International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 11 206 – 211

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A Study on the Positive and Negative Impacts Of Social Stratification in Urban
and Rural Areas
Author: Sowmya.S
Coauthor: Mr. Dhanasekar
Collage Name:Saveetha School Of Law,Saveetha University

ABSTRACT: Human beings are identical to this point as their physical shape is involved. however the physical look of individuals, their
intellectual, ethical, philosophical, intellectual, economic, religious, political and other factors are specific. No two individuals are precisely
alike. diversity and inequality are inherent in society. subsequently, human society is everywhere stratified.
All societies arrange their individuals in terms of superiority, inferiority, and equality. The verti-cal scale of evaluation, this placing of people in
strata, or layers, is referred to as stratification. the ones inside the top stratum have more strength, privilege and prestige than those below.
individuals of a group examine fluctuatent people, as while selecting a mate, or employing a worker, or dealing with a neighbour, or growing
friendship with an man or woman.They also evaluate organisations consisting of castes, races, schools, cities, athletic groups. those comparisons
are valuations, and when contributors of a collection agree, those decisions are social evaluations.
All societies differentiate participants in terms of roles and all societies evaluate roles in another way. some roles are seemed as more critical or
socially extra precious than others.The humans who perform the extra fantastically esteemed roles are rewarded more notably. Thus stratification
is existed between human beings.

KEYWORDS: Diversity,Inequality,superiority,inferiority,castes,races,social evaluation.

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I. INTRODUCTION:
Socioeconomic stratification is the categorisation of human
beings into strata, based totally on their career, earnings,
wealth and social repute. As such, stratification is the
relative function of humans inside a set, category,
geographic region, and social unit.
The phrase comes from the Latin „Stratum‟ that means
layer.•Stratification exists in each society.•Stratification is
reproduced from one generation to some other.
•Stratification does now not handiest involve quantitative
differences (earnings, wealth, and so forth) but additionally
in qualitative ones (attitudes and beliefs).
Stratification implies unequal get entry to to valued items:
training, employment, housing, intake, and so forth.•the
extent of stratification depends on every society‟s history
and institutions. •Stratification is determined by using 3
elements:-Social establishments which define certain items
as valuable.-The guidelines of allocation of those goods
(eg.welfare structures).-Social mobility and the capability to
move among strata. Open stratification structures are the
only that allow mobility (opposed to closed stratification
systems, like in caste based totally societies). Social
stratification may be characterised through some of
dimensions:•economic: profits, wealth.•Social: occupation,
education, gender, ethnic organisation, race, and nationality.
SOCIAL stratification is the principle purpose for relational
set of inequalities in monetary, social, political and
ideological dimensions
. Its miles a device wherein humans rank and examine every
other. On the idea of such evaluation, one is rewarded with
extra wealth, authority, power and prestige.
It is extensively organised into 3 components: top class,
centre magnificence and lower class on the idea of strength
and wealth. This has resulted inside the creation of some of
ranges inside our society.
Social stratification reasons social disparity and lots of
problems as it is an unjust machine with monopoly of
energy and wealth in a particular institution. It impacts life
chances, lifestyles and status. It creates emotional strain and
despair for the humans belonging to decrease social stratum
as they've unequal get right of entry to to wealth, electricity
and status.
It creates a huge gulf between the humans in phrases of their
earning and a number of measures related to social position,
training, fitness, and psychological well-being. it is
surprisingly perceived that disparity reasons chaos in
society.
II. THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION IN EDUCATION:
The equalisation of educational possibilities is essentially
related with the equality notions within the social system.
The social device which intends to provide identical
possibilities for the advancement of all has to make

