ME203 Basics

Thermodynamic System
Basic Concepts & Terminology
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq T006
A thermodynamic system is simply any object, quantity of

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering matter, or region of space that has been selected for
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) thermodynamic study. Everything that is not part of the system
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
is referred to as the surroundings.
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
Boundary or control surface (CS) separates the system from
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ its surroundings which
may be real or imaginary, at rest or in motion
ME 203: Engineering Thermodynamics may change its shape and size
neither contains matter nor occupies volume
has zero thickness and a property value at a point on the boundary
is shared by both the system and its surroundings.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME 203 (2016) 1 / 17 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME 203 (2016) 2 / 17
T061
A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.
T062
T009
A system defined to contain all of the air that is initially in a tank that
is being filled.
Control Mass (CM) or Closed System Control Volume (CV) or Open System
T008
T007 T078
When there is flow of mass through CS,

In Control Mass (CM) or Closed system, the CS is closed to mass
the system is called a Control Volume
flow, so that no mass can escape from or enter into the system. Heat &
(CV) or Open system.
work may cross the CS.
T082
Adiabatic System Classification of Thermodynamic Systems
T079 T083
T001
In Adiabatic system the boundary is impermeable to heat.

An Isolated system is a special case of CM system that does not
interact in any way with its surroundings.
Macroscopic & Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics State & Property
Thermodynamic systems can be studied from two points of view: The condition of a system at any instant of time is called its state.
1 Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics State at a given instant determines the properties of the system.
2 Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics
A property is a quantity whose numerical value depends on the
The microscopic approach recognizes that the system consists of state but not on the history of the system. The origin of
matter that is composed of countless, discrete molecules. Statistics properties include those
and probability theories are applied to deduce the macroscopic 1 directly measurable
behaviour or measurable quantities e.g. pressure, temperature etc. 2 defined by laws of thermodynamics
In the macroscopic approach, the state of the system is described
3 defined by mathematical combinations of other properties.
by a relatively small set of characteristics that are called Two states are identical if, and only if, the properties of the two
properties e.g. mass, temperature, pressure and volume. states are identical.
Macroscopic approach works well when the system is sufficiently Intensive properties are independent of the size or extent of the
large such that it contains many molecules. However, macroscopic system. Extensive properties depend on the size or extent of the
approach would not work well for a system that consists of a system. An extensive property is additive in the sense that its
rarefied gas (i.e., a vacuum with just a few molecules). value for the whole system is the sum of the values for its parts.
System boundary Process & Cycle

Esystem = E1 + E2
Ṽsystem = Ṽ1 + Ṽ2 }
E1, Ṽ1, T, P Extensive Properties A thermodynamic process is the succession of thermodynamic
states that a system passes through as it goes from an initial state
Tsystem = T1 = T2
E2, Ṽ2, T, P
Psystem = P1 = P2
} Intensive Properties to a final state.
T012 A system process is said to go through a thermodynamic cycle
when the final state and the initial state of the process are same.
Property Extensive Intensive
Mass m ρ
Volume V~ v
1 1 2
KE mV 2 V
2 2
PE mgZ gZ
Total Energy E e
Internal Energy U u
Enthalpy H h
Entropy S s
T044
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the following

stringent requirements:
1 Mechanical Equilibrium: no unbalance forces acting on any part
of the system or the system as a whole.
2 Thermal Equilibrium: no temperature differences between parts
of the system or between the system and the surrounding.
3 Chemical Equilibrium: no chemical reactions within the system
and no motion of any chemical species from one part to another
part of the system.
Any property has a fixed value in a given (equilibrium) state,
regardless of how the system arrives at the state. T076
T077
Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities

A system is said to be in Stable/Equilibrium State when no 1 State functions: all properties are state functions.
finite change of state can occur unless there is an interaction 2 Process or Path functions: quantities whose values depend on
between the system and its environment which leaves a finite the path of the process.
alteration in the state of the environment.
During a quasi-static process, the system is at all times
Z 2
infinitesimally near a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. So, the 1
δZ ≡ Z12 6= ∆Z
process should be carried out infinitely slow to allow the system to

settle to a stable state at the end of each infinitesimal step in the
process.
Theoretical calculations must relate to stable states, since it is T038
only for these we have thermodynamic data. Z2 I
dy = y2 − y1 = ∆y ⇒ dy = 0 T013
1
State function Path function

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics
Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

Two systems with thermal equilibrium with a third are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
T045 T002
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME 203 (2016) 17 / 17

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Thermodynamic System

Basic Concepts & Terminology

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq T006

A thermodynamic system is simply any object, quantity of

A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.

When there is flow of mass through CS,

Adiabatic System Classification of Thermodynamic Systems

In Adiabatic system the boundary is impermeable to heat.

System boundary Process & Cycle

A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the following

Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities

process should be carried out infinitely slow to allow the system to

State function Path function

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

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