Connections-Bolted 1

Connections: Bolts
Section 10: IS 800

Introduction
• Necessity of Connections
– Limited length of members
– Rolling and Transportation constraints
– Larger size of structures
A Kumar_IITGn;R Goswami_IITM
Fasteners for Connections
• Fasteners
– Rivets (old)
– Bolts
• Bearing
• Friction Grip (High Strength)‫‏‬
– Fast construction
– Welds
• Fillet
• Groove (Butt)‫‏‬
• Fasteners
– Rivets
– Bolts
Rivet High Strength

Hexagonal Head Bolt
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction
• On & Off Site Fabrication
– Fast field erection using bolts
• Field connections are typically bolted
– Welding better suited to shop fabrication under
controlled environment
• Or where bolting is either impractical or
undesirable!
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction
• Pure bolting
– May not be possible in large steel structures
End Plate
Full Penetration
Groove Weld
High Strength
Bolts
Beam
Column
• Bolts in sections
- sometime simple to use
- reduce sectional area
- disturb smooth flow of

forces particularly at
critical sections
• Bolts in sections
- Often more than one bolt used
* fasteners along gauge line

* working point aligned to minimize eccentricity
Typical Bolted Connections
Typical Bolted connections…..
Force Transfer Mechanism
• Shear
• Tension
• Bearing
– Of bolt shank
– Of plate
• Combination!
• Friction
– Two sub-types of High Strength Bolts

• Bearing Type
• Friction Type (Slip Critical)
– As early as in early 1930s in the UK
• Bearing Type
– Snug-tight bolts
• Enough tension to ensure that surfaces are in
contact and bear on each other
– Usual application: Gravity load
– Joint may slip
• Load resistance by bearing and shear
Snug-tight
• Slip
– Bolt hole larger than the bolt
• Bearing Type
– Bolt shank in bearing
– Bolt shank in shear Bearing on Bolt
Bearing on Plate
Shear in Bolt
Failure Modes of Bolted Connections
• Shear Failure of Bolt
– Single shear
– Double shear
P P/2
P P
P/2
Bolt in Single Shear Bolt in Double Shear

• Bearing Failure
– Bolt on plate
– Plate on bolt
Bearing failure of Bolt Bearing failure of Plate

General Requirements
Bolting
• Steps
– Basic stability
• Two bolts per connection
– Overall geometry
• Remaining bolts to be installed and tightened after
the member is aligned / plumbed
– Uniform load distribution
• Systematic pattern of tightening
– Avoid local stress concentration
Size
• Diameter
– Nominal diameter d
– Gross diameter at thread dgross
– Root diameter at thread droot
Bolt Shank Thread

Head
D d root
d gross
Bolt Holes
• Three types (Table 19, pp 73)
– Standard clearance hole
– Over size hole
– Slotted hole
– Short
– Long
18
18 20 22 56
Standard Oversized Short-slotted Long-slotted

(STD) (OVS) (SSL) (LSL)
Different holes for 16mm (nominal) diameter bolt

Spacing
• Minimum Spacing
– 2.5d
• To reduce interference
• Maximum Spacing
– Minimum of 32t or 300 mm
• To minimize unconnected length
t
d
g
g b
A Kumar_IITGn;R Goswami_IITM p p p p
Spacing
• Maximum Pitch
• Tension members
• Compression members
– To ensure participation
– Reasonable connection length
d
g
g b
Spacing
• Minimum Edge and End Distance
– 1.7 hole dia
• Sheared or hand-flame cut holes
– 1.5 hole dia
• Rolled, machine-flame cut holes, sawn and
planed edges
– To prevent end rupture End distance e
t
d
g
g b
Edge distance p p p p
Spacing
• Maximum Edge and End Distance
– 12tε
– To prevent local buckling / flapping of unstiffened part
End distance e
t
d
g
g b
Edge distance
Design Strength
Grade of Bolts
• Mild Steel Bolts (Turned & Fitted)
– Class 4.6
– Medium grade steel
– Ductile
– Light low-rise structures
• High Strength Bolts

– Class 8.8, 10.9
– Alloy steel
– Heat-treated
– Low ductility
– Extensively used in construction
» Good under dynamic / fatigue loads
Grade of Bolts
• Yield & Tensile Strength σ fy/fu = .Y
– Class X.Y (e.g., 4.6, 8.8, 10.9…) fu = 100X

fy
• Tensile Strength = X × 100 MPa

– Examples
» Grade 4.6:: fu = 400 MPa ε
» Grade 8.8:: fu = 800 MPa
• Yield Strength (Proof Stress) = 0.Y × fu MPa

– Examples
» Grade 4.6:: fy = 0.6 × 400 = 240 MPa
» Grade 8.8:: fy = 0.8 × 800 = 640 MPa
Bolts:: Two Types
• Bearing Type Bolts
– Section 10.3
• Friction Grip Type Bolts
– Section 10.4
Bolt Areas
• Shank Area
 2
As  d
4
• Net Tensile Stress Area

