSHYGIGV]WXEPPM^EXMSRERHGEYWI SVSXLIVGSRXEQMRERXWXLEXQE]VIHYGIFSRHFIX[IIRWXIIP
XLIWXIIPXSPSWIEGSRWMHIVEFPIEQSYRXSJWXVIRKXLERHJEMP ERHGSRGVIXISVWXEMRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
[LIRYRHIVXIRWMSR WLSYPHRSXFIFIRXEJXIVFIMRKIQFIHHIHMRJVIWLGSRGVIXI
7XVMRKMRK XLI WXVERHW{7XVERHW EVI RSVQEPP] ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX{8EGO[IPHMRKMWSRP]
WYTTPMIHMR VIIPPIWW TEGOW[LIVI XLI WXVERHW GER FITYPPIH VIGSQQIRHIH JSV MRGVIEWIH VMKMHMX] ERH WLSYPH RSX FI
JVSQXLIWTSSPGIRXIV8LI]WLSYPHFITPEGIHMRXLIJSVQMRE MRHMWGVMQMREXIP]YWIH;LIREFWSPYXIP]RIGIWWEV][IPHMRK
[E]XLEXEZSMHWIRXERKPIQIRXHYVMRKXLIWXVIWWMRKSTIVEXMSR should be done by certified welders with written approval of
7XVERHWJSVTVIXIRWMSRIHTVSHYGXWWLSYPHFIJVIISJHMVXSMP XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXERHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRW
KVIEWISVER]JSVIMKR WYFWXERGIXLEXGER EJJIGXXLIMVFSRH SJXLI%QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]%;7(
XSGSRGVIXI7XVERHGLYGOWWLSYPHFIGPIER[IPPPYFVMGEXIH -JITS\]GSEXIHFEVWEVIXSFI[IPHIHXLIGSEXMRKWLSYPH
GVEGOJVII ERH GETEFPI SJ ERGLSVMRK XLI PSEHW MRHYGIH F] FI VIQSZIH F] EGMH IXGLMRK ERH VMRWMRK XLI FEV MR GPIEV
XLIWXVERH[MXLSYXEPPS[MRKI\GIWWMZIWPMTTEKI [EXIVSVF]QIGLERMGEPQIERWWYGLEW[MVIFVYWLMRKEFVE
.EGOMRK{,]HVEYPMG NEGOW [MXL KEYKMRK W]WXIQW WMZIFPEWXMRKSVKVMRHMRK%PPWYVJEGIWXSFI[IPHIHWLSYPH
EVI RSVQEPP] YWIH XS XIRWMSR WXVERHW ,]HVEYPMG KEYKIW FIFVMKLXERHGPIER8LIGPIEREVIEWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXMR
WLSYPH FI EGGYVEXI XS [MXLMR TIVGIRX SJ XLI QE\MQYQ QQ
PEVKIVXLERXLEX[LMGLMWXSFI[IPHIHSREPPWMHIWSJ
ETTPMIH TVIWWYVI 7XVERH JSVGI WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI[IPH%JXIV[IPHMRKXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITEMRXIH
SFWIVZMRKNEGO KEYKI TVIWWYVIERH QIEWYVMRK WXVERH IPSR [MXLITS\]GSEXMRKXSQEXGLSVMKMREPGSEXMRK
KEXMSR 8LI X[S GSRXVSP QIEWYVIQIRXW WLSYPH EKVII [MXL ;IPHMRKKEPZERM^IHVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIWEWTIGMEPX]TI
XLIMVGSQTYXIH XLISVIXMGEP ZEPYIW [MXLMR E XSPIVERGI SJ SJ [IPHMRK VSH ;IPHMRK VIQSZIW XLI ^MRG GSEXMRK MR XLI
TIVGIRX%HHMXMSREPP]XLIWIX[SZEPYIWWLSYPHEPKIFVEMGEPP] [IPHEVIE&IGEYWI^MRGJYQIWEVIXS\MGEHIUYEXIZIRXMPE
FI[MXLMRTIVGIRXSJIEGLSXLIV-JWXVERHVIEHMRKWEVIRSX XMSRQYWXFITVSZMHIHXSVIQSZIJYQIW
[MXLMRXLMWVERKIXIRWMSRMRKWLSYPHFIWXSTTIHERHGSVVIG 7QEPP XEGO [IPHW TVSZMHI WYFWXERXMEP WXEFMPMX] XS VIMR
XMZI QIEWYVIW XEOIR 8]TMGEPP] IPSRKEXMSR WXEVXMRK TSMRXW JSVGMRKFEVGEKIWFYXEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVEXXEGLQIRXXS
EVIQEVOIHEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPPFJSVGIO2
MWETTPMIH QEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXFIGEYWIWXIIPGV]WXEPPM^EXMSRIQFVMXXPI
XSXLIWXVERHXSVIQSZIER]WPEGO QIRXSVQIXEPPYVKMGEPRSXGL
GERSGGYV8EGO[IPHWXLEXHS
7XVERH HIXIRWMSRMRK{(IXIRWMSRMRK WLSYPH RSX RSXFIGSQIETEVXSJTIVQERIRX[IPHWSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
begin until concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist EVITVSLMFMXIHF]%;7(YRPIWWETTVSZIHF]XLI
GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIWMRHYGIHF]XLIWXVERHERHXLIWXVERHLEW IRKMRIIV ,S[IZIV XEGO [IPHMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX PSGE
FSRHIHXSXLIGSRGVIXIMRTVIXIRWMSRIHGSRWXVYGXMSR7XVERH XMSRW[LIVIFEVWHSRSXLEZIEWXVYGXYVEPJYRGXMSRWLSYPHFI
XVERWJIVMWRSVQEPP]YRHIVXEOIR[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIMWEXPIEWX EPPS[IH*SVI\EQTPI[IPHMRKXLISYXWMHIFEVIRH[MXLMR
TWM14E
FYXZEVMIW[MXLHIWMKR)EGLWXVERHWLSYPH FEVHMEQIXIVWJVSQXLIJVIIIRHSJXLIFEVQE]EMHMRJEFVMGE
FIGYXWMQYPXERISYWP]ERHWPS[P]EXIEGLIRHSJXLITERIP XMSRSJVIMRJSVGMRKGEKIW
SVTVIWXVIWWMRKFIH(IXIRWMSRMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHMRE 6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW WLSYPH RSX FI [IPHIH [MXLMR X[S FEV
HMEQIXIVWSVEQMRMQYQSJXSMRXSQQ
JVSQE
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
RSVQEP[IMKLXGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIXIRHWXS ,SRMRKERHTSPMWLMRK
settle to the bottom and fines rise to the top. With lightweight 7ERHSVSXLIVEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRK
EKKVIKEXIWXLISTTSWMXISGGYVW Refer to PCI MNL-122-07 for additional finishes and
*EGMRKGSRGVIXI{*EGMRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGEVI further discussion of finish treatments. Regardless of the
JYPP]TPEGIHERH[SVOIHMRXSEPP TEVXWSJXLIJSVQ 8LMWMW type of finishing method, factors such as type and brand of
TEVXMGYPEVP] MQTSVXERX MR I\XIVREP ERH MRXIVREP GSVRIVW JSV TSVXPERHGIQIRXEKKVIKEXIWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLWEXXMQI
XVYIERHWLEVTGEWXMRKPMRIW)EGLFEXGLSJGSRGVIXIWLSYPH of final architectural finishing), and curing techniques used
be placed as close as possible to its final position. The entire all affect final appearance. When finishes remove part of the
QEWWWLSYPHFIGSRWSPMHEXIHF]ZMFVEXMSR[MXLEWPMXXPIPEXIVEP GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI XLI VIWYPXMRK TERIPWLSYPHLEZI EHIUYEXI
QSZIQIRXEWTSWWMFPI*EGIQM\XYVIXLMGORIWWEJXIVGSRWSPMHE GSZIV SZIV XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS TVIZIRX GSVVSWMSR ERH
XMSRWLSYPHFIEXPIEWXMRQQ
SVXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQ WXEMRMRK
WM^ISJEKKVIKEXI[LMGLIZIVMWXLMGOIV*EGMRKGSRGVIXIWLSYPH All finishing methods for a project should be studied
be sufficiently thick to prevent any backup concrete from FIJSVI IRXIVMRK JYPP JEFVMGEXMSR 8LI TVIGEWX QERYJEGXYVIV
FPIIHMRKXLVSYKLERHWLS[MRKSRXLII\TSWIHJEGI WLSYPH HIZIPST UYEPMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EPP EVGLMXIGXYVEP
-R HIIT VIXYVRW I\GIWWMZI EMV TSGOIXW EVI SJXIR GVIEXIH finishes before undertaking fabrication of such finishes. The
SR XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI 8LIWI GER KIRIVEPP] FI IPMQMREXIH finishing process should produce an acceptable uniform
F] VSHHMRK XLI GSRGVIXI EX XLI VIXYVR WYVJEGI [MXL E XLMR ETTIEVERGI [MXLSYX PSWW SJ VIUYMVIH GSRGVIXI UYEPMXMIW
flat, spade-like tool after internally vibrating the concrete. When two or more different mixtures or finishes are on the
7IUYIRXMEPGEWXMRKHMWGYWWIHMR7IGXMSRMWEXIGLRMUYI WEQITERIPEHIQEVGEXMSRVIZIEP
JIEXYVIMWRIGIWWEV]
XLEXQMRMQM^IWEMVTSGOIXJSVQEXMSRSRXLIJSVQIHWYVJEGI 4ERIPW[MXLPEVKISVWXIITVIXYVRWWYGLEWGLERRIPGSPYQR
GSZIVWERHWSQIWTERHVIPW
QE]FIGEWXMRWITEVEXITMIGIWXS
achieve matching high-quality finishes on all exposed faces
+IRIVEP QIXLSHW{9WYEPP] [LIR E TVIGEWX TERIP ERH QMRMQM^I EMV TSGOIXW ;LIR XLIWI TERIPW EVI NSMRIH
TVSNIGX VIEGLIW XLI JEFVMGEXMSR WXEKI GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI XLI] EVI NSMRIH [MXL HV] NSMRXW EW MPPYWXVEXIH MR *MK
ETTVSZEP[MPPLEZIFIIR WIX 'SPSVERH XI\XYVIETTVSZEPMW 8LMWGEWXMRKQIXLSHIREFPIWEPPTERIPWXSFIGEWXJEGIHS[R
KIRIVEPP] EGGSQTPMWLIH F] WYFQMXXMRK E WQEPP WEQTPI SV [MXL XLI WEQI EKKVIKEXI SVMIRXEXMSR ERH GSRGVIXI HIRWMX]
MRWSQIGEWIWEJYPPWM^IYRMXJSVETTVSZEPF]XLIIRKMRIIV YWMRK GSRZIRXMSREP TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI JSVQMRK QIXLSHW
EVGLMXIGX*SVWXVYGXYVEPTERIPWGSPSVMWSJXIRRSXEVIUYMVI &EGO JSVQMRK MW XLIR RSX VIUYMVIH ERH E GSQFMREXMSR SJ
ment if project specifications call for the panel surface to be JEGI QM\XYVI ERH FEGOYT QM\XYVI GER FI YWIH VEXLIV XLER
TEMRXIHSVWXEMRIH TIVGIRXJEGIQM\XYVI;LIRXLMWJEFVMGEXMSRQIXLSHMW
Surface finishes can be achieved in many ways, depending MRHMGEXIHEXXIRXMSRWLSYPHFITEMHXSWYMXEFPIGSVRIVHIXEMPW
SR XLI HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX 7SQI WYVJEGI XVIEX ERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIHV]NSMRXW%PXLSYKLXLIHV]NSMRX
ments or finishes are executed when the concrete is plastic, QE]RSXWLS[[MXLGIVXEMRQM\XYVIWERHXI\XYVIWEKVSSZI
[LIVIEWSXLIVWEVITIVJSVQIH[LIRXLIGSRGVIXILEWLEVH [MPP LIPT QEWO XLI NSMRX ;LIVI HIWMVIH XLMW NSMRX GER FI
IRIH *MRMWLIW SR JVIWL GSRGVIXI KIRIVEPP] YWI SRI SJ XLI recessed sufficiently deep to allow installation of a small
JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW FEGOIVVSHERHTPEGIQIRXSJEMRQQ
FIEHSJNSMRX
Brooming, floating, or troweling the back face. WIEPERX*MK
7SQIXMQIWTVIGEYXMSRWEVIRIGIWWEV]XS
'LIQMGEPWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVW IRWYVI[EXIVXMKLXRIWWSJXLIHV]NSMRXW
'PE]TVSHYGXZIRIIVJEGIW 'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI VIXEVHIVW{'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI
6IZIEPWQEHI[MXLVYFFIVWXVMTWKPYIHHS[RSVQEKRIX VIXEVHIVWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRZEV]MRKGSRGIRXVEXMSRWXSGSRXVSP
MGEPP]FSRHIHXSXLIWXIIPJSVQGEWXMRKFIH XLIHITXLSJEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVI8LI]QE]FIYWIHXSXVIEX
7ERHGEWXMRK the finished exposed surface whether it is cast up or cast
Smooth metal form finish with field-applied color stains HS[RSRXLIFSXXSQSJXLITERIP6IXEVHIVWGSRWMHIVIHJSV
SVTEMRX E TVSNIGX WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP] IZEPYEXIH YRHIV TVIZEMPMRK
Special form finish. TVSNIGXGSRHMXMSRWFIJSVIJEFVMGEXMSR8LIVIXEVHIVWIPIGXIH
7XSRIZIRIIVJEGIW WLSYPH FI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL XLI TEVXMGYPEV X]TI ERH WSYVGI
7YVJEGIXI\XYVMRKYWMRKJSVQPMRIVW of cement, aggregates, and specific mixture selected for the
Thin brick placed in GFRP frames with concrete filling TERIPW7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVIJJIGXMZIRIWWZEVMIW[LIRXLILIEX
XLINSMRXW SJL]HVEXMSRSJXLIGIQIRXMWEPXIVIH8LILIEXSJL]HVEXMSR
;EXIV[EWLMRKFVYWLMRKSVFSXL QE] FI EPXIVIH F] PEVKIV GSRGVIXI QEWWIW TVIGEWX TVSHYGX
7YVJEGIXVIEXQIRXSJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWVIUYMVIW HITXL GLERKIWMR EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVILYQMHMX] SVFSXL
QSVIPEFSVERHGERFIQSVIWYWGITXMFPIXSZEVMEXMSRW%ZEMP ERHF]YWMRKMRWYPEXIHTERIPWSVGLERKMRKGIQIRXW
EFPIQIXLSHWMRGPYHI %TTP]MRK VIXEVHIV{'LIQMGEP WYVJEGI VIXEVHIVW
%GMHIXGLMRK EVIWTIGMEPM^IHGLIQMGEPWXLEXHIPE]FYXHSRSXTVIZIRXXLI
Artificially created broken rib texture (hammered ribs WIXSJXLIWYVJEGIGIQIRXTEWXIWSXLEXXLIGSRGVIXIEKKVI
or fractured fins). KEXI GER FI IEWMP] I\TSWIH *SVQ VIXEVHIVW EVI YWYEPP]
&YWLLEQQIVMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRK JEWXHV]MRK WSPZIRXFEWIH QEXIVMEPW HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI
,ERHFVYWLMRKTS[IVVSXEV]FVYWLIWSVFSXL EFVEWMSRMRLIVIRX[LIRTPEGMRKGSRGVIXIMRXSJSVQWGSEXIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
*MK{%KKVIKEXII\TSWIHYWMRKWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
6IXEVHIVWGERFIETTPMIHF]VSPPIVFVYWLSVWTVE])\XVIQI
GEVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR XS IRWYVI YRMJSVQ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI
VIXEVHIVXSXLIQSPHSVGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
Because the most suitable period for providing the final
WYVJEGIXVIEXQIRXQE]ZEV]JVSQXSLSYVWEJXIVGEWXMRK
TVIPMQMREV] XIWXW WLSYPH FI TIVJSVQIH YRHIV NSF GSRHM
XMSRWFIJSVITPERRMRKXLIGEWXMRKJSVEPEVKITVSNIGX;LIR
VIQSZMRK XLI GSRGVIXI QEXVM\ F] [EXIV WGVYFFMRK SV SXLIV
QIGLERMGEPTVSGIWWIWXLII\TSWMRKSTIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMR
MQQIHMEXIP]EJXIVWXVMTTMRKERHFIJSVIXLIQEXVM\FIGSQIW
I\GIWWMZIP] LEVH 9RJSVQIH WYVJEGIW QE] FI XVIEXIH EX
ER] XMQI EJXIV MRMXMEP WIX LEW XEOIR TPEGI 7YVJEGIVIXEVHIH
GSRGVIXIMWWLS[RMR*MK
%FVEWMZI FPEWXMRK XS I\TSWI EKKVIKEXI{'SRGVIXI
EKIMWRSXEWGVMXMGEPJSVEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKEWJSVSXLIVQIXLSHW
SJI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXIW'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIPIWWXLERXS
HE]WSPHERHEPPTERIPWWLSYPHLEZIETTVS\MQEXIP]XLIWEQI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL'SRGVIXIQM\XYVIYWIHGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL EX XMQI SJ EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK ERH XLI EFVEWMZIvW
grading and hardness all affect final exposure. Sand or abra
WMZIFPEWXMRKTVSHYGIWEQYXIHSVJVSWXIHIJJIGXXLEXXIRHWXS
PMKLXIRGSPSVERHWYFHYIEKKVIKEXIPYWXIV2S^^PIHMEQIXIV
EMVTVIWWYVIERHX]TISJEFVEWMZIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
I\TIVMQIRXEXMSR
;LIRWERHMWYWIHEWXLIEFVEWMZIXLIIJJIGXSJXLIWERHvW
GSPSVSRXLITERIPWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IH'IVXEMRGSQFMREXMSRW
SJFPEWXMRKWERHKVEHMRKTVIWWYVIERHZSPYQIGERIQFIH
WSQIFPEWXMRKWERHMRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI&IGEYWISJXLMW
FPEWXMRK WERH SJ WMQMPEV GSPSV XS XLI WERH MR XLI GSRGVIXI
QEXVM\ WLSYPH FI YWIH 8LMW WMXYEXMSR GER FI QMRMQM^IH
F] GLERKMRK XLI EQSYRX SJ QEXIVMEP XLEX LMXW XLI WYVJEGI
GLERKMRKXLIKVEHMRKSJXLIFPEWXMRKEFVEWMZIERHGLERKMRK
*MK{7IUYIRXMEPTVIGEWXMRK XLITVIWWYVIEXXLIFPEWXMRKRS^^PI3RGIXLIFPEWXMRKWERH
LEWFIIRWIPIGXIHXLIWEQIWERHERHKVEHMRKWLSYPHFIYWIH
XLVSYKLSYXXLITVSNIGX7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVWYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR
[MXL E VIXEVHIV 6IXEVHIVW ETTPMIH XS XLI XST WYVJEGI SJ [MXLWERHFPEWXMRKGERVIHYGIWERHFPEWXMRKXMQIERHPEFSV
JVIWLP] TPEGIH GSRGVIXI EVI YWYEPP] [EXIVFEWIH QEXIVMEPW The surface of large flat panels should be separated into
&SXL VIXEVHIV X]TIW LEZI VIXEVHEXMSR WXVIRKXL JSVQYPEXIH WQEPPIVWIGXMSRW[MXLVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSVF]YWMRKVMFWERHJSVQ
XS TVSHYGI HMJJIVIRX VIZIEP HITXLW 9WYEPP] EJXIV WYMXEFPI PMRIVWXSQMRMQM^IXLIZMWYEPTIVGITXMSRSJXI\XYVEPHMJJIVIRGIW
XIWXMRK XLI SRI WIPIGXIH I\TSWIW XS TIVGIRX SJ XLI 1EXIVMEPWYWIHJSVFPEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRWMRGPYHI
EKKVIKEXI TEVXMGPI MRXIRHIH XS FI I\TSWIH EX XLI WYVJEGI ;EWLIHWMPMGEWERH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
'IVXEMRLEVHERKYPEVWERHW
%PYQMRYQGEVFMHI
&PEWXMRKKVMXWYGLEWTS[IVTPERXFSMPIVWPEK
'EVFSRM^IHL]HVSGEVFSR
'VYWLIHGLEX
3VKERMGKVMXWWYGLEWKVSYRHRYXLYPPWERHGSVRGSFW
Deep exposure of coarse aggregate requires a finer
KVEHEXMSR SJ WERH EFVEWMZI XS SFXEMR YRMJSVQ VIWYPXW
8VMEPWSJHMJJIVIRXEFVEWMZIQEXIVMEPW[MXLWEQTPITERIPW
EVI QEHI XS GLIGO XLI XI\XYVI ERH GSPSV XSRIW 7ERH
FPEWXIH GSRGVIXI LEZMRK PMKLX XS QIHMYQ I\TSWYVI MW
WLS[RMR*MK
Exposed aggregate finishes are popular because they are
VIEWSREFP]TVMGIHERHTVSZMHIEZEVMIX]SJETTIEVERGIW8LMW
ZEVMIX]MWEGLMIZIHF]ZEV]MRKXLIX]TIGSPSVERHWM^ISJEKKVI *MK{%KKVIKEXII\TSWIHF]WERHFPEWXMRK