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provisions for identical educational possibilities
additionally. In current commercial society schooling has
come to be the main employer for socialising new born into
law abiding residents and efficient members of the society.
Formal education has end up nearly crucial because to
participate in monetary manufacturing one wishes to study
specialised competencies which can not be received via own
family or another organisation. because of the
indispensability of formal education in superior industrial
societies education is supplied by way of the country as a
depend of right for all its residents.
Formal establishments – faculties, faculties and universities
are prepared for this purpose.
In maximum societies today law exist making certain
equality of the right of education. In fact to recognise this
ideal of equality of educational possibilities unique efforts
are made with the aid of the welfare states in business
societies to provide obligatory schooling to the socially
disadvantaged. In developing nations like India state has
assumed the duty to
provide universal free schooling at the college degree.
unique policy measures were developed to unfold modern
scientific secular training to rural regions and coverage of
defensive discriminating has been adopted to inspire the
traditionally deprived section like SC and ST to take to
trendy schooling. but notwithstanding the creation of a legal
framework in maximum societies to make certain great of
tutorial possibility such a really perfect is still elusive in fact
even in the industrially superior societies.
Bourdon relates the expenses and advantages of course
selection to own family and peer organisation harmony. His
paintings has vital implications for sensible answers to the
hassle of inequality of training opportunity. despite the fact
that tremendous discrimination worked and faculties have
been able to
compensate for the number one effects of stratification full-
size inequality of tutorial possibility could remain.
Bourdon argues that there are methods of disposing of the
secondary consequences of stratification. the primary
involves the academic device. If it presents a unmarried
compulsory curriculum for all students the detail of desire
inside the choice of path and length of live in the machine
would be eliminated. The man or woman would no longer
be motivated by using his publications and continue to be in
complete time education for the identical time frame. He
stated that extra the branching points there are inside the
instructional gadget point at which the student can go away
or pick among alternative publications the more likely
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operating class college students are to leave or pick decrease
stage guides.
The sluggish raising of the school leaving age in all
advanced business societies has reduced inequality of
educational opportunity but the gift fashion shows that this
reduction will at fine continue at a a great deal slower price.
Bourdon‟s 2d option to the problem of inequality of
instructional opportunity is the abolition of social
stratification. He feels that this is the direction of monetary
equality because the handiest manner of lowering inequality
or instructional opportunity.
As a result the important thing to equality of opportunity
lies outdoor instead of internal the colleges. Bourdon
concludes: for inequality or educational opportunity to be
removed, both a society need to be unstratified or its faculty
gadget ought to be absolutely undifferentiated.
III. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION BASED ON
GENDER:
Feminists seen gender stereotypes in societyduring the last
40 years, reforms in regions which include education and
employment have addressed factors of gender inequality. for
example, governments have added anti-discrimination legal
guidelines which includes the equal Pay Act (1970) to lessen
gender inequalities.
nowadays, girls are more and more probably to obtain
excessive stage schooling qualifications, high fame jobs and
proper salaries.
Feminists might still argue that gender remains the
maximum huge social division in cutting-edge society. They
see society as patriarchal.
They see society as a patriarchal one in which men:
- Have loads of strength inside households, politics and the
place of business
- usually acquire a bigger proportion of rewards inclusive of
wealth and standing
often, women and men do no longer work within the equal
occupations. for instance, fireplace combating is male ruled
and nursery nursing is woman dominated. while males and
females do work within the same occupations, ladies are
more likely to be in lower-stage or middle-stage jobs whilst
men tend to hold the higher grade and senior control posts.
for example, in 2007, 19% of guys and eleven% of women
worked as managers or senior officers. ladies on common
still earn much less than men. One reason for this is that
girls are much more likely than men to paintings in low-paid
jobs. ladies also are more likely than me to be employed
element-time in preference to full time. One cause of the
staying power of gender inequality at work makes a
speciality of discrimination inside the administrative centre.
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another explanation suggests that girls are held lower back
when making use of for promotions or developing their
career due to the fact they have the principle responsibility
for home tasks and childcare. a 3rd rationalisation argues
that insufficient or expensive childcare provision provides a
few ladies from taking part in complete-time paid work or
staying in employment lengthy enough to progress of their
career.
IV. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION BASED ON
CASTE SYSTEM:
Social stratification is also based totally on caste. In open