 2
An  droot  0.78 As
4
• Effective Area Bolt Shank Thread

Head
Ae  As or An
D d root
d gross
– Depending on location of shear plane
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in
– Tension
– Shear
– Combined Tension and Shear
– Bearing
– Block Shear (check)
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in Tension (section 10.3.5)
Tnb
Tdb  ;  mb  1.25
 mb
Tnb  0.9fub An
 mb
 fybAs 
 m0
– Nominal tensile capacity equal to

tensile rupture strength of threaded area
subjected to maximum of
yield strength of shank area
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in Shear
Vnsb
Vdsb  ;  mb  1.25
 mb
fub
Vnsb   nn Anb  ns Asb 
3
– Note: Nominal shear capacity P/2
determined at fub
P
P/2
Bearing Type Bolt
Vnsb
Vdsb    lj   lg   pk ;  mb  1.25
 mb
– Connections often have multiple bolts

• Overall contribution not equal to sum of the
individual capacities
– Reductions due to
• Long Joints (βlj)
• Large Grip Lengths (βlg)
• Packing Plates (βpk)
Bearing Type Bolt
Vnsb
Vdsb   lj  lg   pk ;  mb  1.25
 mb
– Reduction due to P
• Long Joints (βlj)

– Non-uniform distribution of shear
– Similar to shear lag effect
– Farthest bolt NOT as effective lj
as the nearest one
lj
 lj  1.075 
200d
0.75   lj  1 P
Bearing Type Bolt
Vnsb
Vdsb   lj  lg   pk ;  mb  1.25
 mb
P
– Reduction due to
• Large Grip Length (βlg)
– Long bolts in bending
– Similar to slender versus
deep beam behaviours lj
8d
lg    lj ; lg  8d
3d  lg lg
P/2 P/2
 0.73 for lg  A8Kumar_IITGn;R
d Goswami_IITM
Bearing Type Bolt
Vnsb
Vdsb   lj  lg   pk ;  mb  1.25
 mb
– Reduction due to
• Packing Plates (βpk)
tpk
 pk  1
80
Design of bearing type connection…….
Strength in shear [Limit State of Shear]……..
Ashwini Kumar/IITGn
Bearing Type Bolt
• Combined Tension and Shear
– Based on von Mises’ yield criterion
2x  32xy  fy2
2 2
 x    xy 
    1
 fy  f 3 
   y 
V
2 2
 At  x   Av  xy 
    1
 At fy  A f 3 
   v y 
2 2
 Tb   Vb 
      1
 Tdb   Vdsb  T
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in Bearing (section 10.3.4)
Vnpb
Vdpb  ;  mb  1.25
 mb
Vnpb  2.5dt  fup
– Note: Nominal bearing strength P/2

determined at fub
– t = Summation of thicknesses of plates P
experiencing bearing
in the same direction P/2
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in Bearing
Vnpb
Vdpb  ;  mb  1.25
 mb
Vnpb  2.5dt  fup  kb
• Reduction due to
– End failure (bursting) End distance e
t
– Insufficient end distance
dhole
g
kb is smaller of
g
e p fub
,  0.25, ,1.0 g
3dhole 3dhole fup
Bearing Type Bolt
• Design Strength in Bearing
Vnpb
Vdpb  ;  mb  1.25
 mb
Vnpb  2.5dt  fup  kb
• Additional Reduction due to Case Multiplyin

– Oversize holes g Factor
– Slotted Holes Oversize 0.7
» In direction normal to slot Short-slotted 0.7
Long-slotted 0.5
CE 305-2017-AK
Bearing Type Bolt
• Block Shear
– Must check!
1 2
4 3
Shear Planes
A Kumar_IITGn;R Goswami_IITM Tension Plane
CE 305-2017-AK

Connections-Bolted 1

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Connections: Bolts

Section 10: IS 800

Rivet High Strength

- sometime simple to use

- reduce sectional area

- disturb smooth flow of

- Often more than one bolt used

* fasteners along gauge line

– Two sub-types of High Strength Bolts

Bolt in Single Shear Bolt in Double Shear

Bearing failure of Bolt Bearing failure of Plate

Bolt Shank Thread

Standard Oversized Short-slotted Long-slotted

Different holes for 16mm (nominal) diameter bolt

• High Strength Bolts

– Class X.Y (e.g., 4.6, 8.8, 10.9…) fu = 100X

• Tensile Strength = X × 100 MPa

• Yield Strength (Proof Stress) = 0.Y × fu MPa

• Net Tensile Stress Area

• Effective Area Bolt Shank Thread

– Block Shear (check)

– Nominal tensile capacity equal to

– Note: Nominal shear capacity P/2

– Connections often have multiple bolts

• Long Joints (βlj)

Strength in shear [Limit State of Shear]……..

Vnpb  2.5dt  fup

– Note: Nominal bearing strength P/2

Vnpb  2.5dt  fup  kb

Vnpb  2.5dt  fup  kb

• Additional Reduction due to Case Multiplyin

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