KEXIQEXVM\GSPSVI\TSWYVIQIXLSHERHI\TSWYVIHITXL
8LIHMJJIVIRXHIKVIIWSJI\TSWYVIEVI
0MKLX I\TSWYVI{3RP] XLI WYVJEGI WOMRSJ GIQIRX ERH ETTIEVERGIFIGEYWIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWX]TMGEPP]TSPMWLFIXXIV
WERH MW VIQSZIH XS I\TSWI XLI IHKIW SJ XLI GPSWIWX XLERXLIGSRGVIXIQEXVM\
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXI %GMH IXGLMRK{&IGEYWI QER] EKKVIKEXI X]TIW EVI
1IHMYQ I\TSWYVI{'IQIRX ERH WERH EVI VIQSZIH WS YWIH MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GEYXMSR MW EHZMWIH [LIR
XLI GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI ETTIEVW ETTVS\MQEXIP] IUYEP MR YWMRK EGMHW XS I\TSWI EKKVIKEXI &IJSVI EGMH IXGLMRK E
EVIEXSXLIQEXVM\ GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI XLI IJJIGXW SJ ZEVMSYW EGMH GSRGIRXVE
(IIT I\TSWYVI{'IQIRX ERH WERH EVI VIQSZIH JVSQ XMSRWJSVI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXIWSVGPIERMRKTERIPWWLSYPHFI
XLIWYVJEGIWSXLEXGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIFIGSQIWXLIQENSV XLSVSYKLP] WXYHMIH 'SRGVIXI EKKVIKEXIW WLSYPH FI UYEVX^
WYVJEGIJIEXYVI KVERMXISVSXLIVEGMHVIWMWXERXWXSRI0MQIWXSRIWHSPSQMXIW
8LII\XIRX XS [LMGL EKKVIKEXIW EVI I\TSWIH SV VIZIEPIH ERHQEVFPIW[MPPIMXLIVHMWWSPZISVHMWGSPSV[LIRI\TSWIHXS
MW PEVKIP] HIXIVQMRIH F] XLIMV WM^I 6IZIEP WLSYPH RSX FI QYVMEXMGEGMH%GMHWQE]EPWSMRGVIEWIXLIGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSR
KVIEXIV XLER SRIXLMVH XLI EZIVEKI HMEQIXIV SJ XLI GSEVWI FIX[IIRWMPMGEXIWMRXLIEKKVIKEXIERHXLIJVIIPMQIPMFIVEXIH
EKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIWSVSRILEPJXLIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWQEPPIWX JVSQXLIGIQIRX8LMWGERPIEHXSGEPGMYQWMPMGEXIHITSWMXW
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXI SRXLITERIPWYVJEGIMJVIWMHYILEVHIRWSRXLIWYVJEGI%GMH
%PP WERHFPEWX STIVEXSVW WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH [MXL LIEZ] [EWLIW GER HEQEKI XLI KEPZERM^MRK SJ I\TSWIH LEVH[EVI
KPSZIW ETVSRW SV TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH EMVJIH VIWTMVE ERHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMJGSZIVMWPIWWXLERVIGSQQIRHIH
XSV] TVSXIGXMSR IUYMTQIRX (YI XS IRZMVSRQIRXEP TSPPY ;LIRETTP]MRKEGMHMXWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYWP]FVYWLIHSV
XMSRGSQTPMERGI YWIGEYXMSR[LIRWIPIGXMRK EFVEWMZIKVMXW WGVYFFIHXSIRWYVIYRMJSVQVIEGXMSR[MXLXLIGIQIRXWYVJEGI
that produce very fine particles after impacting the surface. %GMH[EWLMRKWLSYPHRSXFITIVJSVQIHYRXMPXLIGSRGVIXIMR
(MJJIVIRXIUYMTQIRXQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSV[IXFPEWXMRK XLITVIGEWXTERIPLEWVIEGLIHEQMRMQYQWXVIRKXLSJ
,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK{,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK SV TWM SV 14E
%PP TIVWSRRIPI\TSWIH XS
TVSZMHIW E WQSSXL I\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI WYVJEGI ,SRMRK MW ER]EGMHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIETTPMGEXMSRQIXLSHWLSYPH[IEV
KIRIVEPP]TIVJSVQIHF]YWMRKKVMRHMRKXSSPWMRWXEKIW[MXL TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH GSZIVMRK XS TVIZIRX MRNYV] JVSQ
successive degrees of grit fineness varying from approxi EGMHWTEXXIVMRK%GMHWLSYPHFIGSQTPIXIP]RIYXVEPM^IHERH
QEXIP]2SQQ
GSEVWIKVMXXSE2S Q
flushed from the concrete with clear, clean water to prevent
fine grit. Polishing can be done with finer grits. Generally, ]IPPS[MRK SV SXLIV HMWGSPSVEXMSR 8LI QE\MQYQ XMQI XLEX
honing alone provides a sufficiently smooth surface for EGMHWLSYPHFIEPPS[IHXSVIQEMRSRXLIGSRGVIXIWLSYPHRSX
TVIGEWXTERIPW I\GIIHQMRYXIW(IITIXGLI\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIEGLMIZIH
+VMRHMRKIPIQIRXWEVIQEHI[MXLGEVFSVYRHYQFSRHIHF] F]QYPXMTPIXVIEXQIRXWVEXLIVXLERTVSPSRKIHGSRXEGX
VIWMRSV[MXLHMEQSRHWWIXMRKVMRHMRKWYVJEGIW(MEQSRH
IPIQIRXWGYXJEWXIVERH[IEVPSRKIVFYXEVIMRMXMEPP]QSVI {'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
I\TIRWMZI ,SRMRK ERH TSPMWLMRK IUYMTQIRX ZEVMIW JVSQ -RXVSHYGXMSR{Concrete cures provided that suffi
LERH KVMRHIVWXSIPEFSVEXIQYPXMLIEHQEGLMRIW%MV ZSMHW GMIRX QSMWXYVI MW TVIWIRX ERH JEZSVEFPI XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI
in the concrete surface should be filled with cementitious QEMRXEMRIH -R TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI JEFVMGEXMSR MRMXMEP GYVMRK
TEWXI [LIR XLI QEXVM\ MW I\TSWIH HYVMRK MRMXMEP KVMRHMRK YWYEPP] XEOIW TPEGI MR XLI JSVQ 7IGSRHEV] GYVMRK XEOIW
Thorough inspection is required to find and fill air voids after TPEGIEJXIVXLITVSHYGXMWVIQSZIHJVSQXLIJSVQ7IGSRHEV]
MRMXMEPKVMRHMRK7YFWIUYIRXKVMRHMRKWLSYPHFIHIPE]IHYRXMP GYVMRK QE] FI PIWW MQTSVXERX MR TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI FIGEYWI
the fill paste material has gained adequate strength. Strength HIWMKRWXVIRKXLW EVI IWXEFPMWLIH WSTERIPW VIWMWX QE\MQYQ
of the concrete and fill paste material should be 5000 psi WXVIWWIWYWYEPP]SGGYVVMRKHYVMRKWXVMTTMRKERHLERHPMRK'SRGVIXI
14E
FIJSVIFIKMRRMRKER]KVMRHMRKSVTSPMWLMRKSTIV QM\XYVIWJSVTVIGEWXTERIPWKIRIVEPP]GSRXEMR8]TI---LMKL
EXMSRW1IHMYQXSHIITI\TSWYVIWTVSZMHIEQSVIYRMJSVQ early-strength cement or very finely ground Type I cement
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
with sufficiently high cement contents to assure adequate YPEVGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI8LIMRMXMEPWIXHIPE]
TIVMSHWLSYPH
WXVIRKXL EX WXVMTTMRK YWYEPP] TWM 14E
8LMW FI HIXIVQMRIH F] %781 ''1 8LI VEXI SJ
WXVIRKXL MW SJXIR EGLMIZIH [MXLMR XS LSYVW [LMPI XLI XIQTIVEXYVIVMWIGERFIYTXS*'
TIVLSYVTVSZMHIH
TVIGEWXTERIPMWWXMPP MRXLIJSVQ4ERIPW[MXLTVIXIRWMSRIH ETVSTIVMRMXMEPWIXHIPE]TIVMSHTVIGIHIWXLILIEXMRKTIVMSH
TVIWXVIWWMRK SV TSWXXIRWMSRMRK QE] VIUYMVI LMKLIV VIPIEWI 4JIMJIVERH0ERHKVIR
1E\MQYQXIQTIVEXYVIWLSYPH
strength and should be specified by the panel designer. Addi RSX I\GIIH * '
'SSPMRK VEXIW WLSYPH EPWS FI
XMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRSRGYVMRKQE]FIJSYRHMR%'-6 GSRXVSPPIH 'PSWI GSRXVSP SJ WXIEQ GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW MW
'YVMRK VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW{-XMWVIGSQQIRHIH XLEX VIUYMVIH MR GSRRIGXMSR [MXL GLIQMGEPP] VIXEVHIH I\TSWIH
X[S HMJJIVIRX WXEKIW SJ GYVMRK FI IWXEFPMWLIH JSV TVIGEWX EKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIW7XIEQGYVMRKGERTVSHYGIEKVIIRLSYWI
panels. The first 8 to 16 hours is the initial stage and the most IJJIGX [LIVI QSMWXYVI HVMTW JVSQ XLI GSZIVMRK SR XS XLI
GVYGMEP7XITWWLSYPHFIXEOIRHYVMRKXLMWTIVMSHXSTVSZMHI TERIP ERH MRHYGIW WXEMRMRK SR XLI I\TSWIH TERIP WYVJEGIW
LIEX[LIRRIGIWWEV]XSQEMRXEMRQMRMQYQXIQTIVEXYVIWERH +VIIRMRKERH0ERHKVIR
XSTVIZIRXPSWWSJQSMWXYVIJVSQXLITERIP1ER]PSRKPMRI 'YVMRK MR WXSVEKI{7XVIRKXL KEMR GER GSRXMRYI
WXIIP FIHW LEZI FYMPXMR LSX [EXIV TMTIW XS TVSZMHI VEHMERX EJXIV TERIPW EVI QSZIH XS XLI WXSVEKI EVIE 8EOI GEVI XS
LIEXMRK8LII\TSWIHTSVXMSRSJXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXIMRE[EPP TVIZIRX VETMH QSMWXYVI PSWW [LIR TERIPW EVI TPEGIH MR E
TERIPWLSYPHFIGSZIVIHHYVMRKXLMWMRMXMEPTLEWI WXSVEKI]EVH;LIREQFMIRXVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]MWLMKLEHHM
%JXIVVIQSZEPJVSQXLIJSVQXLIWIGSRHEV]WXEKISJGYVMRK XMSREPTVSXIGXMSRJVSQVETMHHV]MRKQE]RSXFIVIUYMVIH-R
[MPPGSRXMRYIMRERSYXHSSVWXSVEKI]EVH[LIRXIQTIVEXYVI EVIEW[LIVILSXHV][IEXLIVTVIZEMPWGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIR
permits) or enclosed building until final design strength has XSEPPS[XLITERIPWXSHV]WPS[P]
FIIRVIEGLIH(YVMRKXLMWTIVMSHTVIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFI &IGEYWIGSRGVIXIMWWEXYVEXIHEXIEVP]EKIWRI[GSRGVIXI
TVSXIGXIH JVSQ I\GIWWMZI QSMWXYVI IZETSVEXMSR ERH JVSQ MWZYPRIVEFPIXSHEQEKIJVSQIZIRSRIJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRK
temperatures below 50°F (10°C) to inhibit efflorescence. G]GPI YRXMP MX VIEGLIW E RSQMREP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
-X QE] FI RIGIWWEV] XS MRXIVVYTX XLI WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK ETTVS\MQEXIP] TWM 14E
%X X]TMGEP GSRGVIXI
to examine the surface finish and perform any required WXVIRKXLWEFSZITWM14E
IEVP]JVII^MRKMWRSX
TEXGLMRK -X GERRSX FI SZIVIQTLEWM^IH XLEX GYVMRK EX XLI ETVSFPIQERHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXITERIPWQE]FIMQQIHMEXIP]
IEVP]EKIWMWI\XVIQIP]MQTSVXERXXSXLIWXVIRKXLERHHYVE WXSVIHSYXWMHI,S[IZIVTERIPWSJER]WXVIRKXL[MPPRSXFI
FMPMX]SJXLIGSRGVIXITERIP HYVEFPIXSVITIEXIHJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKYRPIWWEHIUYEXIEMV
'YVMRK XIGLRMUYIW{%R] GLERKI MR GYVMRK XIGL IRXVEMRQIRXMWTVSZMHIH7IGXMSRVIGSQQIRHWXLEXEPP
RMUYIWHYVMRKEKMZIRJEFVMGEXMSRVYRQE]VIWYPXMRGLERKIW GSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWFIEMVIRXVEMRIH
MRGSPSVXI\XYVISVYRMJSVQMX]SJXLI[EPPTERIPW8LIVIJSVI
GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH FI GSRWMWXIRX ERH YRMJSVQ JVSQ {7XSVEKI
TVIGEWX TERIP XS TVIGEWX TERIP EW [IPP EW JVSQ HE]XSHE] +IRIVEP{&IGEYWISJXLI[MHIZEVMEXMSRMRTVIGEWX
&YVPETERHWMQMPEVGSZIVMRKWQE]WXEMRSVHMWGSPSVGIVXEMR TERIP WM^IW WLETIW ERH JEFVMGEXMSR JEGMPMXMIW XLIVI EVI RS
finishes and should be avoided. Because of their tendency WXERHEVH QIXLSHW SJ LERHPMRK ERH WXSVEKI 4VIGEWX TERIPW
XSHMWGSPSVGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHI\GITXSR XIQTSVEVMP] WXSVIH MR E KIRIVEP WXSVEKI EVIE WLSYPH FI
XLI FEGOWMHI SJ TERIPW FIJSVI XLI VIQSZEP SJ JSVQW SV SR WYTTSVXIH EX XLI FPSGOMRK TSMRXW HIWMKREXIH SR XLI MRWXEP
surfaces that will later receive a finish. Because some curing PEXMSR HVE[MRKW 9RMXW WLSYPH FI WXSVIH MR E ZIVXMGEP SV
GSQTSYRHW ERH WIEPIVW QE] MRXIVJIVI [MXL EHLIWMSR SJ near-vertical position. If stored in a horizontal or flat posi
WYVJEGIGSZIVMRKWGSEXMRKWERHNSMRXWIEPERXWGSQTEXMFMPMX] XMSR XLVII HYRREKI TSMRXW QE] FI VIUYMVIH HITIRHMRK SR
[MXLXLIWIQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH TERIP PIRKXL ,ERHPMRK ERH WXSVEKI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH RSX
'YVMRKXIQTIVEXYVI{%PPGYVMRKSJGSRGVIXIWLSYPH GEYWI WXVYGXYVEP HEQEKI HIXVMQIRXEP GVEGOMRK EVGLMXIG
SGGYV EX XIQTIVEXYVIW EFSZI * '
;LIR XIQTIVE XYVEPMQTEMVQIRXSVTIVQERIRXHMWXSVXMSR[LIRXLITVIGEWX
tures fall below this level during the first 16 hours, either QIQFIVMWFIMRK
I\XIVREPETTPMIHLIEXSVLIEXVIXIRXMSRQIEWYVIWEVIVIUYMVIH 0MJXIHSVWXVMTTIHJVSQXLIQSPH
-XWLSYPHFIVIQIQFIVIHLS[IZIVXLEXXVMEPQM\XYVITVSTSV 1SZIH XS ZEVMSYW PSGEXMSRW JSV JYVXLIV TVSGIWWMRK SV
XMSRWEVIYWYEPP]TVITEVIHERHXIWXIHEXVSSQXIQTIVEXYVIWSJ WXSVEKI
XS*XS'
;LIRGSRGVIXIMWGYVIHEXPS[IV 8YVRIH MRXS ZEVMSYW TSWMXMSRW XS TVSZMHI EGGIWW JSV
XIQTIVEXYVIW WYGL EW * '
GSRGVIXI WXVIRKXL QE] finishing, surfacing, or both.
FIPS[IVXLERPEFSVEXSV]XIWXWMRHMGEXIH;LIRTERIPGYVMRK 7XSVIHFIJSVIHIPMZIV]
XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI I\TIGXIH XS FI PS[IV XLER XVMEP QM\XYVI 0SEHIHSRXSHIPMZIV]ZILMGPIW
XIQTIVEXYVIWEPPS[ERGIWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVWPS[IVWXVIRKXL 4VSXIGXMSR{(YVMRK WXSVEKI XLI QERYJEGXYVIV
KEMR ERH XLI IEVP] JSVQ WXVMTTMRK XMQI WLSYPH FI EHNYWXIH WLSYPH OIIT TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW MR E GPIER TVSTIVP]
EGGSVHMRKP] TVSXIGXIHEVIEXSTVIZIRX WXEMRMRK8LMWHSIWRSXQIERXLI
7XIEQGYVMRK{'YVMRK[MXLWXIEQWMQYPXERISYWP] TERIPWRIIH XSFI MRE GSZIVIH EVIE SV WLSYPHFI GSZIVIH
TVSZMHIW LIEX ERH QSMWXYVI ;LIVI WXIEQ GYVMRK MW YWIH The need for protection depends on configuration of the
VIGSQQIRHIH TVSGIHYVIW WYGL EW XLSWI SJ %'- YRMXWPIRKXLSJWXSVEKIXMQIERHXLIPSGEPIRZMVSRQIRX8S
WLSYPHFISFWIVZIHXSEGLMIZIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW7XIEQWLSYPH TVSXIGXEKEMRWXJVII^MRKHEQEKIMRWIVXWERHSXLIVIQFIHHIH
RSXFIETTPMIHYRXMPEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPWIXTIVMSHSJXLITEVXMG MXIQWWLSYPHFITVSXIGXIHEKEMRWX[EXIVSVWRS[TIRIXVEXMSR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIV7XSVEKIWLSYPHFITPERRIHGEVIJYPP]XS
IRWYVIHIPMZIV]ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLITERIPWMREREGGITX
EFPIGSRHMXMSR)ZIRXLSYKLXLITERIPWQE]VIUYMVI[EWLMRK
EJXIV MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSXIGXMSR QE] WXMPP FIRIGIWWEV] EKEMRWX
IRKMRII\LEYWXJYQIWSVWSMPWXEMRMRK
Storage of thin flat panels—*PEXTERIPWPIWWXLERMR
QQ
XLMGOSVTERIPW[MXLEPIRKXLXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIV
XLERWLSYPHFIWXSVIHERHWLMTTIHMREZIVXMGEPSVRIEVZIVXMGEP
position. Two-point supports spaced approximately at the fifth
TSMRXWEVIVIGSQQIRHIHJSVWXSVEKISVPMJXMRK4VSXIGXMZIVIWMP
MIRXQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEXTSMRXWSJFIEVMRKERHGSRXEGX
%PPFPSGOMRKTEGOMRKERHTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIGPIER
and should not cause damage, staining, or disfigurement of the
TVIGEWXTERIPW&PSGOMRKERHWYTTSVXQIQFIVWWLSYPHFITSWM
XMSRIHERHWIGYVIHMREQERRIVXSTVIZIRXWPMTTEKIGLMTTMRK
EXXLIGLEMRWI\GIWWMZIFMRHMRK SVI\GIWWMZIWXVIWWIW%ZSMH *MK{(IPMZIV]ERHXVERWTSVXEXMSRSJTERIPW
WXEKKIVIHSVMVVIKYPEVFPSGOMRK4VIGEWXYRMXWWLSYPHFIWXEGOIH
WSXLI]EVIWYTTSVXIHSRFSXLWMHIWXSIUYEPM^IPSEHMRKERHXS
EZSMHSZIVXYVRMRK XLIPSRKHMQIRWMSRXSEZSMHI\GIWWMZIWXVIWWIWXLEXQE]FI
MRHYGIHF]X[MWXMRKSJXLIXVEMPIVVEGOMRKSVFSXL;LIRXLI
{(IPMZIV] X[STSMRXWYTTSVXW]WXIQMWMQTVEGXMGEPEPXIVREXMZIWYTTSVX
1SWX TVIGEWX TERIPW EVI HIPMZIVIH F] WIQMXVEMPIV XVYGOW W]WXIQW WLSYPH FI IRKMRIIVIH ERH GLIGOIH JSV JIEWMFMPMX]
*MK
7SQIEVIWLMTTIHF]VEMPFEVKISVSXLIVQSHIWSJ VIPEXMZIXSWXVIWWIWERHSXLIVTSXIRXMEPTVSFPIQW
XVERWTSVXEXMSR4VIGEWXTPERXJEGMPMXMIWHSRSXKIRIVEPP]VIWXVMGX 4VSXIGXMSRHYVMRKWLMTTMRK{4VSXIGXMZIGSZIVMRKSJ
XLIWM^IERH[IMKLXSJTVIGEWXTERIPWXLEXGERFITVSHYGIH ETVIGEWXTERIPHYVMRKHIPMZIV]WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
,S[IZIV WLMTTMRK TVSFPIQW [MXL SZIVWM^I TERIPW QE] manufacturer after considering size and shape, finish type,
KVIEXP]MRGVIEWIGSRWXVYGXMSRGSWXSVHIPE]TVSNIGXGSQTPI EKKVIKEXIX]TIXVERWTSVXEXMSRQIXLSHZILMGPIX]TI[IEXLIV
XMSR 7TIGMEP XVERWTSVXEXMSR TIVQMXW EVI KIRIVEPP] VIUYMVIH ERH VSEH GSRHMXMSRW ERH HMWXERGI SJ LEYP 1ERYJEGXYVIVW
where height, width, or weight exceed specified limits. EVI VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI HIPMZIVIH TVSHYGX
9WMRK PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXI GSRGVIXI TERIPW GER MR QER] WSXLI]QEOIXLIHIGMWMSRSR[VETTMRKYRPIWWXLIIRKMRIIV
GEWIWQMRMQM^IXLIMQTEGXSJ[IMKLXMRWLMTTMRKLERHPMRK architect specifies a particular wrapping protection.
ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSTIVEXMSRW8VEZIPQE]FIVIWXVMGXIHXSKSSH )GSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW{)GSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW
[IEXLIVHE]PMKLXLSYVWERH[IIOHE]W0S[FS]WSVWTIGMEP HITIRHSRTPERXGETEFMPMX]HMWXERGIJVSQJEFVMGEXMSRTPERX
XVEMPIVWQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSVPEVKISVLIEZ]TERIPW+VIEXIV XS NSF WMXI LMKL[E] GSRHMXMSRW WLMTTMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR
IGSRSQ] GER FI EGLMIZIH [LIR PEVKI SV LIEZ] TERIPW EVI VIWXVMGXMSRW 8S QE\MQM^I XVYGOMRK GETEGMX] TERIP HIWMKR
WLMTTIH XSKIXLIV SR SRI XVEMPIV 6IJIV XS 7IGXMSR JSV WLSYPHGSRWMHIVLIMKLX[MHXLPIRKXLERH[IMKLX8LSYKL
MRJSVQEXMSR SR IGSRSQMGEP TERIP WM^IW XLEX GER QE\MQM^I MX MW GSQQSR XS WLMT X[S JX Q
[MHI TERIPW SR E
XVYGOMRKGETEGMX] PSEHVIWXVMGXMSRWKIRIVEPP]I\MWXJSVPSEHW[MHIVXLERJX
%PPTVIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIHIPMZIVIHXSXLIWMXIGPIEVP] MRQ
1E\MQYQTIVQMX[MHXLWGERZEV]JVSQXS
QEVOIH EW MRHMGEXIH SR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW [MXL XLI JXXSQ
HITIRHMRKSREVIE7SQIEVIEWEPPS[SZIVEPP
fabrication date and an identifier showing final position of PIRKXLWSZIVJXQ
[MXLEWMQTPITIVQMXJVSRXERH
XLIYRMXSRXLIWXVYGXYVI4VIGEWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH VIEVIWGSVXWERHXVEZIPPMQMXIHXSGIVXEMRXMQIWSJHE]
JVSQ WXSVEKI PSEHIH ERH HIPMZIVIH MR XLI TVSTIV SVHIV XS
QIIXXLITVIHIXIVQMRIHMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGI ',%48)6{-278%00%8-32
&IJSVIWGLIHYPMRKIUYMTQIRXHIPMZIV]XLIIVIGXSVWLSYPH {4PERRMRKERHTVITEVEXMSR
perform a field check of the project to ensure that the foun 'SSVHMREXMSR{)EVP] MR XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR FIJSVI
HEXMSRW [EPPW ERH WXVYGXYVI EVI WYMXEFP] GSRWXVYGXIH XS TERIP QERYJEGXYVI XLI TERIP JEFVMGEXSV IVIGXSV IRKMRIIV
VIGIMZITVIGEWXTERIPYRMXW8LIWMXIWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSV EVGLMXIGX S[RIV ERH XLI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH LSPH E
crane and delivery truck access as well as possible field TVIGSRWXVYGXMSRGSRJIVIRGI
TERIPWXSVEKI1SWXTERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHZIVXMGEPP]ERH %VIEWSJGSRGIVRXLEXWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIHHYVMRKTVIGSR
supported on A-frames mounted to flatbed trailers. They WXVYGXMSRTPERRMRKEVI
WLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIHXSQMRMQM^IXLIIJJIGXWSJVSEHWLSGO (IXIVQMRMRK WMXI EGGIWW MRWXEPPEXMSR HMVIGXMSR ERH
ERH FI WIGYVIP] JEWXIRIH [MXL EPP GSRXEGX TSMRXW TVSXIGXIH WIUYIRGMRK
JVSQHEQEKI'SVRIVWERHVIXYVRWSJYRYWYEPPIRKXLWWLSYPH -HIRXMJ]MRKLE^EVHW
FIFVEGIHJVSQIHKIXSIHKIJSVKVIEXIVTVSXIGXMSRMRXVERWMX (IXIVQMRMRKWM^IERH[IMKLXPMQMXEXMSRW
%PPQEXIVMEPXLEXGSRXEGXWXLITERIPWLSYPHFIRSRWXEMRMRK -RWXEPPEXMSRTPERRMRK
-JWLMTTMRKTERIPWLSVM^SRXEPP]XLI]WLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIH 7IPIGXMRKIUYMTQIRX9WMRKEXS[IVGVERI[MXLSRIPMRI
at two points with the supports located at the fifth points of SRP]QE]EJJIGXMRWXEPPEXMSRIQFIHQIRXPSGEXMSR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
(IZIPSTMRKERMRWXEPPEXMSRWEJIX]TVSKVEQ WIUYIRGIMWEKVIIHYTSRMXWLSYPHFIWXVMGXP]JSPPS[IHYRXMP
7. Field layout and verification. Offset lines should be set at GSRHMXMSRW VIUYMVI E QYXYEPP] EKVIIEFPI GLERKI (IXIV
2 ft (0.6 m) off the exterior around the perimeter of each floor. QMRILS[QER]XMQIWXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRIUYMTQIRXWLSYPHFI
7TIGMEPLERHPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIH QSZIHXSGSQTPIXIXLI[SVO3RWXIIPJVEQIWGSRWMHIVXLI
WSXLI]GERFIPMJXIH[MXLSYXHEQEKI timing of application of fireproofing for prewelding that
7TIGMEPPMJXMRKLEVH[EVI WLSYPHSGGYV3RGSRGVIXIJVEQIWPSGEXMSRSJJSVQ[SVO
7MXIWXSVEKIEZEMPEFMPMX] and any overhanging scaffolding can influence the method
4VIWYVZI]MRK FYMPHMRK GSRRIGXMSRW FIJSVI TERIP SJMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWIUYIRGMRK
HIPMZIV] %GGIWW{%GGIWW GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI WMXI WLSYPH FI
8LMW SVHIV MRHMGEXIW XLI YWYEP WIUYIRGI SJ EGXMZMXMIW FYX VIZMI[IHGSRWMHIVMRKXIQTSVEV]VSEHWJSVHIPMZIV]XVYGOWERH
many factors occur that influence project planning. Each LERHPMRK IUYMTQIRX WYGL EW GVERIW 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV WMHI
WXITMWJYVXLIVGSRWMHIVIHMRXLMWGLETXIV [EPOWSZIVLIEHPMRIWFEVVMGEHIWXVYGOWTEGIEXWMXIWIUYIRGIW
6IWTSRWMFMPMXMIW JSV TVIGEWX MRWXEPPEXMSR{8LI GSSVHMREXMSR[MXLSXLIVXVEHIWERHTERIPTVSXIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV SV GSRWXVYGXMSR QEREKIV +''1
MW HMWGYWWIHEXETVSNIGXGSSVHMREXMSRQIIXMRK%XXLMWQIIXMRKXLI
RSVQEPP]VIWTSRWMFPIJSVTVSNIGXWGLIHYPIKVMHHMQIRWMSRW TVIGEWXIVIGXSVWLSYPHTVSZMHIEWGLIQIJSVLERHPMRKPSEHMRK
ERH GSSVHMREXMSR [MXL EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR XVEHIW 6IPEXMZI XS XVERWTSVXEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSRSJXLITERIPW
MRWXEPPEXMSRSJTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIXLI+''1MRGSRNYRGXMSR 8IQTSVEV]FVEGMRKSJXLIWXVYGXYVISRWMXIWXSVEKIGSRRIG
[MXLXLITVIGEWXIVIVIGXSVWLSYPH XMSRWWXEVXMRKPSGEXMSRERHMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIVIPEXMZIXS
&IVIWTSRWMFPIJSVGSSVHMREXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRRIGIWWEV] FYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]WLSYPHFIHMWGYWWIH%XXMQIWXLIHMVIGXMSR
XSTVSHYGITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW SJMRWXEPPEXMSR[MPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]KEXIIRXV]TSMRXWXSXLI
1EMRXEMRWXVYGXYVIWXEFMPMX];LIRRIGIWWEV]XLITVIGEWX NSFWMXISVPSGEXMSRSJGSRWXVYGXMSRXVEMPIVWERHWXSVEKIJEGMPM
IRKMRIIVHIZIPSTW EFVEGMRKWIUYIRGI XS QEMRXEMRWXVYG XMIW 8LI +''1 WLSYPH MRHMGEXI [LIVI QEXIVMEPW [MPP FI
XYVIWXEFMPMX]HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR8LMWFVEGMRKWIUYIRGIMW WXSVIHERHQERLSMWXW[MPPFIPSGEXIH3XLIVNSFWMXIJEGXSVW
HIZIPSTIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIIVIGXSVERHIRKMRIIVSJ MRGPYHMRKGVERIHMWEWWIQFP][MPPEJJIGXEGGIWWERHXLIHMVIG
VIGSVH 0MQMXEXMSRW QE] WXEXI JSV I\EQTPI XLEX PSEHMRK XMSRSJXLI[SVO*VIIERHIEW]EGGIWWXSETTVSTVMEXITEVXW
SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI FI FEPERGIH VIUYMVMRK XLEX RS IPIZEXMSR SJXLIWXVYGXYVIGERSJXIRTVIWIRXXLIPEVKIWXGLEPPIRKIXSXLI
FIIVIGXIHQSVIXLEREWXEXIHRYQFIVSJPIZIPWELIEHSJ IVIGXSV7MXIEGGIWWWLSYPHFIEGSRXVEGXTVSZMWMSR
VIQEMRMRKIPIZEXMSRW3XLIVPMQMXEXMSRWQE]MRZSPZIWXVYG -HIRXMJ]MRKLE^EVHW{'EVIJYPVIZMI[ERHMRWTIGXMSR
XYVI VMKMHMX] VIUYMVMRK XLEX [EPPW RSX FI IVIGXIH FIJSVI SJXLINSFWMXIWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHXSMHIRXMJ]SFWXVYGXMSRW
completion of floors designed to carry lateral loads. XLEXGSYPHPMQMXIUYMTQIRXQSFMPMX]3ZIVLIEHSFWXVYGXMSRW
*SV WXIIP JVEQIW HIXIVQMRI LS[ JEV MR EHZERGI SJ WLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]GSRWMHIVIHMRTPERRMRK4S[IVPMRIWQE]
panel installation that final frame connections are to be LEZIXSFIQSZIHSVHIEGXMZEXIH6IQSZEPSJXVIIPMQFWQE]
GSQTPIXIH 4EVXMGYPEV GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS FIRIGIWWEV]
deflection and rotation of the supporting steel members %PPI\MWXMRKTVSTIVX]XSFITVSXIGXIHWYGLEWYRHIVKVSYRH
HYIXSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHSXLIVWYTIVMQTSWIHPSEHW YXMPMXMIW XEROW XYRRIPW XVIIW WLVYFW I\MWXMRK EWTLEPX ERH
*SV GSRGVIXI JVEQIW XLI +''1 WLSYPH JYVRMWL XS XLI concrete should be clearly identified. For projects close to
IVIGXSV WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI ERH EYXLSVM^EXMSR XS FIKMR airports, lights, flags, or both, may be required on booms.
MRWXEPPEXMSR8LIIRKMRIIVSJVIGSVHWLSYPHVIGSKRM^IXLEX 4VSNIGX QIIXMRKW{(YVMRK TVIGEWX MRWXEPPEXMSR XLI
GSRRIGXMSRW FIX[IIR TERIP ERH JVEQI MQTSWI GSRGIR KIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHGSRHYGXJVIUYIRXTVSNIGXQIIXMRKW
XVEXIHPSEHWSRXLIJVEQIERHXLEXXLIWIPSEHWQE]VIUYMVI FIX[IIRXLIIVIGXSVERHXLSWIWYFGSRXVEGXSVW[LSWI[SVOMW
WYTTPIQIRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX *SV QYPXMWXSV] GSRGVIXI EJJIGXIHF]XLITVIGEWX8LIWIQIIXMRKWLIPTXSIRWYVIXLEX
JVEQIW GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS XLI IJJIGXW SJ EPP RIGIWWEV] TVSZMWMSRW LEZI FIIR QEHI XS JEGMPMXEXI XLI
JVEQIWLSVXIRMRKHYIXSWLVMROEKIERHGVIIT MRWXEPPEXMSRTVSGIWW
6IZMI[ERHSFXEMRRIGIWWEV]ETTVSZEPWJSVEPPMRWXEPPE 'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW{'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLSYPH
XMSRHVE[MRKWERHVIPEXIHHIWMKR GPIEVP]WXEXIER]VIUYMVIQIRXWSVWIUYIRGMRKSJMRWXEPPEXMSRW
&I VIWTSRWMFPI JSV GSSVHMREXMRK HMQIRWMSREP MRXIVJEGI RIIHIHXSQEMRXEMRFYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]0MQMXEXMSRWSRPSEHMRK
FIX[IIRTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHXLI[SVOSJSXLIVXVEHIW SJXLIWXVYGXYVIXIQTSVEV]FVEGMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSVIPIZE
)RWYVI XLEX TVSTIV XSPIVERGIW EVI QEMRXEMRIHF] SXLIV XMSRWIUYIRGMRKRIIHXSFIGPIEVP]WLS[RFIJSVIFMHHMRK%PP
trades to guarantee accurate fit and overall conformity HIXEMPWSJXIQTSVEV]MRWXEPPEXMSRFVEGMRKXIQTSVEV]GSRRIG
[MXLTVIGEWXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW XMSRWERHWLSVMRKWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLM
&I VIWTSRWMFPI JSV TVSZMHMRK ERH QEMRXEMRMRK GPIEV XIGX 8LI VIQSZEP WIUYIRGI SJ ER] XIQTSVEV] MRWXEPPEXMSR
PIZIP [IPPHVEMRIH YRPSEHMRK EVIEW ERH VSEH EGGIWW GSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIWLS[RFIGEYWIPIEZMRKXLIWIGSRRIG
EVSYRHERHMRXSXLIWXVYGXYVIWSLEYPMRKERHMRWXEPPEXMSR XMSRWMRTPEGIGERVIWYPXMRWXVYGXYVEPFILEZMSVRSXMRXIRHIH
IUYMTQIRXGERSTIVEXIYRHIVXLIMVS[RTS[IV0SGEXI F]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
YRMXW XS TIVQMX PMJXMRK F] XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR IUYMTQIRX 4VIMRWXEPPEXMSR GLIGO{&IJSVI WXEVXMRK MRWXEPPE
JVSQXVEMPIVWERHTPEGIQIRXHMVIGXP]MRXSXLIWXVYGXYVI XMSR FIEVMRK [EPPW JSYRHEXMSRW WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI FIEVMRK
)WXEFPMWLMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIWIEVP]ERHEGGSYRXJSVXLIQ WYVJEGIW RSXGLIW IQFIHHIH TPEXIW ERKPIW SV FSPXW ERH
MRXLIFVEGMRKEREP]WMWERHMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW;LIRE [IPHIHGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVHMQIRWMSRPSGE
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
XMSR PMRI ERH KVEHI XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI EVIE XS VIGIMZI XLI 8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHQEMRXEMREGLIGOPMWXSJMXIQWXLEXLEZI
TVIGEWXTERIPWMWVIEH] FIIRWLS[RXSLIPTI\TIHMXITVSNIGXW7SQISJXLIWIMXIQW
8LI +''1 MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV IWXEFPMWLMRK ERH GSRGIVRWMXI GSRHMXMSRW ERH VIPEXMSRWLMTW [MXL XLI+''1
QEMRXEMRMRKEXGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSRWSRXLIJSYRHEXMSRSVXLI ERHSXLIVXVEHIW3XLIVWHIEP[MXLXLIHIWMKRSJXLITVSHYGX
FYMPHMRKGSRXVSPTSMRXWFIRGLQEVOWERHPMRIWMRERYRHMW ERH GSRRIGXMSRW 8LI IVIGXSVvW GLIGOPMWX WLSYPH MRGPYHI EX
turbed condition for use by the erector until final completion PIEWXXLIJSPPS[MRK
ERHEGGITXERGI SJ XLI TVSNIGX-J XLI FYMPHMRK JVEQI MW RSX :IVMJ]EZEMPEFMPMX]SJTVSHYGXW
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIXLIRFIRGLQEVOWSVFYMPHMRKPMRIWWLSYPH 'LIGOXLEXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKWEVIIEW]XSYRHIVWXERH
FITVSZMHIHF]XLI+''1MRIEGLEVIESVEXIZIV]PIZIP TVSTIVP]GVSWWVIJIVIRGIHERHEGGYVEXI
;SVOTSMRXWWLSYPHEPWSFITVSZMHIHJSVERKPIHERHGYVZIH 7YKKIWXWEJIGSRRIGXMSRWXLEXEPPS[UYMGOVIPIEWISJXLI
FYMPHMRKIPIZEXMSRW GVERI LSSO 8LMW VIUYMVIW QIGLERMGEP FSPXIH GSRRIG
8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHFIEHZMWIHF]XLI+''1SJ XMSRW XLEX EPPS[ TSWMXMSRMRK SJ XLI TVIGEWX TMIGI EJXIV
any known discrepancies in field location, line, or grade and XLIGVERIERHER]EHHMXMSREPXIQTSVEV]GSRRIGXMSRWEVI
FITVSZMHIH[MXLWYMXEFPI[SVOEVIEWJSVPE]SYX VIPIEWIH
&IJSVIWXEVXMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWGLIHYPMRKHIPMZIV] -R GSPH GPMQEXIW GLIGO JSV KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW XLEX
ERHPMJXMRKIUYMTQIRXXLIIVIGXSVWLSYPHWYVZI]XLITVSNIGX VIUYMVIWTIGMEPTPERRMRKERHTVSGIHYVIW
XSGLIGOHMQIRWMSREPXSPIVERGIWERHERGLSVFSPXWXLEXLEZI (IXIVQMRIMJPSSWILEVH[EVIMRWXEPPEXMSRQEXIVMEPWERH
been field-placed or are of contractor’s hardware. The goal FIEVMRKTEHWEVIEZEMPEFPIXSFIHIPMZIVIHXSXLINSFWMXI
SJXLMWWYVZI]MWXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIEVIEWXSVIGIMZIXLITVIGEWX 4VIZIRXGSRJYWMSRF]QMRMQM^MRKXLIRYQFIVSJHMJJIVIRX
GSRGVIXIEVIVIEH]ERHEGGIWWMFPIXSXLIIVIGXSVERHXLEXXLI X]TIWSJMRWXEPPEXMSRLEVH[EVI1EOIXLIHIWMKRIVE[EVI
precast concrete units will fit. All dimensions and details SJXLMWMQTSVXERXMWWYITEVXMGYPEVP]JSVXLSWIQEXIVMEPW
XEOIRWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHEKEMRWXMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW8LI XLEXZEV]SRP]WPMKLXP]
TVIGEWX IVIGXSV WLSYPH EPWS WTSX GLIGO XLI EGGIWW FIJSVI 'SQTMPI EVIEF]EVIE LEVH[EVI FVIEOHS[RW ERH
WGLIHYPMRKXLIPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRKIUYMTQIRX WYQQEVMIW
0E]SYXMWVIUYMVIHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRWSEWXEVXMRK :IVMJ]EGGYVEXITPEGIQIRXSJEXXEGLQIRXWMRXLIWXVYGXYVI
TSMRX MW GPIEVP] IWXEFPMWLIH ERH ER] TSWWMFPI XSPIVERGI :IVMJ]XLEXTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIMWHMQIRWMSREPP]GSVVIGXERH
conflicts with the support structure are determined early. [MXLMRXSPIVERGIW4PEXIWWPIIZIWMRWIVXWERHSTIRMRKW