society individuals can flow from one class or reputation
stage to another, this is to say equality of possibility exists.
The elegance structure is „closed‟ while such opportunity is
certainly absent. The Indian caste system presents a classic
instance, A „caste‟ device is one wherein an individual‟s
rank and its accompanying rights and obligations are
ascribed on the fundamental of beginning in to a specific
organisation.
Hindu society in conventional India turned into divided into
five main strata: four Varnas or caste and a fifth group, the
out caste, whose members were called untouchables. each
elegance is subdivided in to sub castes, which in general
quantity many thousands. The Brahmins or monks,
participants of the best caste, personify purity, sanctity and
holiness. they are the assets of gaining knowledge of,
wisdom and truth.
At the opposite excessive, untouchables are defined as
unclean and impure, a status which influences all other
social relationships. They maximum be segregated from
participants of different castes and stay at the outskirts of the
villages, In preferred the hierarchy of prestige based totally
on notions of ritual purity is mirrored through the hierarchy
of strength. The Brahmins had been custodian of law and the
criminal device which they administered was based totally
in large part on their pronouncements. Inequalities of wealth
were commonly linked to those of status and energy.
V. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN POLITICS:
Notwithstanding the differences in the political gadget of
commercial societies, one component is authentic of all of
them:their political elites have the best influence in selecting
the various extensive variety of alternatives available to
industrial societies and in influencing the manner their huge
financial surpluses might be apportioned.
In agrarian societies, the governing elite became normally a
small, homogeneous, and properly-defined group, and top
positions have been frequently hereditary.In business
societies, there may be a extra openness of the political
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gadget that lets in a really greater various set or group to
enter the ranks of the political elite through multiple
channels, and multiparty electoral structures produce and
preserve competing groups of elites.To complicate matters
similarly, constitutional concepts inside the democracies
frequently provide a spread of assessments on government
authority, even as federal structures divide political power
between country wide officers and nearby officials
In a number of commercial societies, there may be a sturdy
symbiotic relation among politicians and monetary
elites.this is particularly obvious in societies with brokerage-
kind political events
manipulate of the financial surplus in business societies is
not genuinely a count number of elites versus
masses.distinctive units of elites often come into warfare
with one another.another sizeable feature of the relation
among elites and the loads in western business societies is
the amount of electricity that has been obtained by means of
companies representing big blocs of ordinary residents.
These days, thanks to the productiveness of monetary
societies and their democratic polities, maximum
components of the population share to some diploma every
some of the manipulate of the monetary surplus and in its
benefits.
VI. SOCIAL STRATA AND OCCUPATIONAL
STRATIFICATION SCALES
a few scholars awareness at the distributional aspect,
arguing that it's far more at once linked to the disparities
most of the dwelling situations of individuals and
corporations. accordingly, they keep that widespread
stratification structures are made of strata. indeed, a social
stratum may be described as a set of people and families
who proportion comparable residing conditions because they
revel in comparable quantities of one or more advantages.
Strata form a linear hierarchy in which every of them
(except the very best and the lowest) is adjacent to different
two strata: one standing above and one standing beneath it.
The reason why strata form a very ordered hierarchy is that
privileges are gradational homes. for example, it could
manifest that the poorest family in a rustic does not own
some thing. but it is not actual that the wealthiest own
family possesses the entire countrywide wealth. It possesses
most effective part of it. moreover, among the poorest and
the wealthiest households lies numerous other families who
very own intermediate amounts of wealth. In precept, one
might also say that each character man or woman or own
family possesses a special amount of wealth, and
consequently that the variety of strata identifiable on the
premise of the distribution of this function is without a doubt
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countless. yet social scientists generally tend to pick out a
discrete and fairly small quantity of positions through
grouping together persons and households with comparable
quantities of privilege(s) and consequently instead similar
residing standards.
typically, people and households are grouped in every social
stratum by means of statistical methods which result in the
specification of stratification scales in which every stratum
is given a specific score (and for this reason a rank). in their
flip, the rankings are meant to degree the whole variety of
inequality underlying the distribution of 1 or more
privileges, to outline the distances (in terms of electricity of
inequality) among the various strata, and to specific the
particular function occupied via a given stratum in a
stratification system.
Social scientists have developed stratification scales of
various types. a primary difference differentiates between
analytic and artificial scales. the previous discuss with
simply one privilege, even as the latter be aware of (extra or