0E]SYX MW VIUYMVIH HYVMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR XS QEMRXEMR TVSTIV WLSYPHFIGLIGOIHERHGPIERIH
EPMKRQIRX 6IZMI[XLEXGSRRIGXMSRWEVIHIWMKRIHXSMRHYWXV]WXER
0E]SYX FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR IRWYVIW XLEX [LIR ER IVVSV MW HEVHXSPIVERGIWERHTPEGIHEXGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSRW
JSYRH MXGER FIGSVVIGXIH FIJSVIWXEVXMRK MRWXEPPEXMSR%R] 4PERJSVXLIJI[IWXTMGOTSMRXW[MXLSRIPMJXMRKHIZMGISV
modification to bearing surfaces or connection hardware can EWJI[HMJJIVIRXHIZMGIWEWTVEGXMGEFPIXSEZSMHVMKKMRK
FIQEHIF]XLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRFIKMRW GLERKIW
The erector should confirm that the minimum ;LIRIZIVTVEGXMGEFPILEZIYRMXWWLMTTIHMRXLISVMIRXE
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLLEWFIIREGLMIZIH XMSRXLEXXLI][MPPFIMRWXEPPIH;EPPWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEP
Notes of all discrepancies exceeding specified floor slabs horizontal, and properly positioned end-for-
XSPIVERGIWWLSYPHFIOITX7SQIHMWGVITERGMIWFIX[IIRWMXI IRH7SQIPSRKQIQFIVWQE]RIIHXSFISVMIRXIHSRE
GSRHMXMSRW ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW XLEX GER GEYWI TVSF XVYGOMRETEVXMGYPEVQERRIVFIGEYWISJWMXISVVMKKMRK
PIQWHYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRMRGPYHIWXVYGXYVEPWXIIPSYXSJEPMKR VIWXVMGXMSRW-JZIVXMGEPTMIGIWEVIXSSPEVKIERHQYWXFI
QIRXERGLSVFSPXWSVHS[IPWMQTVSTIVP]MRWXEPPIHIVVSVWMR shipped flat, ensure that panels are designed so they can
FIEVMRK IPIZEXMSR SV PSGEXMSR ERH SFWXVYGXMSRW GEYWIH F] FIVSXEXIH
SXLIVXVEHIW )RWYVI XLEX JEPP TVSXIGXMSR MW HIWMKRIH MRXS XLI WXVYG
7YGLHMWGVITERGMIWWLSYPHFIRSXIHMR[VMXMRKERHWIRXMJ XYVI[MXLXMISJJI]IWSVMRWIVXW[LIVIRIIHIH,SPIWMR
ETTVSTVMEXIXSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVIV+''1 floor and roof members and openings in walls should be
SVFSXL-RWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHRSXTVSGIIHYRXMPHMWGVITERGMIW GSZIVIH[LMPIMRXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXITPERX
EVI GSVVIGXIH F] XLI +''1 SV YRXMP MRWXEPPEXMSR VIUYMVI
ments are modified and reviewed by the engineer/architect. {9RPSEHMRKERHLERHPMRK
Verification of remedial work should be the responsibility +IRIVEP{4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHERHHIPMZIVIHMR
of the GC/CM. The erector should return to the site for final XLIMRWXEPPEXMSRWIUYIRGIIWXEFPMWLIHEXTVSNIGXGSSVHMREXMSR
layout verification after all necessary corrections of site QIIXMRKW4ERIPWWLSYPHFIPSEHIHWSXLEXXLI]GERFITMGOIH
GSRHMXMSRW MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR EVIE LEZI FIIR QEHI F] XLI JVSQXLIXVYGO[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLITERIP4ERIPWWLSYPHFI
+''1ERHFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSRWXEVXW PMJXIHJVSQHIPMZIV]XVYGOWERHTPEGIHHMVIGXP]MRXLIMVTVSTIV
;SVOMRKJVSQGSRXVSPTSMRXWFIRGLQEVOWERHPMRIWIWXEF TSWMXMSRSRXLIFYMPHMRK8LMWQMRMQM^IWLERHPMRKHEQEKI
PMWLIH F] XLI +''1 XLI IVIGXSV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL SJJWIX ERHMWYWYEPP]XLIQSWXIGSRSQMGEPQIXLSH1ER]VIUYMVI
lines and elevation marks, as required, for use at each floor QIRXWMR'LETXIVGSRGIVRMRKLERHPMRKTERIPWEXXLIJEFVM
PIZIP-XMWXLIPE]SYXTIVWSRvWHYX]XSQEVOXLIPSGEXMSRWXS GEXMSRTPERXETTP]XSNSFWMXIEGXMZMX]0SEHMRKEXXLITPERX
VIGIMZI XLI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI YRMXW WS XLI IVIGXSV GER TPEGI WLSYPH EPWS GSRWMHIV WTIGMEP GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW PMRI EZEMP
them with minimal measuring and moving to final position. EFMPMX]MJEXS[IVGVERIMWYWIHJSVTERIPMRWXEPPEXMSR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
8LI TVIGEWX IVIGXSV WLSYPH WIX SYX NSMRX PSGEXMSR ERH ERHVITEMVMRK;LIRXLMWMWRIGIWWEV]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
WTEGMRK FIJSVI TERIP MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LMW WLSYPH QMRMQM^I WLSYPHFIEHZMWIHWSXLEXXLIPSGEXMSRWERHVITEMVTVSGIHYVI
HMJJIVIRXMEPZEVMEXMSRMRTERIPNSMRX[MHXLERHMHIRXMJ]TVSF GERFIETTVSZIHFIJSVITERIPJEFVMGEXMSR6ITEMVWWLSYPHFI
PIQWGEYWIH[LIRXLIFYMPHMRKSVEHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPWEVISYX I\IGYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR %P[E]W QIEWYVI
SJHMQIRWMSRSVEPMKRQIRX HITXLSJXLIPMJXMRKMRWIVXERHLEZIWIZIVEPHMJJIVIRXPIRKXL
(IPMZIV]WIUYIRGI{%HIPMZIV]WIUYIRGIJSVTERIPW FSPXWEZEMPEFPIXSIRWYVIXLIFSPXJYPP]TIRIXVEXIWMRWIVXHITXL
should be flexible to allow for full loads, using reasonable ERHRSXSRP]XLIGSRGVIXI
fill-out units when necessary; control of unit position on the 3RI PMJXMRK HIZMGI MW E W[MZIPMRK (VMRK TPEXI
XVEMPIV[MXLTVSTIVWYTTSVXJSVWEJIX]ERHIGSRSQ]EHIUYEXI FSPXIH XSE XLVIEHIHERGLSV 8LI W[MZIP ERH FSPX HMEQIXIV
EHZERGIRSXMGISJWLMTQIRXEWWYVERGISJTVSQTXYRPSEHMRK WLSYPHFIXLIWEQIWM^I
ERHTVSZMWMSRJSVSRWMXIWXSVEKI 'SMPXLVIEHIH ERGLSVW EVI HMWGSYVEKIH [LIR
;LIR TSWWMFPI TERIPW WLSYPH FI YRPSEHIH MR E other anchor types can be used. Insufficient thread engage
ZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSR8LMWMWYWYEPP]XLIWMXYEXMSRMJWMRKPIWXSV] QIRXMWXLIQSWXGSQQSRTVSFPIQ[MXLXLMWW]WXIQERHMX
TERIPWEVIWLMTTIHSRJVEQIWMREZIVXMGEPSVYTVMKLXTSWM MWHERKIVSYWMJXLIFSPXMWRSXJYPP]XLVIEHIHMRXSXLIERGLSV
XMSR (S RSX VIQSZI ER] GLEMRW FMRHIVW SV FERHMRK YRXMP ;LIR YWMRK GSMPXLVIEHIH ERGLSVW XLI JSPPS[MRK TVIGEY
XLI GVERI MW LSSOIH SRXS XLI TVIGEWX IPIQIRX 8MI SJJ EPP XMSRWWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IH
SXLIVTERIPWXSXLIXVEMPIVFIJSVITMGOMRKETERIP%PPGLEMRW -XMWMQTIVEXMZIXLEXXLVIEHIRKEKIQIRXFIEQMRMQYQ
FMRHIVW FERHMRK TVSXIGXMRK TEGOMRK ERH FVEGMRK WLSYPH SJXMQIWXLIRSQMREPFSPXHMEQIXIV&IGEYWIERGLSVW
FIGEVIJYPP]VIQSZIHJVSQEVSYRHXLITERIPW'SQIVWERH EVI WSQIXMQIW VIGIWWIH XLI IVIGXSV WLSYPH PSGEXI XLI
TERIPW[MXLVIXYVRWSJYRYWYEPPIRKXLEVIWLMTTIH[MXLWTIGMEP EGXYEPXSTSJXLIWXIIPERGLSVEWWSQIXLVIEHWQE]FI
FVEGMRK[LMGLWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIHYRXMPXLITVIGEWXTMIGI GSRGVIXIGSZIVERHRSXWXIIP;LIRMRHSYFXXLIIVIGXSV
LEWFIIRPMJXIHWPMKLXP]JVSQXLIXVYGOFIJSVIMRWXEPPEXMSR-J WLSYPHWGVEXGLXLIXLVIEHW[MXLEQIXEPSFNIGXXSZIVMJ]
FIPXWEVIYWIHMRYRPSEHMRKSRP]SRITERIPEXEXMQIWLSYPH ERGLSVPSGEXMSR
FIVIQSZIH4VSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIYWIHFIX[IIRXLI 'EYXMSRWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXMKLXIRMRKFSPXWEWXLI]QE]
FIPXWERHTSMRXSJGSRXEGX[MXLXLITERIP+ERKWSJTVIGEWX FVIEOSYXXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJEXLMRTERIPSVQE]WXVMT
TERIPWWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIH[MXLFIPXPMJXMRKHIZMGIWYRPIWW XLIMRWIVXXLVIEHW
XLITERIPWEVITEPPIXM^IH 8LMW ERGLSV X]TI MW TEVXMGYPEVP] EJJIGXIH F] JSVIMKR
The exterior panel should always be unloaded first from a QEXIVMEPWWYGLEWERHFPEWXKVMXMGISVFSXL[LMGLGER
JVEQISVEWXEGO2IZIVWPMHIETERIPSYXJVSQXLIQMHHPISJ EGGYQYPEXIMR XLIMRWIVX 8EOI GEVIXS VIQSZI JSVIMKR
E WXEGO 1EMRXEMR FEPERGI SR XLI XVEMPIV HYVMRK YRPSEHMRK F] QEXIVMEPWJVSQMRWIVXWXSIRWYVIJYPPXLVIEHIRKEKIQIRX
YRPSEHMRK EPXIVREXI WMHIW SJ XLI ZILMGPI 6IQEMRMRK EHNEGIRX %QMRMQYQSJX[SGSMPMRWIVXWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSPMJXE
TERIPWSRXLIXVEMPIVWLSYPHFIXMIHSVFPSGOIHXSTVIZIRXXMTTMRK YRMXWSXLEXXLIYRMXSVPMJXMRKPMRIGERRSXWTMRGEYWMRK
%JXIVHIPMZIV]ETERIPQE]VIUYMVIVSXEXMSRMRXSE XLIFSPXXSYRWGVI[JVSQXLIMRWIVX
RI[TSWMXMSR*SVI\EQTPIEXEPPTERIPHIPMZIVIHSRMXWWMHI &SPXWSJTVSTIVPIRKXLWLSYPHFIYWIHXSTVIZIRXI\XIR
WLSYPHFIVSXEXIHXSEZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSR%TERIPQE]EPWSFI WMZIWLMQQMRK&SPXWXLEXEVIXSSPSRKQE]FIRHERHJEMP
HIPMZIVIH LSVM^SRXEP PMJXIH JVSQ XLI HIPMZIV] ZILMGPI ERH 8LI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH FI
YTVMKLXIHMRXLI EMV 8LI TERIP MWRSVQEPP]VSXEXIH[MXLSYX GSRWYPXIH VIKEVHMRK XLI HIWMKR MRXIRX SJ EPP MRWXEPPEXMSR
FIMRK EPPS[IH XS XSYGL XLI KVSYRH -X QE] FI RIGIWWEV] XS MRWIVXW'SRRIGXMSRLEVH[EVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHJSVPMJXMRK
FSPXEWYTTSVXJVEQIXSXLITERIPFIJSVIVSXEXMRK9WYEPP]X[S or handling, unless specifically designed and designated
PMJXMRKPMRIWJVSQXLIGVERIEVIYWIHEPXLSYKLWTIGMEPVSXEXMRK JSVXLMWTYVTSWISRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW7SQITVIGEWX
JVEQIWLEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHJSVYWI[MXLSRIGVERIPMRI QIQFIVW XLEX EVI PSRK LIEZ] SV FSXL QE] LEZI WPIIZIW
0MJXMRKHIZMGIW{0MJXMRKHIZMGIWWLSYPHFIWIGYVIH XLVSYKL XLI QIQFIV SV ERGLSVW [MXL W[MZIP LEVH[EVI JSV
XSTERIPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIPMJXMRKHIZMGIQERYJEGXYV YWIMREXXEGLMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRLEVH[EVI
IVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW8LVIEHFSPXWMRXSMRWIVXWEQMRMQYQ 8LIVI EVI WMXYEXMSRW XLEX VIUYMVI WTIGMEP PMJXMRK W]WXIQW
SJFSPXHMEQIXIVWJSVGSMPMRWIVXWERHEQMRMQYQSJ 8LIWI W]WXIQW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKM
FSPXHMEQIXIVWJSVJIVVYPIMRWIVXWXSTVIZIRXWXVMTTMRKSJXLI RIIV ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ] XLI ERGLSV [MPP I\GIIH E WEJIX]
FSPX SV MRWIVX XLVIEHW %X PIEWX X[S GSRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI JEGXSV SJ XS ERH XLI LEVH[EVI XS %JXIV WIPIGXMRK
YWIH[LIRIZIVXLITERIPMWPMJXIHWSXLITERIPSVPMJXMRKPMRI LSMWXMRK IUYMTQIRX VMKKMRK WLSYPH FI WM^IH XS TIVQMX XLI
GERRSXWTMRERHYRWGVI[GEYWMRKXLIPMJXMRKPMRIXSFIGSQI TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIYRMXWXSFIPMJXIHERHMRWXEPPIHWEJIP]
disconnected. Use bolts of a sufficient length to provide ;MVIVSTIWPMRKWEVIYWYEPP]XLIQENSVGSQTSRIRX
JYPP IQFIHQIRX MR XLI PMJXMRK HIZMGI 6IKEVHPIWW SJ PSEH SJ XLI VMKKMRK EWWIQFP] 3GGEWMSREPP] [IF FIPXW SV GLEMR
VIUYMVIQIRXWEMRQQ
FSPXWLSYPHFIXLIQMRMQYQ QIWLFIPXWQE]FIVIUYMVIH,SSOWWLEGOPIWVSPPMRKFPSGOW
WM^IYWIHJSVLERHPMRKER]TVIGEWXTERIP4VIHVMPPIHSVWIPJ GPSWIHPMROWERHPMJXMRKTPEXIWGERFIYWIH[MXLXLIWPMRKWXS
HVMPPIHI\TERWMSRFSPXW WLSYPH RSXFIYWIHJSV LERHPMRK SV GSQTPIXI XLI W]WXIQ %PP SJ XLIWI MXIQW EVI GSQQIVGMEPP]
MRWXEPPEXMSR TYVTSWIW 3GGEWMSREPP] MRWIVXW FSPXW SV SXLIV EZEMPEFPI[MXLXIWXHEXEXSWYFWXERXMEXIXLIWEJI[SVOMRKPSEH
devices are provided only for the convenience of field JSVXLIEZEMPEFPIWM^IWSJIEGLTVSHYGX&IJSVIYWMRKER]SJ
handling. When these devices are located in finished edges XLIWIMXIQWMREVMKKMRKEWWIQFP]MXMWMQTIVEXMZIXLEXXLI
or exposed surfaces, bolt and insert holes will require filling YWIVGSRWYPXXLIQERYJEGXYVIVvWTYFPMWLIHGLEVXWERHMRJSV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
QEXMSR XS FI E[EVI SJ XLI GSRHMXMSRW ERH PMQMXEXMSRW JSV 3JXIRSRP]XLIWIGSRHSTXMSRMWEZEMPEFPIXSXLIIVIGXSV
[LMGLXLIWEJI[SVOMRKPSEHHEXEETTPMIW 1SWXNSFWMXIWEVIGSRKIWXIH*MRHMRKERMWSPEXIHPSGEXMSRXLEX
;LIRVMKKMRKEWWIQFP]GSQTSRIRXWEVIGYWXSQ is clear of debris and sufficiently level to allow safe storage
QEHI XLI] WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH F] E TVSJIWWMSREP IRKMRIIV is often difficult. When storing products on the ground, care
SVI\TIVMIRGIHTIVWSR[MXLJYPPORS[PIHKISJXLIVERKISJ WLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHMRHIXIVQMRMRKXLEXHYRREKI[MPPWYTTSVX
MRXIRHIHYWI&IJSVIEGYWXSQQEHIPMJXMRKETTEVEXYWMWYWIH XLIYRMX[MXLSYXWIXXPMRK[EVTMRKSZIVXYVRMRKSVHEQEKI
EWWXERHEVHIUYMTQIRXMXWGETEGMX]WLSYPHFIGPIEVP]PEFIPIH 7SJXIRIVW EVI EP[E]W VIUYMVIH FSXL SR XLI HYRREKI ERH EX
JSVJYXYVIVIJIVIRGI XLITSMRXW[LIVIETERIPPIERWEKEMRWXEWXVYGXYVI8EPPTERIPW
-X MW RIGIWWEV] XLEX XLI IVIGXSV VIGIMZI EGGYVEXI WLSYPH FIXMIH FEGO XS TVIZIRX SZIVXYVRMRK ;LIR E TERIP
MRHMZMHYEPYRMX[IMKLXWERHHMQIRWMSRWERHMJETTPMGEFPI MWWXSVIHEKEMRWXEFYMPHMRKGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVIZIRX
WTIGMEP LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JVSQ XLI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI HEQEKIXSXLIFYMPHMRKSVXLIYRMX8LITVSHYGXWLSYPHFI
QERYJEGXYVIV ;IMKLX LERHPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH WM^I SJ TVSXIGXIHEKEMRWXWSMPMRKSVHEQEKIF]SXLIVXVEHIWSRXLI
XLIYRMXXSFIPMJXIHEVIGVMXMGEPJSVXLIIVIGXSVXSHIXIVQMRI TVSNIGX;LIRSRWMXIWXSVEKIMWJSVWIZIVEPTMIGIWWXSVEKI
XLIVMKKMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW areas should be level, firm, well-drained, and located where
XLIVI MW PMXXPI GLERGI SJ HEQEKI HYI XS SXLIV GSRWXVYG
{.SFWMXIWXSVEKI XMSREGXMZMX]%R] XIQTSVEV] WXSVEKI EX XLINSFWMXI WLSYPH
+IRIVEP{;LIRWGLIHYPMRKVIUYMVIWNSFWMXIWXSVEKI FI TPERRIHXSEZSMH SZIVWXVIWWMRK XLI YRMXW 8LI EVIE QE]
SJ TVIGEWX TERIPW WXSVEKI EVIEW WLSYPH FI VIPEXMZIP] PIZIP LEZI XS FI WXEFMPM^IH XS TVIZIRX HMJJIVIRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX SV
firm, and well-drained. Storage areas should be located X[MWXMRKSJQIQFIVW8LMWMWMQTSVXERXJSVQIQFIVWWXSVIH
[LIVIXLIVIMWPMXXPIGLERGISJHEQEKIHYIXSSXLIVGSRWXVYG F] WXEGOMRK 9RMXW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH SR JVS^IR KVSYRH
XMSREGXMZMX]7XSVEKIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWMR7IGXMSRWLSYPH [MXLSYX WEJIKYEVHW XS TVIZIRX WIXXPIQIRX [LIR XLI KVSYRH
FIJSPPS[IH;LIVIPSRKXIVQWXSVEKIMWRIGIWWEV]TERIPW XLE[W7XEGOIHYRMXWXIQTSVEVMP]WXSVIHMRERSRWMXIWXSVEKI
WLSYPH FI GSZIVIH XS TVSXIGX XLIQ JVSQ EGGYQYPEXMSR SJ EVIE WLSYPH FI WITEVEXIH ERH WYTTSVXIH EXFPSGOMRK TSMRXW
HYWX HMVX SV SXLIV WXEMRMRK QEXIVMEPW 'SZIVW SJ GERZEW HIWMKREXIHSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW(YRREKIWLSYPHFI
VYFFIVM^IHWLIIXWLIEZ][EXIVTVSSJTETIV+*64WLIIXMRK arranged in vertical planes and sufficiently deep to provide
SVSXLIVTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH GPIEVERGI JSV PMJXMRK HIZMGIW 9RMXW WLSYPH EPWS FI WXSVIH
8LIWXSVEKIEVIEQE]LEZIXSFIWXEFMPM^IHWSXLEXHMJJIV with identification marks visible.
IRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXSVX[MWXMRKSJXLIWXSVIHTERIP[MPPRSXSGGYV ;LIRWXEGOMRKWXIQQIHQIQFIVWSVTPEROWHYRREKIWLSYPH
4ERIPW WLSYPH RSX FI WXSVIH SR JVS^IR KVSYRH [MXLSYX TVSTIV RSXFILMKLIVXLERSRIWXEGOSJTVIGEWXYRMXW1IQFIVWWLSYPH
WEJIKYEVHWXSTVIZIRXYRIZIRWIXXPIQIRXMJXLIKVSYRHXLE[W FIWXEGOIHWSPMJXMRKHIZMGIW[MPPFIEGGIWWMFPIERHYRHEQEKIH
-X QE] FI HIWMVEFPI XS QEMRXEMR ER MRZIRXSV] SJ 8LIYTTIVQIQFIVWSJEWXEGOIHXMIVWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHEWEHHM
TVIGEWXTVSHYGXWSRXLITVSNIGXXSTVIZIRXMRWXEPPEXMSRHIPE]W XMSREPWXSVEKIEVIEJSVWLSVXIVQIQFIVWSVIUYMTQIRX
8LMW GER FI EGLMIZIH F] WXSVMRK WIZIVEP PSEHIH XVEMPIVW SR 8LI IVIGXSV MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV TVSTIV SRWMXI WXSVEKI
XLINSFWMXI0IEZMRKTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIQIQFIVWSRXLIXVEMPIV [LIXLIVTPERRIHSVYRTPERRIH3RGIXLIIVIGXSVMRWTIGXWXLI
MW SJXIR XLI FIWX WSPYXMSR JSV SRWMXI WXSVEKI 8LI XVEMPIV QEXIVMEPFIJSVIYRPSEHMRKERHEGGITXWXLIQEXIVMEPJVSQXLI
YWYEPP]TVSZMHIWGPIERERHWEJIWXSVEKIERHIPMQMREXIWI\XVE WLMTTIVVIWTSRWMFMPMX]MWEWWYQIHJSVWEJIOIITMRKYRXMPXLI
LERHPMRKERHTSWWMFPIHEQEKI-JEPSEHIHXVEMPIVMWWXSVIH TVIGEWXYRMXWEVIMRWXEPPIH
EX XLI NSF WMXI XLI WLMTTIV WLSYPH WXEFMPM^I XLI XVEMPIV XS 4ERIPWYTTSVX{4ERIPWWLSYPHFIWXSVIH[MXLMHIR
TVIZIRX XMPXMRK SV SZIVXYVRMRK 8LMW MW MQTSVXERX SR JVS^IR tification marks clearly visible and supports at the blocking
WMXIWWYFNIGXXSXLE[MRK8LIWXSVIHXVEMPIVWLSYPHFITEVOIH TSMRXWWLS[RSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRHVE[MRKW4ERIPWWLSYPHFI
on firm, level ground. Sufficient dunnage should be placed FPSGOIHXSTVIZIRXXMTTMRK;LIRTERIPWEVITPEGIHEKEMRWX
YRHIVXLIPERHMRKKIEVHSPPMIWXSTVIZIRXXLIQJVSQWMROMRK EJVEQISVWYTTSVXXLI]WLSYPHFIWIXSRTVSXIGXMZIQEXIVMEP
8LMWWLSYPHFI XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJXLIIVIGXSV SRP]MJXLI PEMHLSVM^SRXEPP]YRHIVERHFIX[IIRXLITERIPW8LMWTVSXIG
IVIGXSVMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXVERWTSVXEXMSR XMZIQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIWIPIGXIHWSXLEXXLIFPSGOMRKQEXI
7MXIWXSVEKISXLIVXLERSRXVEMPIVWWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH VMEP [MPP RSX WXEMR XLI TERIPW 4PEWXMG GLEMVW GLEMR KYEVHW
EWMXMWI\TIRWMZIERHGERVIWYPXMRTVSHYGXHEQEKI9RPSEHMRK ERH FIEVMRK TEHW EVI VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI ERH HS RSX WXEMR
members directly from the delivery trailer to their final loca ;SSH FPSGOMRK WLSYPH FI [VETTIH MR +*64 WLIIXMRK XS
XMSR SR XLI WXVYGXYVI [MXLSYX WMXI WXSVEKI MW XLI TVIJIVVIH EZSMH [SSH WXEMRW XLEX GER GEYWI TERIP VINIGXMSR 4SP]WX]
QIXLSH-J ETMIGI QYWX WLMT SYXSJ WIUYIRGI XLI TVIGEWXIV VIRIFPSGOMRKQE]HMWWSPZI[LIRWIEPIVWSPZIRXWGSRXEGXMX
WLSYPH ERRSYRGIXLEXETMIGIMW GSQMRKSYX SJSVHIVWS XLI This leaves an unsightly patch of polystyrene that is difficult
IVIGXSVGERTPERJSVMX8LIIVIGXSVLEWEJI[STXMSRW XSVIQSZI[MXLSYXHIJEGMRKXLITERIP;LIRWSPZIRXFEWIH
8LIQIQFIVGERFIMRWXEPPIHMRMXWGSVVIGXPSGEXMSRMJXLI WIEPIVWEVIRSXYWIHTSP]WX]VIRITVSZMHIWKSSHTVSXIGXMSRMJ
GVERIGERVIEGLMXERHMJMXHSIWRSXMRXIVJIVI[MXLMRWXEPPEXMSR MXMWEHIUYEXIP]WM^IHXSWYTTSVXXLIMQTSWIHPSEH
SJSXLIVYRMXW
-XGERFIWXSVIHXIQTSVEVMP]SRXLIKVSYRHFYXXLMWMW {-RWXEPPEXMSR
SJXIRRSXTVIJIVVIHSVTVEGXMGEFPIHYIXSWMXIGSRWXVEMRXW ;SVOQERWLMT{;SVOIVWWLSYPHFIXVEMRIHXSLERHPI
8LI TMIGI GER FI PIJX SR XLI XVEMPIV SV PSEHIH SRXS ERH IVIGX TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI TERIPW -RWXEPPEXMSR QIXLSHW
ERSXLIVXVEMPIV WLSYPHFITPERRIHXSEZSMHWSMPMRKGVEGOMRKGLMTTMRKERH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
HEQEKI XS FYMPXMR MXIQW 'LMTTMRK ERH WTEPPMRK QE] FI QIRHEXMSRW4ERIPWWLSYPHFILERHPIHSRP]EXXLIPSGEXMSRW
VITEMVIHEXXLINSFWMXIEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSR[LIRTIVJSVQIHXS ERH[MXLXLILEVH[EVIWLS[RSRXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRWLSTHVE[
XLIWEXMWJEGXMSRSJXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX MRKW-JWPMRKWEVIYWIHXLITERIPWLSYPHFIQEVOIHWSXLI
-RWXEPPEXMSRWYTIVZMWSVWEVIRSXKIRIVEPP]I\TIGXIH WPMRKWEVITPEGIHMRXLITVSTIVPSGEXMSR
XSORS[LS[XSSTIVEXIXLIIUYMTQIRXXLI]WYTIVZMWI8LI] 8LIJSPPS[MRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH
WLSYPHLS[IZIVFIJEQMPMEV[MXLXLITVSTIVWIXYTPMQMXE [LIR XYVRMRK VSXEXMRK SV XVMTTMRK TVIGEWX YRMXW MR XLI EMV
XMSRW ERH WEJI YWI SJ XLI IUYMTQIRX 8LI] WLSYPH SFXEMR YWMRKFSXLXLIQEMRPMRIERHEY\MPMEV][LMT
PMRI
XLISTIVEXSVvWMRWTIGXMSRVITSVXFIJSVIKMZMRKMRWXVYGXMSRWXS
TVSGIIH[MXLXLI[SVO XLEXMXQE]MRMXMEPP]GEVV]QSVIXLERLEPJXLIYRMX[IMKLX
—Safe and efficient use of cranes, hoists, personnel
PMJXW ERH SXLIV WTIGMEPM^IH IUYMTQIRX VIUYMVIW STIVEXSV [LMTPMRIEW[IPPEWXLIQEMRPSEHPMRI
training and qualification. The erector should have compe 'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSVIWXVEMRMRKXLIPSEHJVSQ
XIRX ERH GEVIJYP STIVEXSVW XLEX EVI XVEMRIH MR LERHPMRK XLI WTMRRMRK[LMPIPMJXMRK[MXLX[SPMRIW-JXLIQEMRERHEY\MP
loads and the safe operation of the specific equipment they MEV]PMRIWKSSZIVEHNEGIRXWLIEZIWWSXLEXXLIPMRIWEVIWMHI
[MPPFII\TIGXIHXSSTIVEXI7IVMSYWLE^EVHWGERVIWYPXJVSQ F]WMHIXLITMIGI[MPPEPWSXV]XSSVMIRXMXWIPJXSQEXGL-XMW
MQTVSTIV LSMWXMRK STIVEXMSRW SV YWMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV E MQTSVXERXXSFIVIEH]JSVXLMWTSWWMFMPMX]
TYVTSWIJSV[LMGLMXMWRSXMRXIRHIHSVHIWMKRIH &VEGMRKERHKY]MRK{&VEGMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWWLSYPH
8LI IUYMTQIRX STIVEXSV WLSYPH LEZI ORS[PIHKI ERH FIIWXEFPMWLIHFIJSVIFMHHMRKWSXLEXTVSTIVEPPS[ERGIWGER
YRHIVWXERHMRKSJIUYMTQIRXSTIVEXMRKGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWGETE FI QEHI 2IGIWWEV] FVEGMRK ERH KY]MRK QEXIVMEP WLSYPH
FMPMXMIWERHPMQMXEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKIUYMTQIRXVEXIHGETEGMX] FI HIPMZIVIH XS XLI NSF WMXI FIJSVI MRWXEPPEXMSR FIKMRW %PP
ERHIJJIGXSJZEVMEFPIWSRGETEGMX]WEJIX]JIEXYVIWVIUYMVIH FVEGMRKERHKY]MRKQIXLSHWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSWYTTSVX
STIVEXMRKTVSGIHYVIWERHWOMPPMRQERMTYPEXMSRERHGSRXVSP EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR PSEHW MRGPYHMRK [MRH &YMPHMRK HIWMKR
SJIUYMTQIRXXLVSYKLEPPTLEWIWSJSTIVEXMSR WLSYPHTVSZMHIJSVWXVYGXYVEPWXEFMPMX]HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSRSJ
)UYMTQIRX{,ERHPMRK IUYMTQIRX JSV TVIGEWX TERIP XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW &IGEYWI WXVYGXYVEP WXEFMPMX]QE] RSX FI
MRWXEPPEXMSRWLSYPHFIWEJIERHVIPMEFPIYRHIVEPPERXMGMTEXIH achieved until proper alignment and final connections are
GSRHMXMSRW -X WLSYPH EGGSQTPMWL LERHPMRK ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR QEHIFVEGMRKQE]FIVIUYMVIH
UYMGOP]ERHIGSRSQMGEPP]ERHQMRMQM^IER]TSXIRXMEPLE^EVH ;LIR FVEGMRK SV KY]MRK MW YWIH XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW
XSSRWMXITIVWSRRIPRIEVF]TYFPMGSVTVSTIVX]%NSFEREP]WMW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH VIKEVHMRK PSEH
WLSYPHFIGSRHYGXIH XSWIPIGXXLIQSWXETTVSTVMEXIMRWXEPPE PIRKXL ERH MRGPMRIH ERKPI 0SGEXMSR WM^I ERH GETEGMX] SJ
XMSRIUYMTQIRXERHFIWXWMXIPSGEXMSRWJVSQ[LMGLXLIQSWX the insert in both the panel and floor slab is important. A
TERIPWGERFIWEJIP]LERHPIH[MXLSYXIUYMTQIRXQSZIQIRX FVEGISVKY]WLSYPHRIZIVFIGSRRIGXIHXSETVIGEWXTERIP
;LIRWIPIGXMRKIUYMTQIRXMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSIRWYVIXLEXMX[MPP EXETSMRXPS[IVXLERX[SXLMVHWSJXLITERIPLIMKLX8IQTS
FIWEJIVIPMEFPIERHMRKSSH[SVOMRKSVHIVMREPPERXMGMTEXIH VEV] FVEGMRK SV KY]MRK WLSYPH FI EVVERKIH WS XLEX MX HSIW
GSRHMXMSRWXS[LMGLMX[MPPFII\TSWIHERHSTIVEXIH*EGXSVW RSXMRXIVJIVI[MXLSXLIVTERIPWFIMRKIVIGXIH6IQSZMRKSRI
MRZSPZIHMRIUYMTQIRXWIPIGXMSRMRGPYHIXLIJSPPS[MRK FVEGIWLSYPHRSXVIQSZIWYTTSVXJVSQXLIVIQEMRMRKTERIPW
1SFMPMX]ERHGSWX{%ZEMPEFMPMX]ERHGSWXSJXLILERHPMRK 8IQTSVEV]FVEGMRKSVKY]MRKWLSYPHRSXFIVIQSZIHYRXMP
IUYMTQIRXGSWXSJEPXIVMRKFSSQPIRKXLSVSXLIVQSHM FYMPHMRKWXEFMPMX]LEWFIIREGLMIZIHXLVSYKLSXLIVQIERWSV
fications, mobility for anticipated site conditions, and YRXMPEYXLSVM^IHF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX
[LIXLIVXLITERIPW[MPPFI[EPOIHSVGEVVMIH 7EJIX]{8LI IVIGXSV WLSYPH HIZIPST E [VMXXIR WEJIX]
'ETEGMX]VIUYMVIH{;IMKLXWHMQIRWMSRWERHPMJXVEHMYW TVSKVEQXLEXMWGSQQMXXIHXS[SVOTPEGIWEJIX]ERHTVSZMHMRKXLI
SJXLILIEZMIWXERHPEVKIWXTVIGEWXTERIPQE\MQYQPMJX WXVYGXYVIJSVEGLMIZMRKE^IVSEGGMHIRXGYPXYVI;SVOIVWWLSYPH
LIMKLX VEHMYW ERH XLI [IMKLX XS FI LERHPIH EX XLEX FITVSZMHIH[MXLXLIETTVSTVMEXITIVWSREPTVSXIGXMZIIUYMTQIRX
IPIZEXMSRRYQFIVERHJVIUYIRG]SJPMJXW %PP WYTIVZMWSVW WLSYPH FI XVEMRIH XS VIGSKRM^I
'PIEVERGI RIIHW{'PIEVERGI FIX[IIR PSEH ERH ERH GSVVIGX LE^EVHW ERH XS MHIRXMJ] ERH VIWTSRH XS YRWEJI
EHIUYEXILIEHVSSQMR[LMGLXSSTIVEXIKVSYRHGPIEV FILEZMSV8VEMRMRKWLSYPHJSGYWSRTVIZIRXMSRXLVSYKLTPER
ERGIERHGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIKVSYRHSR[LMGLXSWIXXLI RMRKERHIQTLEWM^IXLIMQTSVXERGISJXLIWYTIVZMWSVvWVSPI
IUYMTQIRXERHSZIVLIEHGPIEVERGISJ[MVIWERHEHNE MR WEJIX] 8LMW [MPP MRGPYHI XLI VIKYPEXSV] SFPMKEXMSR JSV
GIRXFYMPHMRKW XLIQXSVIGSKRM^IERHGSRXVSPNSFWMXILE^EVHW-X[MPPEPWS
)UYMTQIRX WIPIGXIH WLSYPH QIIX SV I\GIIH EPP underscore the significance that direct and indirect costs
TVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXWERHLEZIEQMRMQYQTIVGIRX[SVOMRK can have on their company’s financial results. To prevent
QEVKMR SJVIWIVZI PSEH GETEGMX] SR IZIV] PMJXJSV YRERXMGM EGGMHIRXW[SVOIVWWLSYPHFIXVEMRIHMRTVEGXMGIWERHTVSGI
TEXIH TVSFPIQW ;LIR WPMRKW EVI YWIH JSV TERIP MRWXEPPE HYVIWERHVYPIWERHVIKYPEXMSRWERHFIQSXMZEXIHXS[SVO
XMSRXLIMRGPYHIHERKPIFIX[IIRXLIWPMRKPMRIWWLSYPHRIZIV WEJIP])QTPS]IIWWLSYPHWMKRERHHEXIEREGORS[PIHKQIRX
I\GIIHHIKVIIWSVHIKVIIWJVSQXLIZIVXMGEP
%PP[MVI WLIIX ZIVMJ]MRK XLEX XLI] LEZI VIGIMZIH VIEH ERH YRHIV
VSTIW JSV LSMWXMRK IUYMTQIRX WLSYPH FI WM^IH JSV XLI PSEH WXERHGSQTER]WEJIX]TSPMGMIW)QTPS]IIXVEMRMRKTVSKVEQW
TMGOIH8LI]WLSYPHEPWSFIQEMRXEMRIHERHRSXOMROIH WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSIRWYVIXLEXEPPIQTPS]IIWYRHIVWXERH
'LIGOPMJXMRKHIZMGIWXSEWWYVIXLEXXLIMVGETEGMX] ERHEVIE[EVISJXLILE^EVHWXS[LMGLXLI]QE]FII\TSWIH
ERH MRXIRHIH YWI GSRJSVQW XS XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQ ERHXLITVSTIVQIXLSHWJSVEZSMHMRKWYGLLE^EVHW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
.SFWMXI WEJIX] QIIXMRKW WLSYPH FI LIPH EX XLI XYVI VETMHP] [MXLSYX GSQTPIXMRK EPMKRQIRX ERH EPP EHNYWX
FIKMRRMRK SJETVSNIGXXS IRWYVI[SVOIVWEVIJEQMPMEV[MXL QIRXW &SPXIH GSRRIGXMSRW EVI TSWMXMZI MQQIHMEXIP] ERH
GSQTER]WEJIX]TSPMGMIWERXMGMTEXIHLE^EVHWWEJINSFTVSGI EPPS[JSVEHNYWXQIRX[MXLSYXVIUYMVMRKPEVKILERHPMRKIUYMT
HYVIWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIYTGSQMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR[SVO QIRX 'EVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR HYVMRK EHNYWXQIRX XS TVIZIRX
MRGPYHMRKXLI-RWXEPPEXMSR7EJIX]4PER-RHSGXVMREXMSRSJRI[ HEQEKIXSXLITERIPWSVXLIEHNEGIRXFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPW
IQTPS]IIWERHPSRKXIVQIQTPS]IIWRI[XSXLINSFWMXIMW 7XERHEVHM^IH EXXEGLQIRX LEVH[EVI WYGL EW GPMT ERKPIW
TEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERX -REHHMXMSR MRWXEPPEXMSRGVI[ WEJIX] FPSXW ERH WLMQW LIPT QMRMQM^I IVVSVW ERH GSRXVSP MRZIR
QIIXMRKW WYGL EW XSSPFS\ QIIXMRKW WLSYPH FI GSRHYGXIH XSV] 6IKEVHPIWW SJ XLI PSEH VIUYMVIQIRXW E MR
[IIOP]XSHMWGYWWXSTMGWHIWMKRIHXSMRGVIEWI[SVOIVWEJIX] QQ
HMEQIXIVFSPXWLSYPHFIXLIQMRMQYQWM^IYWIH'PMT
8LIWIQIIXMRKWWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIHEWXSEXXIRHERGIERH ERKPIWWLSYPHFIWPSXXIHSVLEZISZIVWM^IHLSPIWXSEPPS[JSV
WYFNIGX QEXXIV ERH EPP IQTPS]IIW WLSYPH FI VIUYMVIH XS TVSHYGXXSPIVERGIWERHFYMPHMRKQSZIQIRX
EXXIRH ;IPHIH GSRRIGXMSRW{;LIVI [IPHIH GSRRIG
9TSRTVSNIGXGSQQIRGIQIRXIQTPS]IIWWLSYPHFIQEHI XMSRW EVI VIUYMVIH [IPHMRK WLSYPH FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
JEQMPMEV[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK %;7 ((1 ERH XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR HVE[MRKW
Identity of first aid representative. 8LIWIHVE[MRKWWLSYPHWLS[XLIX]TIWM^IPIRKXLSJ[IPH
0SGEXMSRSJNSFWMXIXIPITLSRIWJSVIQIVKIRGMIW WIUYIRGI QMRMQYQ TVILIEX MRXIVTEWW XIQTIVEXYVI [IPH
0SGEXMSRSJIQIVKIRG]TLSRIRYQFIVWERHEHHVIWWIWSJ PSGEXMSRERH[LIVIGVMXMGEPXLIIPIGXVSHIX]TI4ERIPWQE]
RIEVF]HSGXSVWEQFYPERGIWIVZMGIWLSWTMXEPERHTSPMGI FI WLMQQIH HYVMRK MRMXMEP XEGO [IPHMRK &VEGMRK SV SXLIV
and fire departments when 911 service is not available. TVSZMWMSRW WLSYPH WEJIP] LSPH XLI TERIP MR TSWMXMSR [LMPI
*MVWXEMHIUYMTQIRX XLILERHPMRKIUYMTQIRXMWVIPIEWIHERHEHNEGIRXTERIPWEVI
&PSSHFSVRITEXLSKIRWI\TSWYVIGSRXVSPTPER TPEGIH
Location and proper use of fire extinguishers. &IJSVIXIQTSVEV]FVEGMRKMWVIPIEWIHXLIHIWMKREXIHJYPP
8LI WEJIX] TVSKVEQ WLSYPH VIUYMVI XLEX EPP EGGM [IPHWLSYPHFIMRTPEGIEXIZIV]GSRRIGXMSRMRXLITVIGEWX
HIRXWVIWYPXMRKMRMRNYV]XS[SVOIVWHEQEKIXSIUYMTQIRXSV TERIP8SQMRMQM^IWXEMRMRKEPPPSSWIWPEKERHHIFVMWWLSYPH
TVSHYGXSVFSXLVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIMVREXYVIFIMRZIWXMKEXIH FI VIQSZIH MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV [IPHMRK MW GSQTPIXI 4ERIP
ERHVITSVXIH2IEVQMWWIWWLSYPHEPWSFIVITSVXIHERHMRZIW finish and surrounding materials may require protection from
XMKEXIH -X MW ER MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ IZIV] WEJIX] TVSKVEQ XLEX WTEVOWERHWQSOIWXEMR2SRGSQFYWXMFPIWLMIPHWWLSYPHFI
HSGYQIRXEXMSRFIGSQTPIXIHMQQIHMEXIP]WSXLEXXLIGEYWI YWIHXSTVSXIGXI\TSWIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWHYVMRK[IPHMRK
and means of prevention is identified to prevent recurrence. 4SWXXIRWMSRIH GSRRIGXMSRW{:IVXMGEP TSWX
-R EHHMXMSR [LIR ER EGGMHIRX VIWYPXW JVSQ ER IQTPS]IIvW XIRWMSRMRKLSVM^SRXEPTSWXXIRWMSRMRKSVFSXLQE]FIYWIH
JEMPYVI XS JSPPS[ NSF TVSGIHYVIW XLMW WLSYPH FI VIZMI[IH for field connection of precast panels using either bonded
[MXLEPPIQTPS]IIWTIVJSVQMRKXLINSF SV YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW &SRHIH XIRHSRW EVI MRWXEPPIH MR
%PMKRQIRX{3JJWIX PMRIW EVI KIRIVEPP] QEVOIH SR TVIJSVQIH ZSMHW SV HYGXW 8LI] EVI QEHI QSRSPMXLMGEPP]
the floors for multistory buildings or on foundations for [MXLXLIQIQFIVERHTVSXIGXIHJVSQGSVVSWMSRF]KVSYXMRK
WMRKPIWXSV]FYMPHMRKW4VIGEWXTERIPIPIZEXMSRWEVIKIRIVEPP] after the stressing operation is completed. Grout should fill
IWXEFPMWLIH F]WIXXMRKXLITVSTIVP] WM^IHWLMQ TEGOSRXLI EPPZSMHWMRERHEVSYRHXLIIRXMVIXIRHSRPIRKXL9RFSRHIH
floor or beam. Shim material should have a bearing capacity XIRHSRW EVI GSRRIGXIH XS XLI TVIGEWX TERIP SRP] XLVSYKL
SJETTVS\MQEXIP]TWM 14E
)EGLTERIPWLSYPHFI XLI ERGLSVEKI LEVH[EVI %RGLSVEKI HIZMGIW JSV EPP TSWX
IVIGXIH XS QIIX XLI XSPIVERGIW MR 'LETXIV 8S QEMRXEMR XIRWMSRMRKW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIEPMKRIH[MXLXLIHMVIGXMSRSJ
SZIVEPPFYMPHMRKHMQIRWMSRWMXMWRIGIWWEV]XS[SVOXSNSMRX XLIE\MWSJXLIXIRHSREXXLITSMRXSJEXXEGLQIRX'SRGVIXI
GIRXIVPMRIWTIVQMXXMRKNSMRX[MHXLWXSZEV]-JENSMRXWM^IMW WYVJEGIWEKEMRWX[LMGLXLIERGLSVEKIHIZMGIWFIEVWLSYPHFI
HIXEMPIHEWMRQQ
ERHXLITERIPXSPIVERGIMWMR MRXLITPERISJXLIXIRHSRERHRSVQEPXSXLIXIRHSRHMVIG
QQ
XLINSMRXQE]ZEV]JVSQXSMRXSQQ
tion. Post-tensioning operations require qualified personnel
TVSZMHIH ETTVSZIH GSRRIGXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR TVSGIHYVIW I\TIVMIRGIH[MXLXLIWXVIWWMRKTVSGIHYVIWERHIUYMTQIRXXS
EVIJSPPS[IH FIYWIH
'SRRIGXMSRW{'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI GSQTEXMFPI (S[IPWERHKVSYXMRK{7XVIRKXLSJEHS[IPGSRRIG
[MXLFSXLTVIGEWXERHWYTTSVXMRKJVEQIXSPIVERGIWWMQTPIMR XMSR MR XIRWMSR SV WLIEV HITIRHW SR XLI IQFIHHIH PIRKXL
detail, and easily adjusted in the field to meet project condi ERH XLI HIZIPSTIH FSRH &IGEYWI TPEGIQIRX SJ ETSVXPERH
XMSRW 'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH EPPS[ JSV MRWXEPPEXMSR MRHITIR GIQIRXKVSYXSVITS\]KVSYXMWVIUYMVIHHYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR
HIRX SJ EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI [MXLSYX XIQTSVEV] TVSXIGXMSR YWMRKHS[IPGSRRIGXMSRWYWYEPP]WPS[WMRWXEPPEXMSRERHQE]
QIEWYVIW8LI]WLSYPHFIEWWXERHEVHM^IHEWTVEGXMGEFPIXS FIGSWXP]
minimize plant and field installation quality control prob *SV HS[IPIH SV KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW WIXXMRK WLMQW EVI
PIQW3RGIEKVIIHYTSRF]XLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXIVIGXSV located and grout holes are filled just before setting precast
ERH TVIGEWX WYTTPMIV XLI GSRRIGXMSRW WIPIGXIH WLSYPH TERIPW 8LI GSRGVIXI MR ERH EHNEGIRX XS XLI KVSYX LSPIW
FI WLS[R SR XLI WLST HVE[MRKW WYFQMXXIH FIJSVI TERIP WLSYPH FI HEQT SV MR E WEXYVEXIH WYVJEGIHV] GSRHMXMSR
JEFVMGEXMSR +VSYX GSRWMWXIRG] WLSYPH TIVQMX HMWTPEGIQIRX SJ WSQI
&SPXIH GSRRIGXMSRW{'SRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI KVSYX [LIR TERIPW EVI TSWMXMSRIH ;LIVI KVSYX FIHW EVI
HIWMKRIHWSXLEXQIQFIVWGERFIWEJIP]WIGYVIHXSXLIWXVYG VIUYMVIHTERIPWQE]FIWIXSRWLMQWERHPEXIVHV]TEGOIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
[MXL QSVXEV 4ERIPW QE] EPWS FI WIX SR JVIWL KVSYX [MXL XMSRW 8SPIVERGIW WLSYPH GPSWIP] QEXGL X]TMGEP JEFVMGEXMSR
XLI IPIZEXMSR GSRXVSPPIH F] WLMQW )\GIWW KVSYX WLSYPH FI XSPIVERGIWJSVXLIQEXIVMEPWXSFINSMRIHTPYWERETTVSTVMEXI
VIQSZIH MJ MX MRXIVJIVIW [MXL SXLIV GSRWXVYGXMSR EGXMZMXMIW GPIEVERGIJSVHMJJIVIRXMEPZSPYQIGLERKIWFIX[IIRQEXIVMEPW
%ZSMH YWMRK ITS\] ERH GIQIRXMXMSYW KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW *EFVMGEXMSR ERH MRWXEPPEXMSR XSPIVERGIW SJ SXLIV FYMPHMRK
[LIRXLIEQFMIRXXIQTIVEXYVIMWFIPS[*'
1M\MRK IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR HIWMKR4VIGEWX GSRGVIXI
ERH MRWXEPPMRK ITS\] KVSYXW WLSYPH FI MR WXVMGX EGGSVHERGI YRMXWWLSYPHFIGSSVHMREXIH[MXLERHEGGSQQSHEXIXLISXLIV
XS XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW MRWXVYGXMSRW -R WIPIGXMRK HS[IPMRK WXVYGXYVEP ERH JYRGXMSREP IPIQIRXW GSQTVSQMWMRK XLI XSXEP
ERH KVSYXMRK QIXLSHW GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS WXVYGXYVI9RYWYEPVIUYMVIQIRXWSVEPPS[ERGIWJSVMRXIVJEGI
how the final joint will be made and how the corners will WLSYPHFIWXEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
FINSMRIH%HNYWXMRKXLITVIGEWXTERIPEJXIVXLIMRMXMEPWIXSJ 'VEGOWERHQENSVHEQEKISGGYVVMRKHYVMRKMRWXEPPE
XLIKVSYXGERHIWXVS]XLIKVSYXFSRHERHVIHYGIGSRRIGXMSR XMSRWLSYPHFIRSXIHERHVITSVXIHXSXLITVIGEWXIRKMRIIVF]
WXVIRKXL(S[IPIHERHKVSYXIHGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHSRP]FI XLIIVIGXSV
YWIHEWTEVXSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRGSRGITX(S[IPIHERH
KVSYXIH GSRRIGXMSRW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH YRPIWW IQFIHHIH {'PIERMRK
ERH[IPHIHGSRRIGXMSRWEVIMQTVEGXMGEP+IRIVEPP]HS[IPIH 4ERIPW HIPMZIVIH XS XLI NSF WMXI WLSYPH FI GPIER ERH MR
ERHKVSYXIHGSRRIGXMSRWGERRSXFIYWIH(IGIQFIVXLVSYKL EGGITXEFPI GSRHMXMSR 8LI IVIGXSV WLSYPH VIGSEX EPP [IPHW
%TVMPMRGSPHGPMQEXIW ERHEFVEHIHWXIIP[MXL VYWXMRLMFMXSV SVMRGEWIW SJ KEPZE
RM^IH TPEXIW [MXL E GSPH KEPZERM^MRK GSEXMRK XS TVIZIRX
{8SPIVERGIW VYWXMRK[LMGLGERWXEMRXLITERIPW+IRIVEPP]XLIIVIGXSVMW
8LI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIV ERH IVIGXSV EVI VIWTSRWMFPIJSV ER]GLMTTMRK WTEPPMRK GVEGOMRKERH SXLIV
responsible for meeting specific tolerances in the fabrication HEQEKIXSXLITVIGEWXTERIPWEJXIVHIPMZIV]XSXLINSFWMXIERH
ERHMRWXEPPEXMSRTVSGIWWIWVIWTIGXMZIP]8LIIRKMRIIVEVGLM HYVMRKMRWXEPPEXMSR
XIGX WLSYPH GSSVHMREXI XLI XSPIVERGIW JSV TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI 8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV EWWYQIW VIWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV TERIP
[SVO [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV XVEHIW [LSWI [SVO TVSXIGXMSR EJXIV TERIP MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI KIRIVEP GSRXVEGXSV
EHNSMRWXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR-REPPGEWIWXSPIV WLSYPH EPWS QEOI EVVERKIQIRXW XS TVSZMHI TVSXIGXMSR JSV
ERGIW WLSYPH FI VIEWSREFPI ERH [MXLMR KIRIVEPP] EGGITXIH EHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPWWYGLEW KPEWWERHEPYQMRYQXLEXQE]FI
PMQMXW-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIHIWMKRIVVIZMI[TVSTSWIH HEQEKIHF][IPHWTPEXXIVSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWWYGL
XSPIVERGIW [MXL TVIGEWXIVW ERH IVIGXSVW FIJSVIHIGMHMRK SR as fireproofing. Otherwise, adjacent materials should not be
final project tolerances. In turn, the precast manufacturer, MRWXEPPIHYRXMPTERIPWEVIMRTPEGIVITEMVIHERHGPIERIH
+''1ERHIVIGXSVWLSYPHGEVIJYPP]QSRMXSVXSPIVERGIWXS %R] QSVXEV KVSYX TPEWXIV WXEMRW SV SXLIV QEXXIV SR
GSRWXVYGXXLIWXVYGXYVIEWHIWMKRIH8SPIVERGIWEVIHMZMHIH XLI TERIPW HYVMRK KIRIVEP GSRWXVYGXMSR WLSYPH FI MQQIHM
MRXSXLVIIGEXIKSVMIW EXIP][EWLIH SJJ[MXL GPIER[EXIV SVGPIERIHEWSXLIV[MWI
4VSHYGXXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSR
VIUYMVIH 6EMR[EXIV SV [EXIV JVSQ GSRWXVYGXMSR LSWIW GER
-RWXEPPEXMSRXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSRWERH
[EWL EGVSWW FYMPHMRK QEXIVMEPW ERH GEYWI HMWGSPSVEXMSR SJ
-RXIVJEGIXSPIVERGIW7IGXMSRWERH
I\TSWIHTVIGEWXTERIPW
8LIIVIGXSVWLSYPHRSXMJ]XLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIV 'PIERMRKTVSGIHYVIW{;LIRGPIERMRKI\TSWIHTERIP
MQQIHMEXIP][LIRSYXSJXSPIVERGITVSHYGXWTVIZIRXTVSTIV JEGIWXLI]WLSYPHFI[EWLIH[MXLE GPIERWMRKEKIRXQM\IH
connection or fitting so that corrective action can be taken for [MXLLSX[EXIVERHXLSVSYKLP]VMRWIH[MXLGPIEV[EXIV%KSSH
XLIVIQEMRMRKJEFVMGEXMSR;LIRETVSHYGXGERRSXFIIVIGXIH fiber brush should be used for cleaning. Panels are usually
[MXLMRXLIXSPIVERGIWEWWYQIHMRXLIGSRRIGXMSRHIWMKRXLI GPIERIHJVSQXSTSJXLIFYMPHMRKHS[R[EVH-RHMZMHYEPTVIGEWX
IVIGXSV WLSYPH RSXMJ] XLI TVIGEWXIV ERH +''1 XS GLIGO TERIPWEVIGPIERIHJVSQXLIFSXXSQYT%JXIV[EWLMRKJVSQ
XLI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LI GSRRIGXMSR FSXXSQXSXLIXSTTERIPWWLSYPHFIVMRWIHERH[EWLIHJVSQ
design should be modified, if required. XSTXSFSXXSQJSPPS[IHF]EWIGSRHVMRWI[MXLGPIEV[EXIV
2S TVSHYGX WLSYPH FI PIJX MR ER YRWEJI GSRHMXMSR %R] (S RSX EPPS[ GPIERMRK WSPYXMSRW XS HV] SR GSRGVIXI
EHNYWXQIRXW EJJIGXMRK WXVYGXYVEP TIVJSVQERGI SXLIV XLER surfaces that will be exposed to view. Final finish should be
EHNYWXQIRXW [MXLMR TVIWGVMFIH XSPIVERGIW WLSYPH FI QEHI WSYRH[MXLI\TSWIHGSRGVIXIJVIISJEPPPEMXERGIHMVXWXEMRW
SRP]EJXIVETTVSZEPF]XLITVIGEWXHIWMKRIRKMRIIV4VSHYGXW WQIEVWSVSXLIVFPIQMWLIW
WLSYPHRSXFIJSVGIHMRXSTPEGISVMRWXEPPIHF]ER]QIXLSH 7XYFFSVRWXEMRW{;LIRWXEMRWVIQEMREJXIVGPIERMRK
XLEX[SYPHMRHYGI SVMQTSWIER]YRHYIWXVIWW SVSZIVPSEH [MXL E WXMJJ FVYWL ERH GPIERWMRK EKIRX XLI TERIP WYVJEGI
SRXLIWXVYGXYVISRXLITVSHYGXWSVSRXLIGSRRIGXMSRW%R] WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP] [IXXIH [MXL GPIEV [EXIV ERH XLIR
HIZMEXMSRWWLSYPHFIVITSVXIHXSXLITVIGEWXQERYJEGXYVIV WGVYFFIH [MXL E HMPYXI WSPYXMSR SJ QYVMEXMG L]HVSGLPSVMG
-RXIVJEGI XSPIVERGIW ERH GPIEVERGIW EVI XLSWI EGMH 8LMW WSPYXMSR GSRGIRXVEXMSR QE] FI MRGVIEWIH XS E
VIUYMVIH JSV NSMRMRK HMJJIVIRX FYMPHMRK IPIQIRXW MR GSRXEGX QE\MQYQSJ TIVGIRXQYVMEXMGEGMHFYXXV][IEOIVWSPY
[MXLSVMRTVS\MQMX]XSXLITVIGEWXGSRGVIXIERHXSEGGSQ tions first. A thorough washing with clear water should
QSHEXIVIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXWI\TIGXIHFIX[IIRWYGLIPIQIRXW MQQIHMEXIP]JSPPS[WGVYFFMRK,SRIHERHTSPMWLIHWYVJEGIW
HYVMRKXLIPMJISJXLIFYMPHMRK8]TMGEPI\EQTPIWEVIXSPIV GERRSXFI EGMHGPIERIH[LIVI XLIVI EVIWSPYFPIEKKVIKEXIW
ERGIW JSV [MRHS[ ERH HSSV STIRMRKW VIKPIXW QIGLERMGEP WYGLEWPMQIWXSRISVQEVFPISRXLITERIPJEGI%GMHGPIERMRK
ERHIPIGXVMGEPIUYMTQIRXIPIZEXSVWWXEMVW[EPPWERHTEVXM QE] GLERKI XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ WERHFPEWXIH WYVJEGIW 8EOI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
GEVIXSTVIZIRXHEQEKIXSEHNEGIRXQEXIVMEPGSVVSHMFPIF]XLI GSPSVIHNSMRXW8LIWYVJEGIWLSYPHFIVMRWIH[MXLGPIER[EXIV
EGMH+PEWWERHEPYQMRYQXVMQEVIWYWGITXMFPIHYVMRKEGMH FSXL FIJSVI ERH EJXIV GPIERMRK +PE^IH XMPI QERYJEGXYVIVW
WGVYFFMRKERH[EWLMRK6ITIEXIHETTPMGEXMSRWSJEGPIERMRK KIRIVEPP]HSRSXVIGSQQIRHYWMRKEGMHJSVGPIERMRK
EGMHSRXLII\TSWIHWYVJEGISJXLITVIGEWXTERIPQE]GLERKI 'PIERMRKWIEPIHTERIPW{-JTERIPWXLEXLEZIFIIR
TERIPXI\XYVISVGSPSV8LIIJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIQE]RIGIW WIEPIH FIJSVI WLMTTMRK XS XLI WMXI VIUYMVI GPIERMRK MX QE]
WMXEXII\XIRWMZI[EWLMRKSJEPPTVSNIGXTERIPW'SQQIVGMEP FIRIGIWWEV]XSVIQSZIXLIWIEPIVERHVIGSEXXLITERIPEJXIV
GPIERIVW QE] FI HIWMVEFPI MRWXIEH SJ EGMH &IGEYWI QYVM GPIERMRK 7YVJEGI WIEPIVW WLSYPH RIZIV FI VIETTPMIH YRXMP
EXMG EGMH QE] PIEZI ]IPPS[ WXEMRW SR [LMXI GSRGVIXI E EPP GPIERMRK ERH VITEMVW EVI GSQTPIXI *SV MRJSVQEXMSR SR
XSTIVGIRXTLSWTLSVMGEGMHWSPYXMSRQE]FITVIJIVVIHSR removing specific stains from concrete, refer to PCA (1988).