much less formally designated) combos of numerous
privileges. Analytic scales especially regard income and
prestige. profits scales are meant to become aware of the
monetary disparities among socio-occupational strata, even
as those primarily based on status (in the strict meaning of
the time period) are meant to identify fame businesses and
the quantity of honour, deference, respect and social
consideration that they receive. artificial scales intend to
degree the general social standing of socio-occupational
strata by using combining two or extra privileges – for
instance, earnings stage, quantity of social prestige, depth of
psychological gratification, diploma of autonomy in
performing activity obligations – commonly related to the
occupations belonging to a stratum.
except their artificial or analytic man or woman, socio-
occupational scales may be distinguished on the premise of
the information used of their production. objective scales
depend upon data units recording real residences of
occupations (such as the amount of revenue or wages, the
intensity of unemployment risks) or their incumbents
(including training level, technical skills, the occupations of
pals and spouses). Subjective or reputational scales are
based totally on surveys that collect popular evaluations of
the general social standing of occupations. To be referred to
is that, despite their subjective foundations and the quite
robust changes gone through with the aid of the
occupational structures of advanced societies, those scales
prove to be rather stable through the years and across
countries. This shows that the mechanisms underlying the
technology of socio-occupational strata are similar in
maximum international locations with a market economy
and a democratic political regime, and that the brand new
occupations produced via technological development do no
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longer regulate the primary capabilities of person strata and
the related stratification system.
VII. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN
ECONOMIC:
Stratification economics is an essential field of economics
that uses the idea of social stratification as a problem of
departure for analysing structural and intentional strategies
that generate hierarchy and financial inequality amongst
groups whose human beings are defined with the beneficial
useful aid of way of one or extra feature or characteristic.
indoors stratification economics, unique interest is directed
to the function of racial and caste versions and similar
business enterprise business business enterprise employer
affiliations in generating and perpetuating income and
wealth inequality.
inner stratification economics, an man or woman has
confined picks among numerous identities, alongside aspect
racial class and nationality, which set up the requirements
for intergroup warfare. as an example, effective companies
often try and create belongings rights that facilitate the
exclusion and exploitation of nonmembers and offer
privileged access to private and public devices for members
of the dominant organisation. Such rights are maintained
with the useful resource of social custom, records, law, and
specific manner. Ascriptive markers which encompass pores
and pores and pores and skin shade function symptoms to
dominant pursuits to vary the intensity of discrimination
targeted at specific subordinate people and businesses. for
example, within the route of the generation of slavery inside
the u.s., lighter-skinned blacks were often afforded extra
privileges than their darker-skinned opposite numbers, on
the equal time as in spite of the truth that encountering
discrimination.
Theoretical stratification economics undertaking traditional
statistics approximately the dynamics of intergroup
inequality. Stratification economists argue, as an example,
that intergroup war in each financial and noneconomic
settings is an endogenous function of the social location, in
area of an exogenous contaminant of marketplace allocation
methods and man or woman choice-making. discounts in
intergroup equality and earnings will not robotically bring
about the erosion of conventional styles of collective
identity if the anticipated returns to extra investments in
organisation identification are unequal at some point of
organisations. motion closer to more egalitarian intergroup
distributions of wealth need to consequently be a number
one detail in any earnest attempt and decrease intergroup
struggle, because of the fact inequities are institutionalised
through strategies that permit the switch of fabric property
for the duration of generations.
As stratification economics evolves, it's far possibly to pose
an increasing number of strong traumatic situations to
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faculties of belief that emphasise business business
enterprise-based totally definitely completely honestly
deficits in private duty and cultural practices because of the
truth the number one belongings of persisting intergroup
economic inequality.
VIII. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ON RACE AND
CLASS:
Institutional racism: whilst racism infuses
the establishments (e.g. education, fitness, regulation,
economic system and many others.) and how rules promote
one racial institution over any other. The hassle here isn't
with people with raciest thoughts but how policies and
practices at a collective level fail unique human beings in
help of any other institution. Stockily Carmichael described
institutional racism as collective failure of an company to
provide the proper and expert service to humans due to their
coloration, lifestyle or ethnic starting place which can be
visible or detected in methods, attitudes, and behaviours
which quantity to discrimination. This type can be