[LMXISVZIV]PMKLXGSPSVIHGSRGVIXITERIPW;SVOIVWYWMRK
GPIERMRK GSQTSYRHW SV EGMH WSPYXMSRW WLSYPH FI XVEMRIH {4EXGLMRKERHVITEMVMRK
MR XLIMV YWI 8LI YWI SJ TVSTIV TVSXIGXMZI [IEV WLSYPH FI +IRIVEP{1MRSVGLMTTMRKSJTVIGEWXTERIPWHYVMRK
WXVMGXP]IRJSVGIH6YFFIVKPSZIWKPEWWIWERHSXLIVTVSXIG XVERWTSVXEXMSRERHLERHPMRKEXXLINSFWMXIGERFII\TIGXIH
XMZIGPSXLMRKWLSYPHFI[SVRF][SVOIVWYWMRKEGMHWSPYXMSRW (EQEKIHTERIPWGERFIVITEMVIHEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRFYXQENSV
SV WXVSRK HIXIVKIRXW 1EXIVMEPW JSV GLIQMGEP GPIERMRK GER WTEPPWSVGVEGOWVIUYMVIERIRKMRIIVMRKIZEPYEXMSR6ITEMVW
FIGSVVSWMZIERHXS\MG%PPTVIGEYXMSRWSRPEFIPWWLSYPHFI VIUYMVII\TIVXGVEJXWQERWLMTJSVXLITERIPWXSFIFSXLWXVYG
SFWIVZIHFIGEYWIXLIWIGPIERMRKEKIRXWGEREJJIGXI]IWWOMR XYVEPP]WSYRHERHTPIEWMRKMRETTIEVERGI'EVIJYPTPERRMRK
and lungs. Materials that can produce noxious or flammable MWVIUYMVIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLEXVITEMVWGEREIWXLIXMGEPP]QEXGL
fumes should not be used in confined spaces unless adequate I\MWXMRK WYVJEGI GSRGVIXI FSXL MR GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI ERH FI
ZIRXMPEXMSRMWTVSZMHIH WXVYGXYVEPP]WSYRH-RWSQIGEWIWMXMWQSVIJIEWMFPIXSVIGEWX
7ERHFPEWXMRK ERH WXIEQ GPIERMRK{(V] SV [IX XLI TERIP %PP TEXGLMRK ERH VITEMVW WLSYPH FI JYPP] GYVIH
EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK YWMRK WERH SV SXLIV EFVEWMZIW QE] FI GPIERIHERHHV]FIJSVIWIEPMRKNSMRXWFIX[IIRTERIPW6IJIV
GSRWMHIVIH MJ XLMW QIXLSH [EW SVMKMREPP] YWIH MR I\TSWMRK XS%'-6JSVKIRIVEPKYMHIPMRIWJSVGSRGVIXIVITEMV
XLIYRMXWYVJEGI7XIEQGPIERMRKQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSGPIER 6ITEMVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHFIEVGLM
TERIPW 8LI EVGLMXIGXYVEP TVIGEWXIV SV ER I\TIVMIRGIH XIGXYVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]+VSWWZEVMEXMSRWMRGSPSVERHXI\XYVI
WYFGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHTIVJSVQER]WERHFPEWXMRK%ZIRXYVM SJVITEMVWJVSQEHNEGIRXWYVJEGIWQE]GEYWIVINIGXMSRERHE
X]TIRS^^PIWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVMXWWSPMHFPEWXTEXXIVRVEXLIV VIUYIWXJSVTERIPVITPEGIQIRX
XLEREWXVEMKLXFSVIRS^^PIXLEXTVSHYGIWPMKLXJVMRKIEVIEW ;VMXXIR VITEMV TVSGIHYVIW{8LI TVIGEWXIV WLSYPH
7ERHFPEWXMRKGERHYPPEKKVIKEXISVGLERKIGSPSVSVXI\XYVI prepare a written repair procedure that clearly defines when
WSXLEXMXRSPSRKIVQEXGLIWXLIWXVYGXYVI%WQEPPEVIETVIJ XSGSRWYPXXLITVIGEWXIRKMRIIVXSHIXIVQMRIERETTVSTVMEXI
IVEFP]SRXLIQSGOYTTERIPWLSYPHFIXVMIHERHETTVSZIH VITEMV1ENSVVITEMVWWLSYPHRSXFIEXXIQTXIHYRXMPERIRKM
FIJSVITVSGIIHMRK[MXL[SVO RIIVMRK IZEPYEXMSR HIXIVQMRIW [LIXLIV SV RSX XLI YRMX MW
7XSRIZIRIIVJEGIHTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIYRMXWWLSYPH WXVYGXYVEPP] WSYRH ;LIR VITEMVEFPI XLI TVIGEWX IRKMRIIV
be cleaned with a stiff fiber, stainless steel, or bronze wire WLSYPHETTVSZIXLITVSGIHYVI
FVYWL E QMPH WSET TS[HIV SV HIXIVKIRX ERH GPIER [EXIV 7IPIGXMRKXIGLRMUYIWSVQEXIVMEPWJSVVITEMVHITIRHSRXLI
YWMRKLMKLTVIWWYVIMJRIGIWWEV]%GMHSVSXLIVWXVSRKGLIQ I\XIRX SJ HEQEKI TVSHYGX JYRGXMSR EZEMPEFMPMX] SJ IUYMT
MGEPW XLEX GER HEQEKI SV WXEMR ZIRIIV WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH QIRX ERH WOMPPIH QERTS[IV IGSRSQMG GSRWMHIVEXMSRW
-RJSVQEXMSR WLSYPH FI SFXEMRIH JVSQ WXSRI WYTTPMIVW SR VIUYMVIQIRXJSVWTIIHSJVITEMVERHMQTSVXERGISJETTIEV
QIXLSHWSJVIQSZMRKSMPVYWXERHHMVXWXEMRWJVSQXLIWXSRI ERGI-XMWMQTSVXERXXLEXEPPVITEMVWEVITIVJSVQIHMREHZERGI
1SVXEV WXEMRW GER FI VIQSZIH JVSQ FVMGO TERIPW of final cleaning and joint sealing. Any repair work on joints
F]XLSVSYKLP][IXXMRKXLITERIPERHWGVYFFMRK[MXLEWXMJJ WLSYPH FI JYPP] GYVIH GPIER ERH HV] FIJSVI GEYPOMRK %PP
fiber brush and a masonry cleaning solution. A prepared VITEMVWERHVIQIHMEP[SVOWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIHERHOITX
GPIERMRKGSQTSYRHMWVIGSQQIRHIHLS[IZIVSRVIHFVMGO in job record files.
E[IEOWSPYXMSRSJQYVMEXMGEGMHERH[EXIVRSXXSI\GIIHE (IXIVQMRMRK [LIR XS VITEMV{)ZEPYEXI MQTIV
TIVGIRXQYVMEXMGEGMHWSPYXMSR
QE]FIYWIH%GMHWLSYPH JIGXMSRW MR XLI GSRGVIXI XS HIXIVQMRI MJ VITEMVW WLSYPH FI
be flushed from the panel with large amounts of clean water attempted. Repairs can accentuate flaws rather than remove
[MXLMRXSQMRYXIWSJETTPMGEXMSR&YJJKVE]SVFVS[R XLIQ7PMKLXGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWFIX[IIRXLIVITEMVIHEVIEERH
FVMGOWLSYPHFIGPIERIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIFVMGOQERY SVMKMREPWYVJEGIGERSGGYVHYIXSXLIHMJJIVIRXEKIERHGYVMRK
JEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW TSWWMFP] YWMRK TVSTVMIXEV] GSRHMXMSRWSJXLIVITEMV7IZIVEP[IIOWSVTSWWMFP]QSRXLW
GPIERIVW VEXLIVXLEREGMH XS TVIZIRX KVIIR SV ]IPPS[ ZERE [MPPRSVQEPP]FPIRHXLIVITEMV[MXLXLIWYVVSYRHMRKEVIEWS
HMYQWXEMRWERHFVS[RQERKERIWIWXEMRW XLEXMXFIGSQIWPIWWRSXMGIEFPI6ITEMVWWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIH
*SPPS[MRKETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIGPIERMRKWSPYXMSRXLITERIP SRP] [LIR GSRHMXMSRW IRWYVI XLEX XLI VITEMVIH EVIE [MPP
WLSYPHFIVMRWIHXLSVSYKLP][MXLGPIER[EXIV,MKLTVIWWYVI GSRJSVQ XS XLI WYVVSYRHMRK [SVO [MXL VIWTIGX XS ETTIEV
[EXIV GPIERMRK XIGLRMUYIW YWMRK XS TWM XS ERGIWXVYGXYVEPEHIUYEG]ERHHYVEFMPMX],ERHXSSPWYVJEGI
14E
[EWLIWQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSVIQSZIQSVXEVWXEMRW FPIQMWLIWFIJSVIYRHIVXEOMRKTEXGLVITEMVW2IIHPIWGEPMRK
9RKPE^IH XMPI SV XIVVEGSXXE WYVJEGIW WLSYPH FI FYWLLEQQIVMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRKGERIJJIGXMZIP]
GPIERIH[MXL E TIVGIRX WSPYXMSRSJWYPJYVMGEGMH JSV KVE] FPIRHSJJWIXWSVZEVMEXMSRWMRGSPSVERHXI\XYVI
SV [LMXI NSMRXW ERH E QSVI HMPYXI TIVGIRX
WSPYXMSR JSV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
JSPPS[ XLI TVSGIHYVIW SJ %781 ''1
% *SYV GSQTVIWWMSR WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH FI QEHI HEMP] JSV
QMRMQYQEPPS[EFPI HYVEFMPMX] JEGXSV SJ MW VIGSQQIRHIH IEGLMRHMZMHYEPGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI[LIXLIVJEGMRKSVFEGOYT
%MVIRXVEMRQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVTERIPWWYFNIGXXSJVII^MRK QM\XYVI
SVJSVIEGL]H Q
SJER]SRIQM\XYVI
and-thawing conditions, but a specified fixed air content level is [LIR HEMP] GSRWYQTXMSR I\GIIHW XLMW ZSPYQI 8[S WTIGM
RSXVIGSQQIRHIHVIJIVXS7IGXMSR
QIRWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIWXVMTTMRKWXVIRKXLTEVXMG
%FWSVTXMSR{%[EXIVEFWSVTXMSRXIWXSJXLITVSTSWIH YPEVP]MJXLIQM\XYVIMWRI[ERHMXWLMWXSV]RSX[IPPORS[R
JEGMRK QM\XYVI GER TVSZMHI IEVP] MRHMGEXMSR SJ [IEXL However, one specimen may be sufficient as fabrication
IVMRK SV TSXIRXMEP WXEMRMRK TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI *SV TVSKVIWWIW*SVJEGIQM\XYVIWWTIGMQIRWX]TMGEPP]VIUYMVIH
the concrete strengths typically specified for architectural JSVHIXIVQMRMRKWXVMTTMRKWXVIRKXLQE]FISQMXXIH[LIREMV
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXIVIEWSREFPI[EXIVEFWSVTXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI XIQTIVEXYVIMWLMKLIVXLER*'
E TVSFPIQ YRPIWW GIQIRXVMGL SV LMKL[EXIVGIQIRXMXMSYW 8IWX WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH FI QEHI ERH WXSVIH EW RIEV EW
QEXIVMEPVEXMSQM\XYVIWSVFSXLEVIYWIH TVEGXMGEFPI XS XLI PSGEXMSR [LIVI XLI] [MPP FI GYVIH MR
4VSGIHYVIJSVEFWSVTXMSRXIWXW{7TIGMQIRWWLSYPH EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ''1 'SRWSPMHEXMSR ERH
FIXIWXIHEJXIVXLIGSRGVIXIMWHE]WSPH7TIGMQIRWWLSYPH finishing procedures should follow ASTM C31/C31M-10
FISZIRHVMIHFIX[IIRERH*ERH'
YRXMPXLI ERH'VIUYMVIQIRXW
[IMKLXPSWWMRLSYVWMWPIWWXLERTIVGIRX8IWXWEQTPIW Capping procedures should be as specified in ASTM
WLSYPH FI GSSPIH XS VSSQ XIQTIVEXYVI [IMKLIH ERH XLIR ''1 I\GITX [LIR JEWXWIXXMRK LMKLWXVIRKXL
WYFQIVKIHMR[EXIVXSSRILEPJXLIWTIGMQIRLIMKLX%JXIV WYPJYV GSQTSYRHW WTIGMEPP] QERYJEGXYVIH JSV GETTMRK
LSYVWXLI]WLSYPHFIWYFQIVKIHMR[EXIVYRXMPXLI[EXIVMW EVIYWIH'SQTVIWWMSR XIWXMRK QE] FI TIVJSVQIHEJXIVXLI
flush with the specimen top. In both cases, the water should be VIGSQQIRHIHGYVIXMQIJSVXLIGETTMRKGSQTSYRH
QEMRXEMRIHFIX[IIRERH*ERH'
%JXIVERSXLIV 'YFI XIWX WTIGMQIRW{1SWX SJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
LSYVWXLIWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIVIQSZIHXLIWYVJEGI[EXIV SJ 7IGXMSR GER FI ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS GYFI TVITE
[MTIH SJJ [MXL E HEQT GPSXL ERH WTIGMQIRW [IMKLIH SR VEXMSR ERH XIWXMRK 7PMKLX HIZMEXMSRW [MPP FI VIUYMVIH MR
E WGEPI LEZMRK E VIWSPYXMSR SJ S^ K
4IVGIRXEKI GSRGVIXIGSRWSPMHEXMSREWEVIWYPXSJHMJJIVIRXWTIGMQIRWM^I
EFWSVTXMSRMWXLIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIR[IX[IMKLXERHSZIRHV] ERHWLETI;LIRYWMRKGYFIWMXMWVIEWSREFPIXSTPEGIXLI
[IMKLXHMZMHIHF]HV][IMKLXERHQYPXMTPMIHF]8LMW GSRGVIXIMREWMRKPIMRQQ
PE]IVJSVXLIMR
ZEPYIQE]FIXVERWJSVQIHXSZSPYQITIVGIRXEKIFEWIHSRXLI QQ
GYFIERHX[SMRQQ
PE]IVWJSVEMRQQ
YRMX[IMKLXSJXLIGSRGVIXIXIWXIH1E\MQYQ[EXIVEFWSVTXMSR GYFI4IVJSVQXEQTMRKSVI\XIVREPZMFVEXMSRMREGGSVHERGI
JSV RSVQEP[IMKLXGSRGVIXI JEGI QM\XYVIW WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH [MXL%781''17MQMPEVXSVIWXVMGXMSRWJSVMR
TIVGIRXF]ZSPYQI7TIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIGPIERERHJVIISJ QQ
G]PMRHIVWMRXIVREPZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHXS
TEVXMRKEKIRXJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXSVWIEPIV8EOIGEVIRSXXS GSRWSPMHEXIIMXLIVGYFIWM^I
QM\ER]SJXLIWIEKIRXWMRXSXLIGSRGVIXI 1IEWYVIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JSV GYFIW MW KIRIVEPP]
8IWXWTIGMQIRW{'SRJYWMSRERHHMWGVITERGMIWSJXIR LMKLIVXLERXLEXSFXEMRIH[MXLGSRGVIXIG]PMRHIVWQEHIJVSQ
I\MWXMRWIPIGXMRKXLIWM^IERHWLETISJXIWXWTIGMQIRW1ER] XLIWEQIGSRGVIXI'YFIHEXEWLSYPHFIGSVVIPEXIHXSWXER
TVIGEWXTPERXWTVIJIV\MRSV\MR\QQ HEVH\MR\QQ
XIWXG]PMRHIVWMJGYFIWEVI
SV\QQ
G]PMRHIVW3XLIVWTVIJIVMRQQ
XS FI GSRWMWXIRXP] YWIH EW XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSPWTIGMQIR -J
SV MR QQ
GYFIW JSV IZEPYEXMRK EFWSVTXMSR ERH RSGSVVIPEXMSRMWEZEMPEFPITIVGIRXSJXLIQIEWYVIHGYFI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL +IRIVEPP] XLI \ MR \ WXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIYWIHEWERIWXMQEXISJXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
QQ
G]PMRHIVERHXLIMRQQ
GYFIEVIRSXYWIH[LIR WEQIGSRGVIXI[LIRXIWXIHYWMRKG]PMRHIVW
QE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^IMRXLIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIMWKVIEXIV 'YVMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRW{;LIRJEFVMGEXMRKTVIGEWX
XLERMRQQ
8IWXWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHFIGSRWSPMHEXIH TERIPWMRMXMEPGYVMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXIYWYEPP]XEOIWTPEGIMR
cured, and finished similarly to the products they represent. XLIJSVQW%XIWXWTIGMQIRWLSYPHFIGYVIH[MXLERHF]XLI
1SPHW{1SPHW JSV QEOMRK XIWX WTIGMQIRW WLSYPH WEQI QIXLSH EW XLI YRMX MX VITVIWIRXW YT XS XLI XMQI XLEX
GSQTP][MXLETTPMGEFPIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781''1 XLI TVSHYGX MW WXVMTTIH JVSQ XLI JSVQ SV QSPH ;LIR XLI
ERH ''1 ,IEZ] KEYKI VIYWEFPI WXIIP QSPHW TVIGEWXTERIPMWXSFIWXIEQGYVIHXLIXIWXWTIGMQIRQSPH
VEXLIVXLERWMRKPIYWIQSPHWSJTETIVPMKLX[IMKLXQIXEPSV should withstand elevated temperature without significant
+*64EVITVIJIVVIH%R]QSPHWXLEXFIGSQIHMWXSVXIHSVHS HMWXSVXMSR
RSXGSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIETTVS ;LIR XLI TVIGEWX TERIPW EVI VIQSZIH JVSQ XLIMV JSVQW
priate ASTM specification should be discarded. XLIXIWXWTIGMQIRWWLSYPHEPWSFIVIQSZIHJVSQXLIMVQSPHW
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLXIWXWTIGMQIRW ERH TPEGIH MR E GSRXMRYSYW QSMWX GSRHMXMSR EX *
8IWXG]PMRHIVW{7EQTPIWJSVWXVIRKXLXIWXWWLSYPH ' '
8LMW MW XLI WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK WXEKI %R
be taken on a strictly random basis as specified by ASTM EPXIVREXMZI QIXLSH JSV WIGSRHEV] GYVMRK QE] TVSZMHI XLI
'-JGLSMGISJWEQTPMRKXMQIWSVXLIGSRGVIXIFEXGLIW FIWX QIEWYVI SJ TSXIRXMEP WXVIRKXL SJ E TEVXMGYPEV GSRGVIXI
XS FI WEQTPIH EVI WIPIGXIH SR XLI FEWMW SJ ETTIEVERGI QM\XYVI8LIEPXIVREXMZIQIXLSHGEPPWJSVEXPIEWXHE]WSJ
GSRZIRMIRGI SV SXLIV FMEWIH GVMXIVME WXEXMWXMGEP GSRGITXW GSRXMRYSYW QSMWX GYVMRK EJXIV VIQSZMRK WTIGMQIRW JVSQ
PSWIZEPMHMX]2SQSVIXLERSRIXIWXWLSYPHFIXEOIRJVSQE XLIQSPHWJSPPS[IHF]WXSVEKIEXETTVS\MQEXIP]TIVGIRX
WMRKPIFEXGLERH[EXIVWLSYPHRSXFIEHHIHEJXIVXLIWEQTPI VIPEXMZILYQMHMX]YRXMPXLIWEQTPIMWXIWXIH&IGEYWIXLMWMW
MWXEOIR RSXER%781HIWMKREXIHTVSGIHYVIMXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
SRP]EJXIVXLIIRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGXIZEPYEXIWEQFMIRX[IEXLIV EVI X]TMGEPP] HSRI SR XLI FEGO SJ XLI TVIGEWX TERIP [LIVI
GSRHMXMSRWJSVXLITVSNIGXEVIE QMRMQYQVITEMVMWRIIHIH
Tests of finished panels{;LIR UYIWXMSRW EVMWI 4IRIXVEXMSR TVSFI{8LI TIRIXVEXMSR TVSFI XIWX
EFSYX EHIUYEXI WXVIRKXL SJ E TERIP SV WIVMIW SJ TERIPW XLI GSRHYGXIH EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ''1 MW VIPE
UYEPMX]SJXLIGSRGVIXIGERFIWXFIIWXEFPMWLIHF]GSVIXIWXW XMZIP]RSRHIWXVYGXMZIVIEWSREFP]EGGYVEXIERHIGSRSQMGEP
%PXIVREXMZIQIXLSHWWYGLEWVIFSYRHLEQQIVTYPPSYXXIWXW ,S[IZIV ER IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR GSQTVIW
ERHTIRIXVEXMSRTVSFIXIWXWLEZIFIIRYWIHEPSRK[MXLTYPWI WMZIWXVIRKXLERHTVSFIXIWXVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIHIZIPSTIHJSV
ZIPSGMX]XIWXMRK(ITIRHMRKSRXLITVSFPIQWSQIIUYMTQIRX IEGLSJXLIHMJJIVIRXGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWYWIHMRXLITVIGEWX
ERHTVSGIHYVIWQE]FIFIXXIVXLERSXLIVWMRHIXIVQMRMRKXLI TERIPW3RGIXLIFEGOKVSYRHGSQTEVMWSRXIWXMRKSRGSRGVIXI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIMRXLITERIP GSVIWERHG]PMRHIVWLEWFIIRTIVJSVQIHXLITVSFIXIWXGER
'SVI XIWXW{-R XLI TEWX EGGITXERGI XIWXW JSV TVSZMHIVIPMEFPIVIWYPXW&IGEYWIXLIEQSYRXSJTIRIXVEXMSR
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL LEZI FIIR PMQMXIH XS XEOMRK GSVIW MWMRZIVWIP] TVSTSVXMSREPXSGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLEVIEHMRKSJ
8IWXGSVIWWLSYPHEP[E]WFITVITEVIHGSRHMXMSRIH XIWXIH GSRGVIXI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW MQQIHMEXIP] SFXEMRIH
ERHVITSVXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781 Each probe leaves only a small hole that can be easily filled
''18LIEZIVEKIWXVIRKXLSJXLVIIVITVIWIRXEXMZI [MXLERITS\]TEXGLMRKGSQTSYRH
cores should be at least 85 percent of the specified strength. 4YPWI ZIPSGMX]{8LI TVMRGMTPI SJ XLI YPXVEWSRMG
2SWMRKPIGSVIWLSYPHFIPIWWXLERTIVGIRXSJXLEXWTIGM XIWX %781 '
MW XLEX XLI ZIPSGMX] SJ PSRKMXYHMREP
fied. Core sample length-to-diameter ratio should be as close YPXVEWSRMGTYPWIWXVEZIPMRKMRWSPMHGSRGVIXIHITIRHWSRXLI
XS EW TSWWMFPI %R] GSVI WLS[MRK IZMHIRGI SJHEQEKI HIRWMX] ERH XLI IPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI GSRGVIXI8LIXIWX
FIJSVIXIWXMRKWLSYPHRSXFIXIWXIHERHWLSYPHFIVITPEGIH MWRSXEWYFWXMXYXIJSVSXLIVQIXLSHWSJIZEPYEXMRKGSQTVIW
[MXLERSXLIVGSVIWEQTPI WMZIWXVIRKXLFYX MX MW E KSSH QIXLSH JSV HIXIGXMRK GVEGOW
8LI IRKMRIIVEVGLMXIGX WLSYPH WIPIGX XLI PSGEXMSR JSV and cavities; for examining panel damage due to frost, fire,
HVMPPMRK GSVIW [LIVI XLI] [MPP PIEWX MQTEMV XLI WXVYGXYVI SV GLIQMGEP EXXEGO ERH JSV EWWIWWMRK XLI VIPEXMZI KIRIVEP
strength and the exposed surface finish. Core holes can often UYEPMX] SJ GSRGVIXI 8LI XIWX VIUYMVIW EGGIWW XS FSXL WMHIW
FITEXGLIH[MXLSYXHEQEKIXSXLIETTIEVERGISVMRXIKVMX]SJ SJ XLI TERIP -XW YWI JSV ETTVS\MQEXMRK MRTPEGI GSRGVIXI
ETVIGEWXTERIP;LIRTVEGXMGEFPIGSVIWWLSYPHFIHVMPPIHWS WXVIRKXLF] RSRHIWXVYGXMZI QIERWMW PMQMXIHXS XLSWI GEWIW
XLEXXLIGSVIXIWXPSEHMWETTPMIHMRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSREWXLI where concrete is sufficiently strong to allow pulse trans
WIVZMGIPSEH3JXIRXSTHVMPPMRKSJGSVIWEQTPIWQMRMQM^IW QMWWMSR EX ZIPSGMXMIW KVIEXIV XLER JXW OQW
SVIPMQMREXIWHEQEKIXSXLITERIPJEGI&IGEYWIQSWXEVGLM 'SVVIPEXMSRW LEZI FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH FIX[IIRTYPWI ZIPSGMX]
tectural precast panels are cast flat, top coring of the panel ERH GSRGVIXI TVSTIVXMIW WYGL EW HIRWMX] WXEXMG QSHYPYW SJ
TVSHYGIW E VITVIWIRXEXMZI WEQTPISJ GSRGVIXI 'SVIW XEOIR IPEWXMGMX]ERHH]REQMGQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]8LIQIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI TERIP JEGI QE] FI YT XS TIVGIRX TYPWIZIPSGMX]MWEREZIVEKIZIPSGMX]MJXLIJEGMRKERHFEGOYT
[IEOIVXLERGSVIWXEOIRTEVEPPIPXSXLITERIPJEGI concrete are significantly different.
(VMPPGSVIW[MXLEHMEQSRHFMXXSEZSMHERMVVIKYPEVGVSWW
WIGXMSR ERH HEQEKI JVSQ HVMPPMRK ;LIR E GSVI WEQTPI MW {(SGYQIRXEXMSR
FVSOIR [SSHIR [IHKIW WLSYPH FI YWIH XS QMRMQM^I XLI 6IGSVHOIITMRKMWERIWWIRXMEPTEVXSJER]UYEPMX]GSRXVSP
PMOIPMLSSHSJHEQEKI%PPS[ERI\XVEMRQQ
SJGSVI TVSKVEQ1EREKIQIRXWLSYPHIWXEFPMWLHMWXVMFYXIERHYTHEXI
PIRKXLEXXLIFVSOIRIRHXSTIVQMXWE[MRKSJJIRHWXSTPERI STIVEXMSREPTVSGIHYVIWJSVVIGSVHOIITMRKWSXLEXIZIV]TIVWSR
WYVJEGIWFIJSVIGETTMRK IQTPS]IHMRXLITVIGEWXMRKSTIVEXMSRORS[W[LEXHSGYQIRXE
6IFSYRHLEQQIV{6IFSYRHLEQQIVXIWXWWLSYPH XMSRMWVIUYMVIH(SGYQIRXEXMSRRIIHRSXFIIPEFSVEXIMXQE]
RSXFIYWIHEWEGGITXERGIXIWXWJSVTVIGEWXTERIPWFYXXLI] VIUYMVIGSQTPIXMSRSJERSYXPMRISVEWMQTPIHEXEJSVQFYXMX
EVIZEPYEFPIJSVUYEPMXEXMZIGSQTEVMWSRWEXXLITPERXJSVXLI MWMRXIKVEPXSMQTPIQIRXMRKUYEPMX]GSRXVSPXLVSYKLGSRXVSPSJ
WEQI NSF 8LI VIFSYRH LEQQIV XIWX GSRHYGXIH MR EGGSV QEXIVMEPWGSRXVSPSJGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIWGSRXVSPSJJEFVMGEXMSR
HERGI[MXL%781''1GERFIYWIHXSPSGEXI GSRXVSPSJLERHPMRKERHGSRXVSPSJXIGLRMGEPWIVZMGIW
EVIEWSJPS[IVWXVIRKXLGSRGVIXISVXSXVEGOHE]XSHE]ZEVME 4VIGEWXIVWWLSYPHHIZIPSTEVEXMSREPW]WXIQSJEREP]^MRK
XMSRWMRXLIJEFVMGEXMSRGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL JEFVMGEXMSR XIWX VIWYPXW ERH OIITMRK VIGSVHW SR QEXIVMEPW
4YPPSYX XIWXW{8LI TYPPSYX XIWX EW HIWGVMFIH MR FVIEOEKIHEQEKIERHVINIGXMSRSVVI[SVO(EXEGSRGIVRMRK
%781'TVSZMHIWEHMVIGXMRHMGEXMSRSJXLIXIRWMPI MRWTIGXMSRERHXIWXVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIVIGSVHIHERHVIZMI[IH
WXVIRKXLSJMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI8LMWXIWXMRZSPZIWHVMPPMRKMRXS TEVXMGYPEVP] [LIR IZEPYEXMRK RI[ QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSHYGXW
LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI ERH MRWXEPPMRK ER I\TERWMSR ERGLSV SV 6IGSVH OIITMRK WLSYPH MHIRXMJ] XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ EPP
IQFIHHMRK ER ERGLSV HMWG HYVMRK GEWXMRK SJ XLI GSRGVIXI precast panels with a specific mark number that can be tied
8LII\TERWMSRERGLSVSVIQFIHHIHERGLSVHMWGMWTYPPIHSYX to a certain mold or form on a specific date.
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFVMRKMRK[MXLMXEXVYR
GEXIHGSRISJGSRGVIXI%VIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRTYPPSYXJSVGI ',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
ERHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIGERFIHIZIPSTIH %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
JSVETEVXMGYPEVTVSNIGXF]QIERWSJPEFSVEXSV]XIWXW+SSH
data correlation between field and laboratory compression Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construc
XIWXWMWVIUYMVIHJSVXLMWXIWXXSKMZIZEPMHVIWYPXW8LIWIXIWXW XMSRERH1EXIVMEPWERH'SQQIRXEV]
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
%%1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
2SVQEP,IEZ][IMKLXERH1EWW'SRGVIXI -VSRERH7XIIP,EVH[EVI
%%1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV7XVYG Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein
XYVEP0MKLX[IMKLX'SRGVIXI JSVGIQIRX4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI
6 %
+YMHIJSV7IPIGXMRK4VSTSVXMSRWJSV2S7PYQT Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
'SRGVIXI 7LETIW
6 %
'LIQMGEP%HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and
6 7XYHW47-8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
4VSXIGXMSRSJ1IXEPWMR'SRGVIXI%KEMRWX'SVVSWMSR %
6 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
'SRXVSPSJ'VEGOMRKMR'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIW 8VIEXIHOWM1MRMQYQ8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
6 %%1
'EYWIW)ZEPYEXMSRERH6ITEMVSJ'VEGOWMR'SRGVIXI Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated
7XVYGXYVIW 7IZIR;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
%%1
Specifications for Structural Concrete Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved
6 7XIIP;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
+YMHIJSV1IEWYVMRK1M\MRK8VERWTSVXMRKERH %
4PEGMRK'SRGVIXI Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel,
6 ,IEX8VIEXIHOWM1MRMQYQ8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL
+YMHIXS'YVMRK'SRGVIXI %%1
6 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for
+YMHIJSV'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI 'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
6 %%1
Identification and Control of Visible Effects of Consol Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein
MHEXMSRSR*SVQIH'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIW JSVGIQIRX(IJSVQIHJSV'SRGVIXI
%%1
(IXEMPWERH(IXEMPMRKSJ'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
'EVFSR7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
&YMPHMRK'SHI6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI %%1
ERH'SQQIRXEV] Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed
6 ERH4PEMR&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
6ITSVXSR*MFIV6IMRJSVGIH4SP]QIV*64
6IMRJSVGI %%1
QIRXJSV'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIW Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength
7XIIP&EVWJSV4VIWXVIWWMRK'SRGVIXI
Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced %%1
4SP]QIV&EV1EXIVMEPWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
Standard Specification for Bonding Hardened %%1
'SRGVIXI7XIIP;SSH&VMGOERH3XLIV1EXIVMEPWXS Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Rein
,EVHIRIH'SRGVIXI[MXLE1YPXM'SQTSRIRX)TS\] JSVGMRK&EVW
%HLIWMZI %%1
6 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire
'SRGVIXI6ITEMV+YMHI ERH;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
6 %1
8MPX9T'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSR+YMHI Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel
-8+ (IJSVQIH&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
Specification for Tolerances for Precast Concrete ''1
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV1EOMRKERH'YVMRK'SRGVIXI
%781-RXIVREXMSREP 8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI*MIPH
% ''1
Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
'SPH*MRMWLIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
''1 '
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV3FXEMRMRKERH8IWXMRK Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or
(VMPPIH'SVIWERH7E[IH&IEQWSJ'SRGVIXI 'EPGMRIH2EXYVEP4S^^SPERJSV9WIMR'SRGVIXI
''1 '
Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV-VSR7XEMRMRK1EXIVMEPWMR
''1 0MKLX[IMKLX'SRGVIXI%KKVIKEXIW
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ ''1
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX1SVXEVW9WMRKMRSV?QQA 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV6IWMWXERGISJ'SRGVIXIXS
'YFI7TIGMQIRW
6ETMH*VII^MRKERH8LE[MRK
' ''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV(IRWMX]6IPEXMZI(IRWMX] 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4IRIXVEXMSR6IWMWXERGISJ
(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate ,EVHIRIH'SRGVIXI
' ''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV7MIZI%REP]WMWSJ*MRIERH 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV6IFSYRH2YQFIVSJ,EVH
'SEVWI%KKVIKEXIW IRIH'SRGVIXI
''1 ''1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV7PYQTSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding
'SRGVIXI 7]WXIQWJSV'SRGVIXI
''1 '
Standard Specification for Portland Cement 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4YPPSYX7XVIRKXLSJ,EVHIRIH
' 'SRGVIXI
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7EQTPMRK*VIWLP]1M\IH ''1
'SRGVIXI Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally
' 'SPSVIH'SRGVIXI
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV%MV'SRXIRXSJ,]HVEYPMG ''1
'IQIRX1SVXEV Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
' 9WIMR4VSHYGMRK*PS[MRK'SRGVIXI
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV1EOMRKERH'YVMRK'SRGVIXI ''1
8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI0EFSVEXSV] Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
' '
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4SXIRXMEP%POEPM6IEGXMZMX] 7XERHEVH+YMHIJSV9WISJ.SMRX7IEPERXW
SJ'IQIRX%KKVIKEXI'SQFMREXMSRW1SVXEV&EV '
1IXLSH
Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in
''1 'IQIRXMXMSYW1M\XYVIW
Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures ((1
JSV'SRGVIXI 7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV7EQTPMRK%KKVIKEXIW
' ))1
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4SXIRXMEP%POEPM7MPMGE6IEG 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHWJSV7XVIRKXLSJ%RGLSVWMR
XMZMX]SJ%KKVIKEXIW'LIQMGEP1IXLSH
'SRGVIXIERH1EWSRV])PIQIRXW
''1
Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for %QIVMGER-RWXMXYXISJ7XIIP'SRWXVYGXMSR
7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI %-7'
''1 7XIIP'SRWXVYGXMSR1ERYEPXLIHMXMSR
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV8MQISJ7IXXMRKSJ'SRGVIXI
1M\XYVIWF]4IRIXVEXMSR6IWMWXERGI %QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]
''1 %;7((1
Standard Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete 7XVYGXYVEP;IPHMRK'SHI{7XIIP
8IWX']PMRHIVW:IVXMGEPP] %;7(
''1 7XVYGXYVEP;IPHMRK'SHI{6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP
Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
'SRGVIXI 4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
' 120
7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV4YPWI:IPSGMX]8LVSYKL 1ERYEPJSV5YEPMX]'SRXVSPJSV4PERXWERH4VSHYGXMSR
'SRGVIXI SJ7XVYGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI4VSHYGXWXLIHMXMSR
''1 120
7XERHEVH4VEGXMGIJSV'ETTMRK']PMRHVMGEP'SRGVIXI 1ERYEPJSV5YEPMX]'SRXVSPJSV4PERXWERH4VSHYGXMSR
7TIGMQIRW SJ%VGLMXIGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI4VSHYGXWVHIHMXMSR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()*3646)'%78'32'6)8);%004%2)07%'-6
120 +VIIRMRK26ERH0ERHKVIR6w7YVJEGI(MWGSP
4'-(IWMKR,ERHFSSO4VIGEWXERH4VIWXVIWWIH SVEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI*PEX[SVOx.SYVREPSJXLI4'%6IWIEVGL
'SRGVIXIWIZIRXLIHMXMSR
ERH(IZIPSTQIRX0EFSVEXSVMIW:2STT
120
%VGLMXIGXYVEP4VIGEWX'SRGVIXIXLMVHIHMXMSR Pfeifer, D. W., and Landgren, R., 1982, “Energy-Effi
120 GMIRX %GGIPIVEXIH 'YVMRK SJ 'SRGVIXI JSV 4PERX4VSHYGIH
(IWMKRERH8]TMGEP(IXEMPWSJ'SRRIGXMSRWJSV4VIGEWX
4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXIx4'-.SYVREP:2STT
ERH4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXIWIGSRHIHMXMSR
120
8SPIVERGI1ERYEPJSV4VIGEWXERH4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX %WWSGMEXMSR w6IQSZMRK 7XEMRW
'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH'PIERMRK'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIWx-784'%7OSOMI-0
TT
'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP-RWXMXYXI1ERYEPSJ7XER
HEVH4VEGXMGIXLIHMXMSR'67-7GLEYQFYVK-0TT 4VIGEWX4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIw6IGSQQIR
'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP-RWXMXYXI4PEGMRK6IMR HEXMSRW SR 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV (IWMKR ERH 'SRWXVYGXMSR SJ
JSVGMRK&EVWIMKLXLIHMXMSR'67-7GLEYQFYVK-0
4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIWx4'-&SEVH%H,SG'SQQMXXII
+E]PSVH ) , .V +E]PSVH ' 2 ERH 7XEPPQI]IV .
)7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK,ERHFSSOJSYVXLIHMXMSR JSV 6IWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV (IWMKR SJ 4VIGEWX 'SRGVIXI 7XVYG
1G+VE[,MPP4VSJIWWMSREPTT XYVIWx 4'-.SYVREP:2STT
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
%W %'- FIKMRW MXW WIGSRH GIRXYV] SJ EHZERGMRK GSRGVIXI ORS[PIHKI MXW SVMKMREP GLEVXIVIH TYVTSWI
WTVIEHMRKORS[PIHKIx-ROIITMRK[MXLXLMWTYVTSWI%'-WYTTSVXWXLIJSPPS[MRKEGXMZMXMIW
7TVMRKERHJEPPGSRZIRXMSRWXSJEGMPMXEXIXLI[SVOSJMXWGSQQMXXIIW
)HYGEXMSREPWIQMREVWXLEXHMWWIQMREXIVIPMEFPIMRJSVQEXMSRSRGSRGVIXI
7XYHIRXTVSKVEQWWYGLEWWGLSPEVWLMTWMRXIVRWLMTWERHGSQTIXMXMSRW
7TSRWSVMRKERHGSWTSRWSVMRKMRXIVREXMSREPGSRJIVIRGIWERHW]QTSWME
*SVQEPGSSVHMREXMSR[MXLWIZIVEPMRXIVREXMSREPGSRGVIXIVIPEXIHWSGMIXMIW
4IVMSHMGEPWXLI%'-7XVYGXYVEP.SYVREPERHXLI%'-1EXIVMEPW.SYVREPERH'SRGVIXI-RXIVREXMSREP
QIQFIVWVIGIMZIHMWGSYRXWSJYTXS SREPP%'-TVSHYGXWERHWIVZMGIWMRGPYHMRKHSGYQIRXWWIQMREVW
ERHGSRZIRXMSRVIKMWXVEXMSRJIIW
%W E QIQFIV SJ %'- ]SY NSMR XLSYWERHW SJ TVEGXMXMSRIVW ERH TVSJIWWMSREPW [SVPH[MHI [LS WLEVI E
GSQQMXQIRX XS QEMRXEMR XLI LMKLIWX MRHYWXV] WXERHEVHW JSV GSRGVIXI XIGLRSPSK] GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH
TVEGXMGIW-REHHMXMSR%'-GLETXIVWTVSZMHISTTSVXYRMXMIWJSVMRXIVEGXMSRSJTVSJIWWMSREPWERHTVEGXMXMSRIVW
EXEPSGEPPIZIP
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
97%
4LSRI
*E\
[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+YMHIJSV4VIGEWX'SRGVIXI;EPP4ERIPW
8LI%1)6-'%2'32'6)8)-278-898)
ERH HMWXVMFYXIW MRJSVQEXMSR SR XLI MQTVSZIQIRX SJ HIWMKR GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH
QEMRXIRERGI SJ GSRGVIXI TVSHYGXW ERH WXVYGXYVIW 8LI [SVO SJ %'- MW GSRHYGXIH F]
MRHMZMHYEP%'-QIQFIVWERHXLVSYKLZSPYRXIIVGSQQMXXIIWGSQTSWIHSJFSXLQIQFIVW
ERHRSRQIQFIVW
8LI GSQQMXXIIW EW [IPP EW %'- EW E [LSPI STIVEXI YRHIV E GSRWIRWYW JSVQEX
[LMGL EWWYVIW EPP TEVXMGMTERXW XLI VMKLX XS LEZI XLIMV ZMI[W GSRWMHIVIH 'SQQMXXII
-RHMZMHYEPW MRXIVIWXIH MR XLI EGXMZMXMIW SJ %'- EVI IRGSYVEKIH XS FIGSQI E QIQFIV
8LIVI EVI RS IHYGEXMSREP SV IQTPS]QIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW %'-vW QIQFIVWLMT MW
GSQTSWIH SJ IRKMRIIVW EVGLMXIGXW WGMIRXMWXW GSRXVEGXSVW IHYGEXSVW ERH
VITVIWIRXEXMZIWJVSQEZEVMIX]SJGSQTERMIWERHSVKERM^EXMSRW
1IQFIVW EVI IRGSYVEKIH XS TEVXMGMTEXI MR GSQQMXXII EGXMZMXMIW XLEX VIPEXI XS XLIMV
[[[GSRGVIXISVK