determined in institutions such as police, criminal justice
system, media and government.
Sociologists who are interested in studying race use war idea
to apprehend the social phenomena of race. conflict idea
endorse that social companies have opposing pursuits, one
institution have the power through control over the manner
and mode of manufacturing against the hobbies of any other
institution this is forced to sell its personal labour to service
(Marx idea).
battle theorists look on how racism and prejudice affect
remarkable or sup-ordination of corporations in society.
some theorists in this approach focuses on how capitalists
used racism as an ideological device to exclude others
economically e.g. through slavery or colonisation
other theorists argued that the previous perception is
simplistic. They endorse instead that racism isn't always
white capitalists taking benefit of others but they idea that
racism is greater complex because it differs in specific
instances and places.
crucial race concept aimed to equalise relations between
ethnic companies in the society. The concept seems into
processes that supremacy and racial powers are maintained
extra time, law might also play a role on this procedure
Investigated the opportunity of reworking the connection
between regulation and racial powers and accomplishing
emancipation and fight oppression.
vital race idea is a social constructionists idea which rejects
the biological racism concept (e.g. races are fixed and
inflexible). In crucial race principle races are visible as
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socially created group identities that relies upon on social
climates.
Differentiated radicalisation: is a subject matter evolved via
critical race principle, ethnic family members in line with
this view are influenced with the aid of other inequalities
and social stress therefore minority corporations wishes to
explicit their views regarding racism they're subjected to.
distinctive racial corporations are radicalised in
extraordinary ways in response to exclusive needs of the
general public group. they're subjected to specific units of
discriminatory laws and practices or stereotypes (e.g.
Indians have been discriminated with the aid of taken their
lands, blacks have been discriminated of taking advantage in
their labour and so forth.)
Race is a completely politically charged and contentious
trouble
despite the fact that early projects of „race technological
know-how‟ setting up physically based hierarchy of people
into racial agencies have been no longer successful, the
difficulty of rationalisation stays powerful in nowadays‟s
societies.
the problem of stereotyping primarily based on
discrimination and prejudice is actual in humans‟s lives.
methods of institution closure, useful resource allocation and
scapegoating are mentioned
Race interacts with elegance, ethnicity and gendermodern-
day perspectives on important race idea.
IX. CONCLUSION:
Each complicated society faces the hard mission of setting
its contributors into roles which are important for the society
to live on. these roles ought to be full of as little war and
confusion as feasible. There ought to be human beings
inclined to carry out jobs (roles) with little reputation and
those that carry a superb deal of status. on your community
there are folks that are medical doctors, legal professionals,
and teachers. Others collect trash, direct visitors, and
positioned out fires. even though these roles do not all
deliver the identical status, there may be little or no conflict
involved in determining who will perform which one.
In India, caste is one set of position playing cards and
possibly the most crucial one. One‟s caste is ascribed; this
is, youngsters inherit the repute and capabilities of their
mother and father. At start Indians are dealt their caste card.
that is alien to what many humans within the u.s.a. consider
about the “right society.” Our mother and father, household,
instructors, and friends tell us in one thousand ways that
what we make of our lives depends on our efforts, and lots
of us think all societies must play by means of the identical
guidelines, or at least try to achieve this. however it is
crucial to remember that there is no society where person
effort is the only criterion for repute.
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at the same time as caste is a very essential set of role cards,
Indians, like individuals, also use magnificence (financial)
playing cards. each caste and sophistication function on the
identical time. someone of very low caste such as a sweeper
might also get an excellent activity that has not anything to
do with sweeping and save a few cash. With this wealth the
sweeper may build a flowery residence and educate his
youngsters who then come to be doctors, legal professionals,
and government leaders. This type of position is typically
completed, even though a few humans inherit their wealth.

there may be also the possibility of attaining political

strength in India quite other than magnificence or caste
popularity. A low caste individual might be superb at
triumphing elections and come to be a member of the central
authorities. Jagjivan Ram, a member of one of the Dalit (ex-
Untouchable) castes, has held many cupboard posts in his
political career. This gadget of gaining repute is primarily
based on strength. power is usually achieved repute as
opposed to a role that is dealt at beginning. people in India
participate inside the caste sport, the elegance recreation,
and the electricity sport.

REFERENCE:

[1] social stratification and educational inequalities pdf

[2] social inequality pdf
[3] social stratification pdf
[4] stratification:social division and inequality written
by Wendy boterro
[5] social class and stratification written by Rhonda.F

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